How does a camera work?

Cameras are everywhere! There are probably 2 or even 3 cameras in your pocket right now. But how do they work? How can they take some of the most amazing pictures ever?
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Table of Contents:
0:20 Section 1: Intro
1:10 Section 2: System Layout
3:51 Section 3: Analogy between a Smartphone & a Human
7:45 Section 4: Camera and Sensor Details
11:30 Section 5: Questions & Thought Experiment
Visit our website: www.branch.education
Erratum:
0:52 Smartphone is misspelled as Smarphone
9:54 Audio says 4096 when it should be 4095. Text is Correct
13:54 Exoplanet is misspelled as Exoplant.
Animation built using Blender 2.79b www.blender.org/
Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Work Cited Alphabetized:
Fossum, Eric. Hondongwa, Donald "A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors." IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society, Vol. 2, No.3, May 2014, pp33-43
Wase, Yashashree, "CMOS Image Sensor and Quanta Image Sensors: Past, Present and Future", "Advanced CMOS Pixel Technologies." College of Engineering at University of Idaho, pp1-22
Wikipedia contributors. "Active Pixel Sensor." , "Photodiode." , "Sunlight." , "Visible Spectrum." , "Eye." , "Evolution of the Eye." , "Human Eye." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 25 May. 2018.
Music Attribution in Order:
Marxist Arrow by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBlLC...
Music: Clover 3 by Vibe Mountain
Video Link: • Video
Daydream Bliss Sybs
• Daydream Bliss / Sybs ...
Timelapsed Tides, Asher Fulero
• Timelapsed Tides, Ashe...
You Will Know, Text Me Records / Leviathe
Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License
www.7obu.com
• Video
#HowDo #Camera #Smartphone

[@creaky2436]

Can you imagine how long it takes to produce these professional quality videos? We don’t deserve it! You’re too good to us.

[@reathact]

totally agree with you bro

[@Tech-gv6qk]

This channel deserves million subscribers

[@krishanSharma.69.69f]

Yes, I can.

[@SmokieJay]

We need to save this information just in case we experience a modern day version of the destruction of Alexandria’s library

[@jk5099]

They don't do it for us lol its about views and money

[@deepakrawat921]

Who are you man???. Doing a great job.

[@ernestedwards8563]

I really like you guys for the videos you make that are full of Information Technologies. Thank you very much. ernie 8>)

[@irehabiphonerepairtraining1191]

Great information man., just tell about you used animation software please

[@raja_uma1r]

blender 3d

[@Somd55]

One person can’t produce miracles! There is a team behind this, he is no doubt narrating it in a fine way!

[@aryanrawat8475]

Yess bro ❤️

[@merrickv2028]

Your visuals are amazing. I usually have trouble learning technical stuff like this, but as a visual learner, this has done way more for me than any lecture could! I wasn't expecting a huge amount of thorough explanation and I appreciate how in depth this video is. Nothing is better than being able to visually comprehend this!

[@BranchEducation]

Glad you enjoyed it! I agree fully, and I also am a visual learner, and I'm excited to make many more videos that can go into the underpinning visual science behind many sciences and technologies.,

[@leif1075]

@@BranchEducation who wrote the music in this video, especially the intro?? Thanks for sharing

[@Spidy_S]

Please tell how you are editing like this

[@mangeshsodnar8426]

I started respecting the camera of my phone 😢😭😭😭

[@Rahulkrish37]

U r an mechanical engineer!

[@dbuc4671]

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy

[@chrisnagy1308]

My goodness, this is so well made. I probably watched ten other videos on cameras and none of them were this good. I loved how you actually explained in depth how every single component worked. Even though the concepts involved are not simple, you broke them down in a way to really make it understandable. I am astounded by this video, truly magnificent.

[@vineetupadhyay9121]

Great content , deep and fundamental explanation of the concept and working this a good engineered video with amazing graphics appreciate the hard work applause. THIS CHANNEL IS A HIT

[@BranchEducation]

Thanks! Really glad you enjoyed it.

[@mangeshgaikwad4023]

Really Same as what I think

[@shivamverma9515]

I barely take 2 pictures/month and delete them under a week.😐

[@danielpapukchiev3754]

I absolutely love this channel! Starting from the name - I always thought how cool it would be if I create a map of all the different topics and somehow connect them - you did that ... perfectly. Also, I love how there are different points of view with very engaging animations. As a visual learner, this is pure gold. I will recommend it to everyone I know, keep it up!

[@sendijsbaraks5419]

Finally I understand how the camera work, big thank you.

[@judydanolko3627]

Whoever is behind these brainy explanations, you're amazing! you're so good in making videos like this! More please!

[@siddharthgusain1364]

Everything explained in just 14 minutes. U are doing a great job man.Keep on making these type of videos.I'm waiting for more

[@pratulvenkatesh]

12:15 While I agree the spectrum of colors we see is partially influenced by the light emitted by our star, visible light isn't "visible" because it's the only thing available. Rather visible light is the em wave of the right wavelength capable of interacting with most of the matter at the molecular scale. For e.g we cant see something by bouncing radiowaves off of it as it just passes through unless it is a few metres thick. Quite a beautiful coincidence don't you think how most of the light we receive from our star happens to be in the visible spectrum.

[@pratulvenkatesh]

I happen to watch this documentary recently on how animals see and it's honestly so fascinating. Houseflies have 4 types of color receptors 2 of which like in the UV range :o Did you know mantis shrimp have SIXTEEN types of photoreceptors! That way they don't have to calculate what color they are looking at and can detect the color directly. They can even detect other characteristics of light and apply them such as polarization. You'd think it'd be only to detect the environment better but they use this varying polarized light to send different signals It's so amazing how the colors we see is an incredibly human only perception, other creatures may be seeing the same light but can perceive completely different color

[@shivamverma9515]

Read everything but understood nothing 😅

[@pratulvenkatesh]

@@shivamverma9515 Hey! So essentially, the range of the electromagnetic spectrum that we term as 'visible light,' is visible only because it has the right wavelength to interact with most matter. By interact, I am referring to reflection, absorption, etc. In comparison if the light ray is of too high wavelength (or too less), such as radiowaves and X-rays respectively, then these kinds of rays just pass through most matter. Visible light (red-blue part of spectrum) is 'visible' because it's the right size to interact and light up most things. It just happened to be a coincidence that the majority of the light we receive on earth is in this spectrum! Hope that, that explained it better?

[@scubasteve6175]

are there stars that don't emit visible light or mostly produce wavelengths outside of our spectrum? i'm just curious as you seem very knowledgeable

[@pratulvenkatesh]

@@scubasteve6175 yup the hotter the star is, shorter the wavelength of light emitted by stars is (more energy) so there are high energy stars that produce x-rays and gamma rays produced by neutron stars, pulsars, supernovae explosions, etc. on the lower end there are cold stars that produce faint infrared rays such as brown dwarfs which are difficult to observe with visible light telescopes as they don’t produce much visible light and only infrared.

[@HyungnamGu]

To capture color images, a filter has to be placed over each cavity that permits only particular colors of light. Virtually all current digital cameras can only capture one of three primary colors in each cavity, and so they discard roughly 2/3 of the incoming light. As a result, the camera has to approximate the other two primary colors in order to have full color at every pixel. The most common type of color filter array is called a "Bayer array" A Bayer array consists of alternating rows of red-green and green-blue filters. Notice how the Bayer array contains twice as many green as red or blue sensors. Each primary color does not receive an equal fraction of the total area because the human eye is more sensitive to green light than both red and blue light. Redundancy with green pixels produces an image which appears less noisy and has finer detail than could be accomplished if each color were treated equally. This also explains why noise in the green channel is much less than for the other two primary colors.

[@thegreathesam9748]

truely underrated channel, amazing deep accurate contect with amazing graphics, cant imagine how much time and resources is spent on each video, amazing job

[@slartibartfast426]

So glad I found this channel!

[@GururajBN]

Our smart phones are pretty thin. I am impressed that within that thin space there’s a tiny motor which moves the lenses back and forth for focusing. And there are semiconductor layers and micro lenses for each pixel points. There are sixteen million of them in a moderate quality camera. This degree of miniaturisation is inconceivable for a lay person like me. I prostrate before the collective genius of the scientists, designers and engineers who made the smart phone cameras work so well. I don’t even want to ask who makes the camera lenses, micro lenses, what is the manufacturing method. It must have been a huge effort to squeeze in all these intricate details in a fourteen minutes video. I felt that this episode could have been restricted to mere description of the smartphone cameras and the electronics could have been discussed in a separate video.

[@raunak5344]

Sir, I love you, a big fan of yours! For many many days (almost 2-3 years) I wanted to watch (and learn) such videos on KZbin and finally I got it in such a high quality 3D form !! Thanks a lot

[@gheorghealexandrucristian]

I like your branching approach, how one thing relates to another. This is the way to learn stuff. Keep up the good work!

[@BranchEducation]

Thanks for the comment!

[@gurpreetbanwait6097]

10 out of 10. Man ,,,,the way it is linked with evolution that was amazing

[@YogeshPersonalChannel]

Exactly. I was going to say the same. The last few minutes were fabulous. We always read about the em spectrum and the visible region of it shown in color. Well color is just in mind. Other species might have their different 'color' region sliced from em spectrum

[@Vysair]

@@YogeshPersonalChannel Mantis shrimp can see the most 'light' wave

[@rah4254]

Wow, fantastic, starts out simple and slowly gets harder and harder, can't believe how much engineering goes into a camera

[@maninimahapatra649]

this video is impossibly perfect, every single question in my mind got answered at once, not a single other doubt left. Surprisingly perfect.

[@fredoo6627]

This is painfully underrated.

[@gilberteinstein5048]

It's great! I expect a lot more videos from you. And thank you a lot.

[@melihtopcu97]

dude popped up in my recommend section, best explanations I've come across on each vid. Incredible presentation. Geeking out on your vids

[@MichaelSmith-on1ig]

I absoluteley love everything about your videos. The narration, the content and the visuals are on top. Thank you for the contribution!

[@umeshpant8941]

Your content and graphics are awesome man! There is no place for doubts..you are doing great. Keep going🔥

[@kuntalhd]

One person takes one picture a day. My phone laughing at this. 😐

[@BranchEducation]

Do ya think it’s more or less?

[@kuntalhd]

@@BranchEducation wayyy much more.

[@fredthegamerschrarder7716]

Yeah I like take 15 pictures a day and my sister takes even more 😂

[@Rbrijeshr]

@@BranchEducation less

[@standupyak]

@@BranchEducation my gallery is filled with memes

[@eddiecoleman2301]

This was an incredible ride, instant sub. You're amazing man, thanks for articulating it so so well. And the visuals 👌👌

[@Dasher_The_Viral]

Thank you for these videos! I love to further my understanding of how different types of technology work, and the fact that you share this information for free makes you a great person!

[@raz0229]

You deserve Millions.

[@nebulai9587]

Of what. Money? Subs? Hoes? Hamsters?

[@TypicalSardine]

All of the above

[@dear_imran]

@@TypicalSardine nailed it

[@rohanracer896]

Bro never stop making such informative videos... Loved and appreciates your work...😊

[@JosephEudave]

This is the best and most complete video about cameras and light i have ever seen. Great work friend.

[@MrBlunt419_]

Need more of this. Clear visualization of things being taken apart.

[@YeahWhiplash]

I loved this video! I'd really like to see a breakdown of more advanced, high end cameras such as an arri alexa, red, cannon c-500, or sony fx9.

[@rioZon]

Good job. Its very easy to understand in an animated video like this. Thank you for the content.

[@jantoleu8392]

Absolutely amazing piece of work! Very informative and useful. Thank you!

[@dongato6838]

2:41 - KITTY!! Also, great job breaking this down. Really concise.

[@BranchEducation]

Thanks!! I like the kitty as well.

[@user-uw1wq9rj8g]

Fell in love with this channel. Subscribed!

[@shivamverma9515]

Me too

[@togi64739]

absolutely amazing video, thank you!

[@travellerg5834]

You are so great! 1. Your knowledge 2. Video creation and quality 3. Audio - monologue & accent. Really lack words to express our gratitude... God bless you. I'm a Level 10 Google Local Guide. Thanks

[@prantokumarsarker9460]

Wow man that's just awesome 😍😍😍😍😍 A huge thank for you😍

[@michel-manuel]

I've really loved this channel from the beginning, it's been really helpful , and I can see a lot of work goes into making such video. Keep it up🙏🏾🙏🏾🔥🔥🔥

[@BranchEducation]

Thanks for watching!!

[@All-us]

​@@BranchEducation please,wich program you're using for editing these videos

[@lucifertensubam9643]

Really appreciate making such a video

[@puneetchhabra2578]

This was just awesome video man! Really appreciate the efforts. We need more such creators.🔥 Thanks for the video.

[@AmitTiwari-wf1xj]

Your knowledge is really appreciable. And the great part is your command on such challenging topic. Keep it up ...

[@yy84869]

New subscriber great content learn with fun You deserve *1M* subscriber and you get it soon

[@edde591]

Amazing work. Your videos help understand these complicated things so much easier.

[@mmmurattti]

That was absolutely amazing, thanks a lot, you mentioned every detail, I definitely will use these materials for my students, thanks a lot

[@Sam-vi6on]

Spectacular explanation

[@shahidmeir7379]

imagine the work going on in PCB when camera records an 8K video at 1000 fps . electronics is always astonishing

[@BranchEducation]

No kidding

[@shahidmeir7379]

@@BranchEducation thank you for giving me a chance to say thank you to you for all those informative and interesting videos. thank you so much . bdw i didnt understand "No kidding "

[@willishuang1999]

Thank you for this very professional and educational video. It's really helpful.

[@aspirants1002]

Really I can't imagine how difficult it would be for making these kind of informative video ... Hats off to you man Love from India 💥

[@stevewilsonraj]

OMG 😱........It's a blessing that i found ur channel. U r totally killing it. Thankyou..... from the deep down of my heart ❤️. Mind blown 😵

[@BranchEducation]

Thanks a ton!

[@barrygorden8338]

This is fascinating to me, but i doubt I am the intended audience. Is it college students? high school students? I loved the graphics: electrons shooting out of boron atoms can make my day! I admired the writing too - great turns of phrase such "tasty but not efficient", "multi-layered labyrinth" (great name for a band), "massive grid of light-sensitive squares", and last but not least "conceptual simplicity yet structural complexity" And what is the thing that both you and Carl Sagan have bout soup?

[@jeffyoung4989]

Bro,I love your channel. Fancy and educational!

[@kumudperera2428]

Greatest job i ever have seen in youtube❤️

[@BranchEducation]

Much appreciated!

[@tenyharyati9355]

this is amazing and im starting to see everything different now :)

[@BranchEducation]

That's the plan!

[@sigma_upriser]

Mind blowing content. Kudos to the creator. Really appreciate the hard work done to get this done.

[@vivekakaviv]

Great video!. Loved the way you linked everything.

[@kiwanukapeter2919]

thank you a lot. though the explanation is so complicated for me to understand well

[@MdSheraj]

Our eyes are most sensitive to green light.

[@sudharshans1737]

That last question will create goosebumps on me,nice work 🙌

[@priscillatablante5416]

So fascinating! Unraveling what seems like pure magic! and so clearly explained.

[@charlemagne111027]

Great video. Went from very basic to advanced. Personally, the beginning was too basic. The description of how the sensor works was very interesting!

[@Astro.004]

1.2trillion is SMALL considering there are women on Earth

[@fluent_styles6720]

I don't think 1 picture a day is accurate lol

[@user-vi3pi9rf7w]

My guess was 50T

[@abhajihadi]

😂

[@MohaMMaDiN55]

When he assumed that each person takes 1 photo a day, he did not mean that this is precisely true. He just assumed this number because there are a lot of circumstances such as not all people in the world hold a phone neither do all of them take pictures regularly everyday.

[@Xykaru]

@@MohaMMaDiN55 He specifically only factored in people with phones at the rate of 1 photo per day per cellphone owner. 50 trillion sounds significantly more likely, albeit I absolutely guarantee is higher.

[@MeeMee-gz5vp]

Brilliant presentation! Thank you for sharing 🙏

[@minoritymajor261]

Awesome content

[@steventurner215]

1. I think it is because of the range of frequency that green covers and 2. Depending on the star it may be difficult for us to see in our current state. ALSO cameras can pick up ultraviolet light that our eyes cannot. You can test this yourself by pushing the buttons on a remote aimed at a camera.

[@dhinakarank8368]

You are right. It's picking

[@vishwajeetsinghrathore9807]

Remote sends infrared waves not ultra violet rays buddy!!

[@vishwajeetsinghrathore9807]

I appreciate your response for the question, you are a true viewer.

[@petermurimi1562]

The visual, the music, the content, the voice just perfect for learning

[@ripompaul6531]

Great work! Thanks for the explanation.

[@rezanouri7532]

what an amazing video :) I wish everyone could and would have the heart to teach others WHAT YOU KNOW the way you do :) You are for sure a great person and so good at educating others. THANK YOU

[@BranchEducation]

Thanks a ton!! I'm really glad you like the videos. It takes time to make them, but I hope if enough people collaborate, we will be able to make an entire high school & college curriculum.

[@adithyagalipelli2934]

@@BranchEducation yeah, the current curriculum is so outdated!

[@PsycheTruths]

Great teacher in the world his teaching method is so good and advance i like it good and keep it up Allah protect you

[@BranchEducation]

I'm glad you liked the lesson! Thanks

[@Thisisdawgxiety]

this is so deeper than I expected! thanks for this amazing video!

[@96ddog]

Bro I thought there was a mirror

[@alienware18]

Amazing amazing video Branch Education ! Can't wait for more ! Simply outstanding video editing and explanation ! :)

[@helencardrick1048]

Is it sad that I learn more from watching this stuff before going to school than what I learn at school

[@vasudevaraju6796]

Wow,this whole process works in milliseconds

[@alien-x0815]

gr8 video !! U guys have explained the basic fundamentals that r not taught in our school and have answered all the questions I had regarding this topic...Thanx a lot :)

[@swagh38]

Incredible video. Please continue your great job.

[@anuhartripathi800]

Dude where do you get such type of information, your videos are great.

[@BranchEducation]

My prior job was to making semiconductor equipment, so I was exposed to a lot of tech. But really most of the info comes from school and lots of research.

[@anim8dideas849]

This animation style reeks blender 3d so nostalgic

[@user-si2ek1fl4o]

Amazing! Very clear and easy to understand!

[@bluedeckelectronics]

Thank you for the video !

[@quantumcity6679]

So complicated but so much information about 👀 and 📷........ 🤔🤓😀 say cheese!!! 📸

[@BeanDogTally]

Asteroid Melroy 💦🔙💦💦💦💦💦💦👌👌👌🙅‍♂️🌝👍🆓😎😄😎😄yea 🥓🥝🥓🍍

[@niluthere411]

@@rainbowpanda7042 they have their mind in wavelength

[@hariss8011]

no

[@MrCatomic123]

im curious where you got your assets that were made in blender for the 3d models, and exploded diagrams. They all looked really good and represented the internals very effectively. Did you make them yourself or find them on a database?

[@BranchEducation]

I had to make them myself, doing the teardown of the phone also gave me a good sense of where each component was located with respect to other components. The phone was my previous one, giving it a second life!

[@abdulloabdukarimov3654]

Great Job! The explanation is very scientific, yet is very easy to comprehend!

[@andresbujosa7385]

These videos are amazing! Awesome awesome work

[@aabcusshreepad3147]

It's nyc Increases interest of children in technology

[@dmitrybain6820]

I does see it easy when water fall on my screen it magnifies the spot

[@subbu2185]

Extremely informative, to the point and logic galore

[@3dfvan640]

ah beloved science

[@Shadow77999]

7:25 What program did you use to simulate that?

[@BranchEducation]

Its Blenders fluid simulation

[@nhatan2511]

Mind blowing. Thank you so much

[@denysk.1178]

Fantastic, can’t stop watching

[@pvplab7116]

Fun fact. You didn't see this in your recommendations. You searched for this.

[@petermarshall1634]

It was in my recommended

[@shivamverma9515]

Correct

[@hellothere-lu5si]

How pc work and video games?

[@zhinkunakur4751]

I am really awestruck by this channel , this channel has to be someone's hobby or else this level of production only for pocket change from ad sense doesnt add up , wish to be a contributor to this channel one day !

[@sandalbasotra5765]

The level of quality of your work is just mind blowing.

[@r0nni34]

Our eyes works as the camera optic nerve as the pcb our long term memory as SSD and short term memory as Ram where the image you just see gets stored then brain run a identification algorithm and it run through your whole memory and find the object similar to wht you are seeing that's how you identify things.. then it runs another algorithm to determine at what level of importance the object you are seeing hold... If it is not important your brain keep that in the temporary memory and flushes it out with time ....... depending upon the importance point the object you are seeing gets like if its on 1 you are basically going through your everyday routine and your brain will clear it in about 10 to 30 mins and if it were of level 5 (higest level) like your crush just proposed you then your brain stores it in long term memory and at the same time run other algorithm to give additional attributes/tags to the memory such a certain smell or a view (which explains why you feel nostalgic to some smells or images).so if you continue learning things the database in your brain keeps getting bigger and bigger which results in intelligence cause your brain will have more things in database to compare...with Fun fact your brain never stops learning .. it learnd to keep on doing things when you are not even paying attention like putting food in your mouth or breathing ,chewing without hurting your toung and walking with a samrt phone it keeps on improving its autopilot. As a computer science student i find the algorithm running a human facinating and I'll love to one day implement them on machines ..

[@deepanshugupta1376]

My long term memory probably works like a 5400 RPM HDD😂😂😂😂

[@Ravikumar_Sharma]

I came here from learn engineering. I have a question. Why do laptop manufacturers not put a smartphone level camera in the laptop? What is the reason.? Given the fact that a lot of people use it for video chat.

[@BranchEducation]

This is a great question! To be honest, I don't know. It would be an easy implementation. It probably has something to do with their market studies and that people don't use their laptop to take pictures, but rather just video chat.

[@Ravikumar_Sharma]

@@BranchEducation I thought about it the same way. could you please let me know a rough difference in price between the laptop camera and a standard $300 phone camera. Thank you.

[@alakanandamishra2375]

Just think what is the price of a camera in a smart phone if you will think then you will realize that phone 1/4 price is the price of a camera in laptop case they use cheap old 90s mobile camera to attract people to buy a laptop just imagine what parts use to build a pc and laptop and why we can't build laptop and cans build pc

[@BranchEducation]

@@alakanandamishra2375 That's definitely a very possible case, however the camera is closer to 1/10th the cost of the phone. Maybe some phones have the camera as 1/4 the bill of materials cost. technology.ihs.com/api/binary/596801 shows the cost breakdown of the Iphone X, with the dual camera at $35, and the whole phone parts cost at $370. Maybe the lack of high-quality camera is related to the fact that Iphone/Samsung gets significantly better costs on buying massive quantities of cameras, and thus for an individual laptop the cost is a lot higher for a camera?

[@owen-sr3yb]

very thanks, it help me a lot

[@adamyork3529]

I really like what you’re doing. Please keep doing it.