How does a Submarine work?

How Submarines Work
1. Introduction
Overview of submarines as underwater vessels.
Brief history and development of submarine technology.
Importance of submarines in military, research, and exploration.
2. Basic Principles of Submarine Operation
Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle:
Explanation of how submarines sink and surface.
Ballast Tanks:
Role in controlling buoyancy.
Process of filling and emptying ballast tanks with water or air.
Hydrodynamics:
Design features enabling efficient underwater movement.
3. Structural Design and Components
Hull:
Pressure hull and outer hull.
Materials used to withstand underwater pressure.
Propulsion Systems:
Nuclear vs. diesel-electric propulsion.
Use of propellers or pump-jets.
Control Surfaces:
Rudders and diving planes for navigation.
Periscopes and Sensors:
Observation and communication while submerged.
4. Navigation and Communication
Sonar Systems:
Active and passive sonar for detecting surroundings.
Navigation Systems:
Gyroscopes, GPS, and inertial navigation for precise positioning.
Communication Technology:
Radio waves, VLF (Very Low Frequency), and satellite communication.
5. Life Support Systems
Oxygen Production and CO₂ Scrubbing:
How oxygen is generated and carbon dioxide is removed.
Water and Food Supplies:
Storage and purification systems.
Temperature and Humidity Control:
Maintaining habitable conditions underwater.