How Much Information?

[@boyinaband]

Things like that dice roll are what make veritasium videos amazing.

[@JuveriSetila]

Boyinaband Hey thats boy in a band! Love the fact that you watch theese videos

[@DemoniteBL]

It was animated.

[@asitas]

DAVE!!

[@talalahmedvlogs5717]

DAVEEEE!

[@PatrikKron]

I wonder how many tries it took to get one of each (within the cameras view)

[@veritasium]

NOTE: The number of base pairs in the human genome is often quoted as 3,000,000,000 but this is for 23 chromosomes. Human cells are diploid, containing two copies of each chromosome, so there really are 6,000,000,000 base pairs in every cell.

[@pedrosilveira5764]

You can never have enough backups, I guess.

[@Emvkazama]

Angie Kazama that's a lot of bytes there!

[@sarowie]

Pedro Silveira Ask a banana: The most produced and therefor eaten Banana is triploid, which makes it hard to bread. So, two seams to be a good compromise.

[@JoePhilipps]

mmmmmmm.....banana bread......

sarowie, triploids are infertile. Hence, why people grow triploid bananas. They generally can't develop mature seeds. The same goes for "seedless" watermelons. They are also triploid. They even grow triploid fish. _" Human cells are diploid, containing two copies of each chromosome,"_ As some of you may know, not all human cells are diploid. Gametes are haploid, most liver cells (hepatocytes) are tetraploid or octoploid (with one nucleus or binuclear, respectively): jbc.org/content/278/21/19095.full and many heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) also become polyploid and polynuclear: circres.ahajournals.org/content/106/9/1498.full Skeletal muscle fibers are multi-nucleated, so they are also polyploid _sensu stricto,_ although in that case the process that gives rise to polyploidy (cell fusion) is different to the above cases. Likewise, the syncytiotrophoblast of the (human) placenta is also formed by cell fusion, and therefore multi-nucleated and polyploid. Finally, red blood cells (erythrocytes) have neither chromosomes nor nucleus. Edit: I had missed giant cells: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_cell

[@Jetleckyboi]

2:58 ah yes, the distant year of 2020

[@mac4951]

Sweet innocent Derrick never knew what 2020 world bring. I’m envious.

[@dioptre]

sad me

[@vojtechhala5074]

Nobody expects the year 2020.

[@cristianmartinez-eq7yc]

2021

[@user-wi6vkq21k9a]

Watching this on 2021 and its funny how that prediction is so wrong lol Last years total information on the intrrnet is only 4.4ZB

[@veritasium]

So many awesome people collaborated with me in this video: MinutePhysics Vsauce BrainCraft Cara Santa Maria Crystal Dilworth +Christina Ochoa - thank you all!!

[@TheRolemodel1337]

Doesnt the uncertainty principle forbid what is said at 4:37? Esle you could predict the future with the same method right?

[@LeiosLabs]

Great video! Unfortunately, even if you knew the precise location of every particle in the air, land, and sea... I don't think you could trace it back to your speech patterns. The Thermodynamic and Quantum arrows of time both say otherwise. There are just certain things that are irreversible. I think the best you could do is find a number of possible states. I could be wrong, though.

[@tejaschitnis9323]

MinutePhysics's video said that we cant do that. I guess this is was classical deterministic part and the next part will be about the quantum part. BTW MP's video was called something like "Can we predict everything?"

[@ika.Sensei]

Tejas Chitnis Predicting the future and extrapolating information about the past are two different things. And if I remember correctly, for some reason quantum mechanics behaves in a predictable fashion if time is reversed. It's really confusing and doesn't make intuitive sense, but that's QM for you.

[@CHAS1422]

LeiosOS If you could trace the pattern, condition and motion of two particals, could you trace the pattern condition and motion of three? Is the outcome of the roll of the dice determined prior to it landing on the table? Yet impossible to determine by us simply because of the minutia of variable influence? If there is only one past, and only one future, and each incremental state of existence depends on the existing state of the present, then predetermination seems the only obvious conclusion. I couldn't be in America then suddenly in France, unless energy compelled me to be in the new location.

[@seriekekomo]

I can speak both languages and they speaking at the same time blew up my mind haha

[@pramitbanerjee]

+seriekekomo what did they say?

[@seriekekomo]

pramitbanerjee the same.

[@sebas200425]

yes is true

[@victordesu2136]

Omg same here

[@goro-swagkechi707]

same u.u

[@gamecrazy92]

As a Spanish speaker this was my experience: initially I wasn’t paying attention to what she said and I just thought she was speaking fast for absolutely no reason. Going back again and listening I see they say the same thing and talk at the same speed. Which absolutely blew my mind. The rhythm of the speaking due to the amount of syllables from English to Spanish made it seem like Spanish is spoken much faster and to see that was crazy.

[@MagicMike_101]

ZzzZzzZzzz

[@Nyght-j2f]

yeah, normally spanish would be spoken at a slower pace, she had to speed up a notch just to keep up with english which is spoken faster than spanish to my believe. it is quite impressive how spanish sounded faster yet was being spoken exactly at the same speed :)

[@Nyght-j2f]

​@@MagicMike_101what a meaningful contribution you are providing there! so profound, so deep! i'm pretty sure you will be very helpful to society, in the end, your life won't be meaningless. keep on with the hard work, you're special.

[@michaloslav8563]

When you drink too much and then you're just laying on the grass and being all philosophical and stuff

[@megatrix500]

they smoked too much of that dank veritasium

[@iUseVegas]

BRUH IKR

[@maulwurf9414]

iUseVegas BRUH IKR

[@alisonlaett9625]

@@megatrix500 +Megatrix500 This is even funnier if you speak a latin based language and understand that you're basically saying they consumed too much truth. it was too real for them!!! (verité = truth in french, and it probably similar in spanish & italien)

[@thanhvinhnguyento7069]

Bruh it's truth serum

[@ComandanteJ]

I'm Spanish, and that girl must have had four or five cups of cofee because she's talking way faster than people normally do LOL.

[@jeanpaulblanchette2079]

im not spanish but spanish is my main language

[@maricrespo]

ComandanteJ I'm spanish too and YES, she is speaking quite fast!!

[@OrangeUtan1]

ComandanteJ 我很反感，我覺得這個西班牙

[@ComandanteJ]

the scarecrow Google translator gives me a translation that i dont think is accurate, so i cant understand you.

[@SethStalley]

+ComandanteJ Depends on what tongue of spanish you are talking about. Yeah she is speaking a bit fast but not THAT much faster than the norm here. - I live in Costa Rica

[@arkamaji2957]

1:19 Henry was wearing a cgp grey shirt

[@johnduale430]

And Derek wearing a Henry shirt???

[@randomjasmicisrandom]

I will be using the start of this video to teach my classes what ascii is. Thanks!!!

[@veritasium]

my pleasure

[@virendersharmaable]

Veritasium and i now understand it too ..and what all that code really was.....as always ...a awesome video.

[@anishmaharjank]

Virender Sharma really ?? really u did?? for all time u never understood any code.. and just representing them in this time.. u ..understood? wow

[@randomjasmicisrandom]

Anish Maharjan ?? Did writing that make you feel better?? u did? wow

[@anishmaharjank]

randomjasmic 1st thing, i wasnt offensive to u. 2nd if u're trying to be defensive. Keep at it. wow

[@Eliasbassman419]

I am bilingual in Spanish and English, and I just couldn't handle both languages at once. I exploded

[@kennarajora6532]

that's an overload of information.

[@chander.261]

are you fine now ?

[@akemdam9824]

Me too dude plus i had the german subs on 🙉 i died

[@full-timepog6844]

@@akemdam9824 0.o but.........you posted! /s

[@funkdefied1]

Condolences to your family

[@sotomonte_]

0:15 What a nightmare if you are fluent in spanish and english

[@anitanyanya]

My brain went divided in half

[@victorroque5667]

It actually wasn't bad... I could hear both languages and understood them... And since there saying the same thing, I could switch from one and still understand what they were saying... It was overwhelming at first but after a while I got used to it and could understand pretty well...

[@tsunghan_yu]

Victor Roque didnt know that they are saying the same thing

[@victorroque5667]

@@tsunghan_yu yeah, the whole point of that is to show that the same information (even in two different languages) take about the same time to exchange. It's pretty cool and interesting.

[@swine13]

You can't be confused by two people speaking if you don't understand any languages. (Big brain time)

[@StrongMed]

I'm sure that any attempt to take the current state of matter in a closed system containing 2 people and extrapolate backwards to determine what was said between them at a previous point in time would find the uncertainty principle an impossible barrier to calculate around.

[@luckygnome2746]

I know you posted three years ago, so I’m sorry. I think they meant that if someone had info info on a closed system everything that two people ever affect, they could extrapolate back to figure out what those people said at a given point in time. It’s like movies where a super computer can scan the whole universe, so it can answer any question past present or future based on how things act.

[@刘敏钊]

Strong Medicine yeah，wave function collapse loses information

[@dcamron46]

Why the uncertainty principal? It's not necessary to invoke quantum mechanics here. Classically and thermodynamis states entropy must increase in real systems which aren't reversible. I believe the acoustic vibrations represent that. I agree the info is lost as pure heat, not stored.

[@dcamron46]

my understanding of this has evolved and i think my comment wasn't very insightful. It is interesting to use quantum mechanics to explain the 'why' entropy must increase. Whereas my comment simply takes that as fact, Veritasium is trying to explain the mechanism. And in fact the information isn't 'lost' -- that's incorrect. Information can't be destroyed, it is entropy after all, transformation of the vibrations to diffuse heat is just a higher entropy state of the same information --with more 'noise'. Second law shows you can't reduce that higher state entropy to a lower 'noise' entropy state without spending energy, that's all.

[@Isaac-we2ks]

@@dcamron46 excellent clarification dc, appreciate your further insight into the matter

[@erichgonzalez6685]

This is the first time in my life I hear two languages I can speak at the same time. It drove me crazy, my brain kept constantly switching between Spanish and English. I've heard two languages at the same time before, like in the Olympics and the news, but usually, I can only understand one of them. This was quite different, a new experience por así decirlo.

[@usa45CC]

New experience, asi por decirlo

[@fikatrouvaille3670]

I'm fluent in both but English is my main language, so I tuned the Spanish out. That might be because I hardly ever hear that dialect, though, so my brain doesn't tell me to pay attention to it.

[@MagicMike_101]

ZzzzzZzzzZzzzzz

[@alexandermeneses5688]

Justamente

[@tsumikiminiwa4603]

"..they intentionally replaced the i with a y, so it could not be confused with the bit" Wait, I thought it was so that people wouldn't chew it

[@owais8047]

Hahahhahahhaha

[@gtbkts]

Nice

[@ZoggFromBetelgeuse]

I once read an interesting approach to quantifying information: In this approach, information of a message M was defined as -ln(P(M)), where P(M) is the probability of the message M occurring. Hence, the message "Dog bites Earthling" has less information than "Earthling bites dog", because its probability is higher. Also, the message "Earthling bites dog" has more information in a serious newspaper, rather than a yellow press newspaper. This approach is of course based on the earthlings' binary thinking, their idea that everything has a probability [in other words, can be projected onto the true-false edge of the triangle of ternary alien logic]. But it's quite consistent. For example, the information of the combination of two independent messages is the sum of the two informations.

[@Defeshh]

I love you Zogg, your last video was incredible. I'm eager to learn about that weird species you always talk about, they are called Earthlings I believe (not for invasions, of course).

[@bgezal]

This is also similar to how teleporting machines work (outside Earth). Earthlings believe every particle in the body have to be quantified and be moved or copied to the destination. But really you only have to decrease the probability that you are at the source while simultaneously increase the probability that you are at the destination.

[@MrBillllyBoob]

love your work Zogg

[@crsm42]

Infinite improbability drive?

[@louisng114]

MrBillllyBoob you mean you (x^2+(9/4)y^2+z^2-1)^3 - (x^2)(z^3) - (9/80)(y^2)(z^3)=0 his work :P

[@MrSapo32]

HI, I was just wondering... Are u and Vsauce stoned at the park at 4:20?

[@Arthur-qh6eg]

I don't know about them. But it's damn true.

[@alterego9791]

420 Blaze it

[@saswatapatra5919]

yupp

[@orbs1062]

Was a little homoerotic.

[@RobbyBoy167]

The conversation was so fitting too hahaha

[@Anonymous-8080]

1:30 *Let's all take a moment to appreciate how much time he spent to throw all the dice each with different numbers*

[@wincentywilk7511]

From my calculations the chance of that happening is about 1.5%

[@Anonymous-8080]

@@wincentywilk7511 ohhhh great work

[@The_Tormented_One]

Just some seconds?

[@Deguu68]

@@wincentywilk7511 is that evem right? i got 0,00214335%

[@wincentywilk7511]

@@Deguu68 Well I don’t remember what calculation I did. But I know the probability is: 1*(5/6)*(4/6)*(3/6)*(2/6)*(1/6) Whitch is… (5/324) Or 0,015432098765432 Or 1,543…% What was your calculation? PS I am not a native english speaker so there are mistakes

[@ten7554]

"By the year 2020" as I'm watching this exactly 4 hours from that exact year...

[@doogelyjim8627]

psst it's 2020 now. nice jolyne avi

[@davidt01]

I'm from the future, and you might not want to go into 2020.

[@b.l.o.o.m6614]

Yea it sucks really really vad

[@mac4951]

Go back.

[@neogetright7542]

@@davidt01 Aight! Imma go find a cave and go back to 1986.

[@SparkySummers]

How many times did you have to roll those dice to get THAT outcome?

[@KipIngram]

Pick any die and let it be the starting point. It has some number on it. The second die has a 5/6 chance of being different. The third die has a 4/6 chance of being different from the first two. The fourth die has a 3/6 chance of being different from the first three. The fifth die has a 2/6 chance of being different, and the last die a 1/6 chance. Multiply it all out and you get (6 factorial) / (6^6) = 0.015432099. The expected number of tosses to get that is the reciprocal of that value, which is 64.8. So, there's a 50/50 chance you'll get it within 65 rolls.

[@krakowski_6237]

Or just combine separate 1, 2, 3 etc rolls into one shot. Also, what a necro, over 4 years.

[@l1mbo69]

Make all the die fake, all faces are the same

[@SparkySummers]

@@KipIngram I never saw this before and another necro revealed it to me. I'm going to have to watch the video again to understand what this was all about but I'm gonna guess that all the maths stuff is accurate. Until then, you have my thanks.

[@evil001987]

@@KipIngram actually, if you do 65 rolls, there is a 63% chance of succeeding. If you do it many times, on average you will succeed once every 64.8 tries, but if you roll 65 times in a row and then stop there is a 63% chance of succeeding.

[@joemama-js6hv]

I fell in love with your channel. I've watched all Michaels' videos atleast twice now, and almost got fed up by how little of similiar, information intense content there is. glad I'm here and thank you.

[@pankajwillis]

What's interesting is that we can speed up most videos and still perfectly understand the language and the content being delivered. So the speed of a language isn't entirely limited by our cognitive capabilities. It has to be more about benefits vs cost of a different speed of communication. Or some thing on those lines. Because most things we do, tend to optimize themselves over long periods of time.

[@nunliski]

When you speed up a video (or audio) you actually do lose a lot of information. Even if you still understand the words, you lose the wide array of communication that a speaking human engages in beyond the words themselves. You lose tone. You lose emotion. You lose any kind of subtlety being communicated non-explicitly. If you don't believe me, try listening to comedy sped up. So I would argue that you can absorb the literal content of sped up audio as fast as at normal speed because you are dropping a lot of information in order to receive strictly the transcript faster.

[@whatisahandle221]

@@nunliski - Maybe, but I’ve been doing that a lot, lately-watching videos at high speed-, and I’ve noticed that many speakers are actually very slow in giving new and significant information. They have pauses. They also have a lot of syntax or what I’d call grammar fluff that’s nonessential. Of course, half of what I’m viewing is semi-sensational news, and it’s often supplemented by photos or videos. Ie I suspect a) there’s a lot of syntax/grammar and contextual words that, if you already know the video byline and/or gist of the story, not much “missed” in hearing process limits is necessary or new. b) I also suspect that speakers-and writers-are limited by the thoughts and then the process of translating those thoughts into speech or writing. c) Corollary to b) - If I’m _watching_ a video, I am not really interacting with another person, thinking of their ideas, and we are both not needing to say things in a two person conversation. Even news shows-or scripted information videos like this one-are not really two-way streams of communication (not counting comments, for the sake of the video speed discussion). Ie the viewer has more working memory freed up to process incoming information.

[@SuperYtc1]

@@nunliski I don’t. I’m very smart and it’s easy for me to understand the emotion as well. It’s exactly the same information. Your brain is just too slow. YOU ARE A PEASANT.

[@eatylswv6778]

fr i jus watched this at 2x speed to save time

[@Lordidude]

Up until 4:02 I wasn't sure if Derek smoked weed. But then he showed that he clearly does. Dat thought process.

[@TheInquisitor127]

His atomic weight is 42.0

[@charlesquinton9127]

I now want there to be a podcast where Vsauce and Veritasium just talk about the nature of reality together

[@doctormo]

Veritasium The unqueness of a person could not be stored on a floppy disk. The information in DNA is not just whether it is 1,2,3 or 4, but also it's position. IF you take all the unique bits out and stung them together, you've actually lost a lot of information. This is the same reason why patches/diffs of computer code are bigger than the actual number of bytes being changed by the patch set. All those extra bytes encode the offsets and some checking to make sure that each bit goes in the right place. So for non-contigious DNA where no half-nibble delta appears next to another one. We'd need 33 bits per 2 bit delta. Giving us 27MB requirement with no checksums and a really weird non-byte boundry storage mechanism. And that's assuming no insertions or deletions, just chages. We'd need more bytes to store what needs to be done if we want to actually create a working mechanism.

[@jdp2]

Based on the video if he says 1 MB of purely base pair differences, that would be 4,000,000 base pairs (4 per byte). Multiply that by 35 bits (33 bit offset, 2 bit value) and it comes to about 17.5 MB. It is possible to reduce the amount of space required by using a variable length encoding for the offsets. A example of a simple variable length encoding is to reserve the top bit of each byte as a flag to indicate whether more bytes are required. This works especially well if you store the offsets in order, and instead of storing the absolute offset, just store the difference from the previous offset. I ran a simulation with 13-bit style variable length integers, and with randomly distributed offsets, it comes out to less than 8 MB. It still won't fit on a floppy, but not bad :). This was my simulation code (C#): const long totalBasePairs = 6000000000; const int diffBasePairs = 4000000; const int bitGrouping = 13; Random rand = new Random(); List offsets = Enumerable.Range(0, diffBasePairs).Select(n => (long)(rand.NextDouble() * totalBasePairs)).OrderBy(n => n).ToList(); Func getVLIntSize = (value) => { int s = 0; do { value >>= bitGrouping - 1; s += bitGrouping; } while (value != 0); return s; }; int offsetsBitSize = getVLIntSize(offsets[0]) + Enumerable.Range(1, offsets.Count - 1).Sum(i => getVLIntSize(offsets[i] - offsets[i - 1])); int basePairsBitSize = diffBasePairs * 2; int totalBytes = (offsetsBitSize + basePairsBitSize) / 8; Debug.WriteLine(totalBytes.ToString("#,##0"));

[@doctormo]

jdpurcell2 Nice work :-)

[@jdp2]

Martin Owens Thanks! I had another cool idea too: you don't even need to store the 2 bit values each time. List the offsets for A first, then C, then T, then G, using a special offset (e.g. one greater than the maximum possible offset) to delimit where each list of offsets ends.

[@doctormo]

jdpurcell2 It'd be cool to write something firth to generate a random set of data about 1.5GiB then to modify it randomly 1.5 million times (1 in 1000) then give you the two files to see if you can first unpack into a delta and then repack into either file (forwards and backwards) ;-)

[@TheKingofRandom]

Mind = Blown

[@bethallen5104]

Hey, I didn't know you watched Veritasium! I probably should've guessed though.

[@brunodherrera]

Derek, Mike, Grant, I think you are awesome and unique, keep it going, I love all your videos, I'm from Uruguay, and my native language is Spanish, I'm lucky to know English and be able to understand your amazing videos, I wish you the best, you are the most interesting youtubers, by the way, Derek or Mike (or both), can you make a video about how much easier is to learn each language and how does it interact with the brain, because, like you said, Spanish have less syllables than English, that may be why is easier for a Spanish learn English than vice versa

[@InigoSJ]

Nope,mind->blown.That is not a =

[@itszain6317]

Grant probably wrote this comment.. rip

[@The_Tormented_One]

Mindblown

[@SpiritmanProductions]

I've long wondered if it would be possible to hear the speech of ancient peoples by scanning sequential imperfections in crystal formations of fire-side stones as they cooled down and solidified, assuming that ambient sound waves would be enough to create detectable shifts in the molecular positions and the cooling would be predictably linear.

[@tannerman46]

I suspect you could in a lab with the right technology, but not on stones left outside in the elements for thousands of years. Very interesting idea!

[@osiris1102]

No

[@sarthaksharma4816]

Yoooo!

[@Dwittyy]

When Vsauce appeared on the grass all I could think about was "The Fault In Our Science".

[@sneakers_guy5488]

This kind of feels like the flow of a sauce video....WAIT THERE'S MICHAEL!

[@macsarcule]

This is so vsaucey, I’d almost swear it was written and directed by Michael - omg, and as I write this, it’s Michael!

[@FoxyNinetails]

I love how you and Michael are collaborating more often, the stuff you guys make together is amazing. =)

[@veleronHL]

Oh, I thought they are an item.

[@stpears3846]

veleronHL Instead of Derek and Henry? :-( ;-)

[@vijayabhaskar-j]

4:36 What Michael says here is now possible with AI, by just looking at a recorded video of some chips packet in the room, the vibrations created on it made by your voice, the AI can recreate the audio.

[@Cardinalbins]

I almost wanted to comment, that this videos style reminds me of Vsauce. And suddenly Michael pops into the screen. Even the FBI wrote wtf as a push note

[@SmiggzYh]

Ahh, the beautiful deterministic worldview. Still don't know how I feel about it, but it's gorgeous.

[@veritasium]

more on this to come...

[@SmiggzYh]

Very much looking forward to it!

[@samueltrujillophotography]

Veritasium WHEN!

[@nDjification]

Yes that's a fascinating subject ! I've been once totally persuaded that this theory was absolutely true, but then I've heard much about quantum physics and how little things may happen randomly. Really looking forward to this video !

[@SmiggzYh]

But for me, the possibility lies that random is just... the unknown. We don't know the pattern.

[@Bi0NiXMaN]

I swear this guy conveys information so beautifully that I didn't even realized it was only 5-6 mins

[@sethallton2262]

Man, that talk at the end, especially what was said around the 4:50 mark, is exactly what I've been thinking about lately. Boy does the rabbit hole go much deeper from there. Great video!

[@speed2574]

1:31, Let's all take a moment to appreciate how many attempts were done for this shot.

[@kennarajora6532]

maybe derek just knew black magic.

[@speed2574]

@@kennarajora6532 I love your profile picture

[@kennarajora6532]

@@speed2574 thank you.

[@TorgieMadison]

3:35 In case you don't know what that is :) Ahhhh time is amazing growing old is amazing, hilarious :D

[@AryanKumar-jo1pz]

4:15 was this the original thumbnail

[@dangerouslytalented]

... but what if you saw only half of frozen?

[@danybanana]

Then you haven't actually seen Frozen.

[@master3243]

well Frozen is a 1 hour and 30 minute video, so if you didn't see the other half then technically you didn't see frozen, but then you could say the you saw the whole film except the last millisecond does that mean that you haven't seen frozen yet? Nonetheless you are going into hypothetical territory, and that's not a good place to be.

[@marvinmarvin38]

the definition of half is important as you could have watched the whole movie by skipping a frame which would still be a whole movie but pain to watch if the original is around 25fps

[@StefanNicolaeTodea]

then you use quantum processing, superposition and shit

[@belzebubbby]

master3243 Then, when we ask if somebody has watched the movie, we actually ask them, if they know the plot and if they can make sense of it? So, when I spoiled a plottwist in that one GoT episode to my friend, does it mean that he "watched" this episode? He already knows what will happen... I know, I'm a terrible person. Sometimes...

[@esylvus]

Given the last scene the second part basically has to be about entropy (link between the entropy of information and physics), am I right?.

[@veritasium]

excellent deductions.

[@nanamacapagal8342]

3:00 Not bad for a prediction in 2014. That number was measured to be about 44ZB.

[@BlackBirdJacobo]

im spanish, and that woman was speaking really fast. Way faster than how we do

[@B3Band]

+Jacobo Pindado The point was to make the English and Spanish clips end at the same time. She has to speak faster to get the same amount of information out.

[@nicholasw996]

+Bloodbath and Beyond Spanish and English spoken naturally, and indeed any other language, will on average communicate the same amount of information in the same amount of time. That's the point Veritasium was making.

[@B3Band]

***** Which is why she has to speak faster to get the same information out, right?

[@nicholasw996]

+Bloodbath and Beyond Yes, and such a rate of speech is natural for Spanish speakers.

[@MohammedHasanTHEYUGIOHMASTER]

+Jacobo Pindado i have spanish friends and when they speak spanish they speak just as fast as that

[@Haagen-Dazs-Eiscreme]

4:02 best moment in the entire history of youtube

[@Gumbocinno]

I think it's rivaled by that Idubbbz/Vsauce crossover.

[@D4N13VT]

Giving away my age here, but the item he's holding at 3:35 is called a "stiffy drive". A floppy drive was the generation before that which was slightly larger and floppier.

[@Hylorchannel]

I have to disagree here about what you said about information being physical. While there can be physical manifestations of information the information itself is not physical. For example the laws of logic that you are using right now to understand my comment is not physical but the words I am typing to explain that are. The number two is an abstract number that causes nothing but that doesn't mean a representation of the number two written on a page can not cause anything. This is a philosophical truth and one that is widely discussed by mathematicians and philosophers.

[@nuegai4642]

"...the laws of logic that you are using right now to understand my comment is not physical..." But they exist as electro-chemical activity in your brain.. which is, obviously, physical. I guess the question is, "is consciousness physical?" And your answer is a resounding no. However, I am not so sure. I believe that certainty is, at best, illusory.

[@prebenness]

Well not all schools of philosophy subscribe to the platonic view of logic and information being actual existing concepts and ideas beyond the physical world.

[@srpilha]

I wholeheartedly agree. Even if we don't subscribe to a platonic existence of our concepts, their encoding in our brains as particular connections between neurons (or as particular patterns of brain activity, or as anything, really) is really not necessarily, and probably not at all, exactly the same for every human being. So the concept of "the number two" as a physical entity or as physically inscribed in some way is problematic. You have to consider some equivalence class, and that's already an abstract construction (which in turn has its own multiple inscriptions in our brains, etc.). Moreover, the fact that the vibrations of the air we produce with speech interact with everything around us does not mean AT ALL that we could retrieve this spoken information afterwards, even if we could observe very precisely every molecule in the world. Sound vibrations are dampened when they travel through the air and when they hit a surface, which means energy is converted from motion to heat. That exact amount of heat could have been generated by a large number of factors, including many different sounds going through the air. So no, speaking is not a way of recording sound into the physical world. It does get lost. (and if we want to look at subatomic particles instead of just the air molecules, there's a whole mess of quantum possibilities that arise)

[@RipleySawzen]

srpilha One thing you said that I have to semi-disagree with is that the number two isn't the same for every human being. Having studied psychology extensively, I have come to the conclusion that numbers, words, colors, etc... are all the same for everyone who is raised similarly, i.e. most people born and raised in America will have the exact same interpretations of numbers, letters, colors, etc... The interesting part is that across cultures, there are enormous language differences in perception. Some languages only have 5 colors, for example, and what you may perceive as closer to blue, another culture may see as being closer to green. Whether these are actual differences in representations in the brain or simple languge barriers is still being researched, but it may be that language has a huge impact on the actual mechanisms of perception. So back to the number 2. If two people are raised the same way, their number 2's will be the same, just as you and I see blue the same way. Yet other cultures might be different. I can't wait for mind/machine interface. It will allow us to share thoughts and oh what fun that will be!

[@nanaki-seto]

Actually the vid has it right. You mention laws of logic. But we are really dealing with thoughts. Each thought is a series of electrical impulses in the brain. Each impulse of current will generate a given amount of heat. That heat does present it self in some finite way. While it is doubtful that we will have a way to measure the heat generate the principle is sound. So in principle it is right. All information will have some physical effect or form associated with it. Just because we can not perceive it doesn't mean that it does not exist. BTW thought (laws of logic) also have a measurable electrical signal we can in fact measure. I was wanting to point out a less obvious effect of thought (laws of logic etc)

[@Allacorro]

How many freaking times did you have to roll the dice!?!?!?????!?

[@scottyzacharia8386]

Well the chances are 1 in 720 (1 in 6!) So yeah, a lot.

[@Zarberii]

Looks like only one was rolled multiple times and then layered together, or the other 5 are computer generated. Probably the former, but there are some other ways to achieve this result. I highly doubt it was pure chance. :P

[@NiftyFingers]

Scotty Zacharia actually 6! is the number of ways to order 6 dice without repeats. 6^6 is the number of possible roles. So it's (6!)/(6^6)

[@ADouiri070]

Scotty Zacharia if you looke closely, its edited with some video editor software

[@OmarGonzalez-tg9uv]

About 64 should be enough

[@fortalbrz]

The video is based on a book of James Gleick. He writes about science with journalist view. No so precise in some cases, BUT a book form the 80s, "Caos" caught my attention as a boy and was my beloved bedside book! It drived my curiosity towards science... The sence of amazement... Same stuff here... (today I am a PhD and quantitative in finance). I am so grateful for that... MUST read this one...

[@SuperFreeEducation]

that's a diskette not a floppy disk

[@footsy420]

Spanish speaking people complain that English speakers who speak Spanish as a second language but not very well speak far too quickly. Maybe that is because it is perceived that Spanish is spoken quickly. When I was learning Spanish, I quickly noticed that the words tended to be much longer. I was proud when I learned the translation for "unfortunately": desafortunadamente. ading "ly" to an English word is equal to adding "mente" to a Spanish word. A cool video would be one that explains why you can't learn Colombian Spanish or Brazilian Portuguese without becoming a sexier person.

[@celtanielarce9130]

Chris Foote yes but ly not come from mind. Mente equals to mind.

[@michaelherweg7421]

4:50 5:01 a tree in the forest to a supercomputer, emr detector and person with an extreme intelligence unseen, makes a noise if it falls in a forest. I once argued this to my friend and they paried with the old insignificance point.

[@anthonykneipiii4562]

Ya know, I’ve always had this thought. What language conveys information the most efficient. And although this video talks about other stuff, it’s always been a wonder to think “if I speak a certain language, does it communicate better than another language?” It’s always been something I’ve wondered... or maybe, a new language gets made up that does what we’re thinking but faster?

[@nickcampbell3812]

Watching in 2020, didn't realize this was made 6 years ago until 3:00

[@xin8992]

Made me chuckle in floppy disk. My kids asked me what those square plastics are. And I literally made him sit down for me to explain the ancestor of storage devices.

[@TNTCZE]

Like for the Floppy !!

[@TNTCZE]

dude, this sounds weird :D

[@Alex-oz9eh]

+Clarence the Potato Man wat

[@aikslf]

*floppy disk

[@madeline4082]

you mean the save icon for us millenials?

[@BillAnt]

The 5.25"s from the 80's are the shiznit! ;D

[@nixtoshi]

The probability of getting a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 from rolling 6 dices at the same time is: 1 in 24195. How did you do it? Magnets? Camera trick? Video editing? LUCK :0?

[@nixtoshi]

Got it. You edited some dice rolls with a video mask.

[@drted]

It's actually bigger than 1%: www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=6%2F6*5%2F6*4%2F6*3%2F6*2%2F6*1%2F6

[@nixtoshi]

Ted Sanders Mmm.. I think you are right. I messed up. I was doing something with base 6 which didn't end well I guess

[@drted]

Haha, no worries, everyone messes up sometimes. Always better to try and get it wrong than to not have tried at all. :)

[@OmarGonzalez-tg9uv]

The probability is around 1.54%, so about 1 in 64 and not the crazy number you claim.

[@markbothum4338]

Ahhh...as an old Yahtzee player, that straight flush at 1:30 was a thing of beauty.

[@ogerassimov]

Strongly disagree with the last statement. No Derek you cannot extrapolate backward and forward, because of Heizenberg uncertainty principle, and because of inability to meassure with infinite precision and uncertainty to meassure all parameters of particles.So you cannot extrapolate.

[@Zazz30]

I'm hoping that's where the "To be continued..." comes in.

[@TheVopepigota]

I agree, he was being very deceptive there.

[@ganondorfchampin]

I think this leads into the next video, where they talk about randomization.

[@krinistof]

Огнян Герасимов i just write there hoping for new information.

[@MartinBuzon]

I thing they were high on mushrooms and something lime that. But yes, u cant. Thermodynamics play a good part to.

[@UnarmedCivilian_]

How many times did you have to roll the dice to get that outcome for the video?

[@Ahmuyr]

chances are 1/6.1/6.1/6.1/6.1/6.1/6 = 1/6^6 which is 46656

[@Tyriss01]

They look like they're weighted

[@idiatico]

Ahmuyr Thats if each dice has to be a specific value but the just have to all be different so its 1 * 5/6 *4/6 *3/6 *2/6*1/6 so 64 tries I think.

[@RisinT96]

Roskal Raskal exactly.

[@AnstonMusic]

Ahmuyr You don't even deserve a reply ;)

[@Jayloke]

1:02 And that guys, is why playing things at 150%-200% speed won’t increase the amount of information processed and memorized by your brain… it just isn’t programmed to do so. You will certainly watch more videos/tv/anime but you will learn/remember less of them. What you gain in quantity you lose in quality.

[@williamvazquez9480]

The beginning was a but weird for me since i speak both languages

[@saeedbaig4249]

What was the Spanish woman saying?

[@joaquinclavijo7052]

exactly the same

[@PRADEEP007PRADEEP]

William Vazquez 😂😂😂

[@tenienteramires4428]

A todos los que hablamos castellano nos ha explotado el cerebro 😂😂

[@olegtarasovrodionov]

2:10 I thought the "i" replaced with "y" to not mix up with a word "bite"

[@TheSecondVersion]

When we talk, unless you deliberately take long pauses, we don't actually put gaps between our words. We speak a continuous stream of syllables, and the mind of the listener puts the gaps back in. People speaking another language always seem to be talking fast because we don't mentally put spaces between the words (we don't know where they're supposed to be)

[@Ziplomatic]

For a second 1:19 I thought that was *CGP Grey*..

[@eIucidate]

Me too!

[@ObjectsInMotion]

nah its Henry Reich from MinutePhysics

[@fuedaseoyt]

But the real interesting question is: what is INFORMATION? My field, Information Science, does not have a consensus about it. And there's several other fields which have a concept of Information, also with no consensus. Great video, by the way. And great book also. It is a very good starting point.

[@psssantosh]

5:15 THATS A PRETTY GOOD GREEN SCREENING! THATS AMAZING ACTUALLY! ITS PERFECT! :DDD

[@jsherer9616]

That's Henry, right? Not Grey? Grey can't be caught on screen, right...?

[@quinnreierson]

I saw that as well...

[@errr-iw4lz]

I’m scared

[@aerobolt256]

3:32 That "[I]n case you don't know what that is." part though. XD

[@infa7615]

What IS it?

[@aerobolt256]

A floppy disk. He says it in the video.

[@uv-cat]

a save button

[@swine13]

@@aerobolt256 i find it funny that when the floppy disk was invented, there used to always been this confusion like "why is it called "floppy" when its quite stiff? (For context, floppies were preceded by even bigger, _floppier_ disks which i think were still called floppy disks). Then they would explain to you "yes because compared to the hard drive in the PC, this is floppy. And furthermore, if you take out the _actual_ disk inside it.." Hold on... what? So you pulled back that clip up top and you could actually pinch out what I can only describe as a thin circle of cellophane-like plastic. The disk was ruined once you did this, but I remember being blown away by the fact that what I thought was the disk itself was just a plastic case for... _the floppy_ And then, of course, CDs became widely used and compared to them, the floppy disk is floppy in every aspect, so the confusion died away with the technology. 🤔 You know for someone who hated history in school, I sure blab on about it sometimes...

[@ДимитърХаджиев-р3р]

I would kill for a chance to spend a day with Michael and Derek. Respect and Love from Bulgaria guys. You are awesome !!!!

[@gre3ns801]

4:05 HEY VSAUCE MICHEAL HERE

[@viquezug3936]

I calculated that you got ~1,54% chance to get the dice combination you had. How many tries did you had?

[@BrockBeldham]

Unless the dice are of course loaded

[@OmarGonzalez-tg9uv]

The expected amount of tries is 64, so not a big waste of time really

[@alibakhtiyari9216]

the dices could have the same number on all of their sides

[@viquezug3936]

I checked, and by what I could see, they were all standard.

[@OmarGonzalez-tg9uv]

You guys do realize that it was done by the computer right?

[@NoahStolee]

How much information? * stretches out his arms * THIS MUCH!!

[@Shelleloch]

Is that C.G.P. Grey by any chance at 1:19?

[@Zazz30]

Nope, Henry Reich from MinutePhysics.

[@rafaelarevalo8047]

No, that's Henry from MinutePhysics.

[@alberteinsteinthejew]

Derek Veritasium and Michael Vsauce could make a great couple! They should marry!

[@RThrim700]

Imagine if they could have a baby (it´s impossible, I know). That baby will be incredible

[@ghuats5256]

First in line to be adopted, thanks.

[@RussellSubedi]

RThrim700 it's not theoretically impossible though, you can in principle pair up their chromosomes and stuff... you know where this is headed...

[@RThrim700]

Russell Subedi I had thought about that theory too but it's pretty impossible

[@RussellSubedi]

RThrim700 it is practically impossible

[@superghost6]

I love seeing Michael on your channel

[@MsJonesScience]

that was mind blowing. And this is why I LOVE science, and Veritasium :)

[@halfnwhole751]

People that speak denser langauges talk slower and people that speak less dense languages talk faster so that means... Toki pona speakers would be awesome rappers

[@shresthaditya2950]

A bit is just a permutation with repetition(where a number of bits represents the block) for example 2 bit can contain: 4 set of numbers that is (0,1) (1,0),(1,0), and (1,1)

[@quentinlynch]

Isn't a byte called a Suarez in Spanish?

[@Rocker62121]

Came for veritasium, stayed for michael

[@RumleKalopsia]

And I love you random citizen

[@brothers2940]

Made my day

[@xardnaslp3171]

3:36 of course i know what that is! It's that thing from the "save" button in a lot of games etc!

[@keepercool98]

When i was younger, I thought that English speakers spoke much faster. I'm Spanish. I guess it's just a matter of getting used to the language.

[@meaburro8591]

Yo también soy español y tienes toda la razón sobre eso, cuando yo era pequeño parecía que los ingleses hablaban súper rápidos... Jajajaja

[@jeanpaulblanchette2079]

tambien me pasaba/it happened to me too

[@tenienteramires4428]

Eso es típico, cuando aprendemos un idioma siempre pensamos que hablan más rápido que nosotros porque no estamos acostumbrados, pero si cuentas el promedio de sílabas que un castellanoparlante dice por minuto, es mayor a las que dice un angloparlante.

[@Rokalno]

Los idiomas derivados del latín ofrecen muchísima mayor precisión describiendo eventos y objetos. El inglés ofrece poca precisión y por eso gasta menos palabras en general

[@swine13]

Yeah its bound to sound "faster" if you don't understand the language, because your brain is trying to pick out words or syllables and it can't get more than probably 2 of those without throwing out an _"Error: input language library 'megusta.lib' not detected, please update libraries and speak again."_ Therefore its easier to feel overwhelmed with a wall of noises that make no sense to you, and it can feel like they're rocketing through whatever they are saying. Its like if you aren't very good at math, and you see an equation with one too many numbers in it. Its probably only maybe 5 more integers or variables than you're used to, but suddenly your brain alt+f4's out of the calculator then boots 'beautifulmind.exe', and it may as well be the matrix for all the chance you have of working it out after that... PS: I'm not entirely sure why I persisted with dehumanizing my mental states into mock PC files, but it's done now.

[@123-j4e]

1:31 how long did that take to get

[@gersonperez3781]

Having Veritasium an Vsauce in the same video is my favorite non-sex fantasy... come true here.

[@TimVerweij]

The start of the video must be quite hard to watch for people that understand both English and Spanish.

[@everdimension]

ha, probably)

[@AdityaGohad]

heisenberg is crying

[@DavidSprings]

I'm not certain that you are correct.

[@ShyamChintore]

Haha why 😮

[@captainpuffinpuffinson4769]

thinking on your suggestion about remeasuring a sound wave in a chamber, have to say it will not work probably because of thermal noise , the entropy of a isobaric volume with an impulse of sound doing into it would be heated ever so slightly, then when returning to equilibrium would increase the entropy... that is even before i start talking about quantum effects, or maxwells demon

[@rydog7292]

"a floppy disk, I guess you don't know what that is" correct lol 😂😂

[@General12th]

My floppy holds lots of information, and produces even more. ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)

[@DerMarkus1982]

He says "[...] *in case* you don't know [...]". ;)

[@SatinFoxx]

Ok, I see a CGP grey shirt, and I need to know, who was that guy? To my knowledge, CGP is still just a stick man, seen by only a few people in real life.

[@Braedley]

That's Henry from MinutePhysics.

[@SatinFoxx]

Michael Braedley Ok, thought so, but he looked a bit more bearded than I remember, so I wasn't sure. Thanks.

[@Braedley]

***** At 1:19? No, that's Henry. Michael isn't wearing a CGP Grey shirt.

[@jthomson9376]

no that's derek from veritasium

[@nguyenhuyan1296]

8 years after and still found this amazing

[@seanpascua407]

By the year 2020, Kanye West will become president.

[@ErickErickLopez]

oh no 😱😱😱

[@imperatorodaenathus9329]

2021* The President is elected by the People in November 2020, The Electoral College decides in December 2020, but he/she is only sworn in/inaugurated in January of 2021. Unless our Lord And Savior Kanye West commits a coup and becomes dictator, which I wouldn't put past the God.

[@okaze4757]

wow this aged...weirdly

[@MattUebel]

Awesome.

[@PatrickRyan]

I've wondered this for years (the relative information density of languages).

[@w.t.c.7788]

(x²+x)/2 it is a formula to know how much can you count using a given number of binary digits

[@WarGuardia]

Do you mind doing a Draw my Life Derek? :)

[@veritasium]

I was thinking about doing a Video my life - thoughts?

[@LuisGarcia-in7vg]

Veritasium Please do...

[@VGV1de0s]

Veritasium YES

[@WarGuardia]

Veritasium It would be great if you find the time!

[@nuegai4642]

Veritasium Perhaps, if you wish, but more appropriate for the 2Veritasium channel IMHO. I would say that you should do only that which you wish to do. Resist the forces of appropriation which are both bound and abound. Great work here BTW.. long time subscriber.

[@logicalfundy]

Correct me if I'm wrong - but I think quantum physics throws a big monkey wrench into that last claim of being able to trace back information.

[@Haagen-Dazs-Eiscreme]

4:02 When your best friend visits to play some video games and hang out

[@rozamunduszek4787]

don't lie on a lawn with Michael like that unless you want to be shipped with him 😋😁

[@ZeroStrife1396]

Rozamunduszek And who wouldn't want to be shipped with Michael? Nobody, that's who.

[@eniotanaka2229]

That was romantic

[@damirock98]

Cuando hablaban los 2 al mismo tiempo me confundía xD

[@memox185]

Te entiendo, me sucedió lo mismo. De cierta manera fue gracioso, porque a pesar de que mi idioma "normal" es el Español, le puse más atención al muchacho hablando ingles. ¿Será por la comodidad (En cuanto a la comprensión) que el cerebro busca como dicen en el vídeo? ¿O la fuerza de la voz del hombre para captar mi atención?

[@Ivanskywaker]

Ella está hablando más rápido de lo normal, y con palabras más largas, en realidad el español si tiene palabras más largas, pero no tanto como aqui parece.

[@damirock98]

Ivan Ciqno Me confundía porque hablo español e inglés pero oir 2 idiomas al mismo tiempo si que confunde

[@bf2142Fallensoul]

***** me paso lo mismo de hecho antes de leer tu comentario, postee lo mismo, pero ami me paso que se me complicaba entender por que estaba escuchando en ingles pero al mensaje tambien estar en español me confundia muy raramente

[@carlossalascarpio]

tambien me paso lo mismo, incluso me dio dolor de cabeza, ya que el habla mas alto asi que es mas facil entender lo que dice, pero mi idioma natal es el español por lo que inconsientemente escuchaba lo que ambos decian al mismo tiempo confundiendome mucho

[@katmai90210]

that was really cool. it would also come in handy if one wanted let's say look at points in time in history when language was changed and figure out the reasoning for letter changes, or reasoning for a certain language creation. now that would be pretty cool. imagine creating a language changelog, like "we changed this letter to be displayed like this symbol because of this reason" or "i'm gonna represent this sound in this way, because i think of that". that would be impressive and a book worth reading.

[@wereNeverToBeSeenAgain]

Consider the premise that we can never build a virtual universe more complex than ours because we forcefully need a set of physical units to represent the data and we would need more phyisical units (let them be an electron's spin value) than the universe itself for the virtual world to be of higher complexity, not to mention whatever physical media to compute the data (the hardware). So, videogames will never EVER get to be 100% realist, and by no means will we ever be able to replicate the universe with no software whatsoever. This also leads to the idea that we could totally be a virtual world within a more complex one, and upon even imagining that scenario, the nature of everything we know can become questionable. There would even imply the existence of a 'Creator' and I'm sure that's a mesmerizing idea for Atheists and Agnostics like me.

[@asann1986]

What if this virtual universe only exists upon observation. As in there's nothing beyond the observable universe until we observe it.

[@thecompanioncube4211]

But the "reality" of a virtual universe is not dependent on it's resolution or the complexity of it's structure... It's dependant on our capability of "perceiving" it i.e. if we intensionally (idk why we would do that but still...) "tone down" our ability to perceive the realism, we could find ourselves in a situation where the Virtual universe may seem like the "maximum we can achieve". Think of it this way, remember the late 90s early 2000s games? Hl1, Elder scrolls Morrowind? Those games used to "feel" so realistic coz our literal perception of virtual reality was limited by it. Now as the technology is evolving we are getting to see more and more "real" games in virtual realism. But there is a catch, we always have a real world to compare the games to, that's the reason why we always think "ohh this game is SO Close to real life graphics" , but there is always this feeling "not quite though". Imagine if we raise a generation of new borns who we never allow to go outside and see the real world, and keep them in virtual reality all the time, they won't be able to imagine anything beyond that. Imagine if we ALREADY are that generation of children....

[@asann1986]

wow...

[@SEB1991SEB]

I don't see why that would mean that video games will never be able to reach 100% realistic. They would, it's just that the size of the game world will never get anywhere as close to the size of our universe.

[@stefanoscacco459]

Information can be stored in black holes. Knowing that, it is possible that a black hole that absorbs enough matter and energy may contain a whole other universe inside of it. Now consider how many black holes there are in the universe: if each one of them has a universe inside, there are millions of universes inside black holes which are inside this universe, and every single one of these universes may have other black holes with other worlds inside of them. At this point, what makes you believe that we are in the "original" universe? It is far more likely that we are just a projection inside another black hole, maybe inside another universe and so on: a simulated universe that is coded by the information that our black hole has stored and conserved. We are in the middle of an infinite chain of "micro verses". There is no proof of that, and there probably will never be, but still... it makes sense if we accept that. Also, there is another interesting idea. Let's suppose we can simulate nature. You say it's impossible, but I believe that what really is impossible is to replicate our universe, because there are things we can't know about this world (e.g. the spin of the virtual particles). What we could do, and it would take much less effort, is to create a whole new universe with probabilistic laws, without necessarily determining every particle. Let's just code for a program that says "ok, I'm going to create some dynamic fields, sometimes a particle will originate, sometimes it won't" and we decide what's the probability. After a very long time, we could see something that can resemble our universe, but it's completely different. It's like watching the double pendulum: we don't need to know what it will happen, but we agree where to let it start, we insert the equations and it will run independently. If in this simulated universe an intelligent form of life develops, then again the same question arises. If we can simulate a universe, is it possible that some intelligent alien simulated ours, too? Is it an infinite chain that we will never know of? Is our entropy and heat used to power Rick's car? Finally, of course this does mean that there is a "Creator", but it would never interfere with our lives, as the software that runs the universe only answers to probabilistic laws, not the software Creator's will, so it would be useless to try and communicate with it. I guess my point makes as much sense as religions do...