How Small Is It - 06 - Superposition and Quantum Entanglement

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In this, the last chapter in the ‘How Small Is It’ video book, we’ll cover quantum superposition and quantum entanglement. We’ll also finish the work on the double slit experiment we covered in our first chapter on ‘The Microscopic’. We’ll be using electron spin and polarized light in most of our examples. Beginning with light, we’ll cover exactly how polarization works. Then we’ll use it to illustrate how we know which slit light went through in the double slit experiment. This illustration will highlight the nature of quantum linear superposition. As part of this we’ll take a look at Schrodinger’s Cat.
With superposition in hand, we’ll cover how these superposition states can become entangled across multiple particles. We’ll start with some classical behavior associated with water waves and spinning coins. Then, using electron spin, we’ll illustrate entanglement. We’ll follow that with Einstein’s problem with ‘spooky action at a distance’. We’ll cover several experiments both thought (from John Bell) and real as quantum physics progressed in its ability to manage the quantum world. We’ll see what a ‘ghost image’ is and how it was used to show Einstein was wrong. As part of this segment, we’ll cover the ‘Quantum Eraser’ experiment.
We’ll end with a look at Quantum Computers. Here we cover how electrons are controlled in such a way that they can be put into and taken out of a superposition state at will. And in addition, they can be managed into and out of entangled states. This ability enables quantum computing.}
Music:
@00:00 Bach - Flute Concerto in B Flat, Adagio; conducted by Eckart Haupt; from the album Meditation: Classical Relaxation, 2010
@13:21 Puccini - La Bohéme Act II- Musette Waltz; Sofia Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album 100 Must-Have Italian Opera Highlights, 2014
@26:50 Svendsen - Romance in G; Miklos Szenthelyi; from the album Meditation: Classical Relaxation, 2010

[@matthewsutton3682]

David Butler’s videos are works of educational art. The pace, the soundtrack, the presentation are all fantastic. It’s always a treat when he releases one.

[@oscargustaverejlander.]

Whoever your children are, they are so fortunate to have you as their father.

[@NoahSpurrier]

The polarization explanation is far more intuitive and reasonable than most explanations I’ve seen.

[@theWinterWalker]

Mr Butler, I appreciate your dedication to educating in this climate of IGNORance 🥀

[@PFworth]

David these video releases are the thing I look forward to most from any of my entertainment or notifications. Thank you!! They’re always incredible

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Sings "he's better than all the rest"

[@Kombivar]

I have been referencing your video books in many essays I wrote in the college . These video books really helped me to understand what is really happening and why. This video answered so many questions I've had about quantum entanglement, all the overhyped news and articles now can rest in piece as someone finally explained one of the most difficult theory in clear, unbiased and visually flawless way - Thank you so much!!!

[@shadowfax8434]

I second this!

[@G274Me]

Yes, a new video from David. School is in!

[@andymouse]

I think I understood bits of this which is a first for me !...cheers.

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Thank you, David.

[@infinitesimalperinfinitum]

What a way to brighten a day. A brand new video from David!

[@naturemc2]

You're giving humanity a spark about Nature. Thank you! You will be remembered for next generations

[@williamdavis2505]

Your exposition is so clear. Simple, direct, minimal sufficient. Exemplary.

[@entropyachieved750]

This channel has t he best explanations. Thankyou for making these videos.

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The man, The legend….David Butler!

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When I watch old videos of professors explaining things like electromagnetism in black and white I feel immense admiration and appreciation for what those people did in what I perceive as an earlier time. I can’t help but believe/hope that my grand children might watch David Butler and feel the same way.

[@danielsosa4006]

Thanks for this David, super informative. Fantastic music choice as well!

[@Jobby1975]

Thank you so much. :)

[@vladcimpeanu]

I can't wait to find some quiet time to enjoy this chapter! I heard in the first minute that you are also covering various interpretations, touching on Bell's inequality as well - I wonder if you stumbled upon Sabine Hossenfellder's video about super determinism (it somewhat made me think twice about hidden variables). However, regardless whether you touched on the (somewhat sad) super determinism premise or not, I am sure I will 100% enjoy the episode at least several times. Thank you so much for taking the time to continue this series!

[@TheDisabledGamersChannel]

YES, These are my favorite videos, although i've always love all of your videos over the years, these are my favorite, and my 2nd favorite is the "how far away is it" videos and then everything else :)

[@desdenova1]

Your videos are outstanding. I stumbled across your channel after watching all of the Richard Feynman lectures. I would just like to say "thank you".

[@DeanFeeneyMusic]

Thanks once again David, I will get great pleasure watching this several times over the next week.

[@kevincleary627]

David, I studied engineering and have always wished I had studied more physics. After watching your videos I have learned nearly all the physics and astronomy I wanted to learn, at essentially no cost and a fraction of the time a college program would have taken. The words incredible and awesome are way overused these days, but in the case of your videos I think they are the only words to describe them. I can't imagine the amount of time and effort you devoted to producing them. I will rewatch them to enjoy the content and your scholarly delivery. Thanks for your efforts, and I hope you continue to produce more videos.

[@howfarawayisit]

Thank you Kevin. I appreciate the thought. You will see more videos from me over the next few years.

[@yourtravelpostcard]

So glad to see you produce a video

[@utrocker7]

Yes! Another video. Thank you David. I appreciate the work you put into these videos.

[@jamesdingle3486]

Great video as always. I like the simplicity of the demystification of the wrong interpretations of entanglement and claims that "information seems to be transmitted faster than light / breaking causality" which were confusions the quantum theory didn't need. I also understand better why quantum computers are so interesting. I had known the qbit was able to represent more states but never realized its exponential nature. It's really amazing to see humanity being at the doorstep of leveraging such fundamental laws of the universe in real world applications. When we say "adding a qbit doubles the number of classical bits the entangled whole can represent", I assume here we're not implying the entire system and all its qbits are part of a single entanglement system (I thought entanglement was only between 2 particules)? Now I need to understand better how n qbits can represent 2^n states and what the coefficient amplitudes refer to. I believe the video gives enough pointers I need to follow. I hope I'll be able to wrap my poor head around that. Thanks!

[@pixeldragon6387]

I love how your videos are both amazing learning resources and amazing sleep aids. The Bob Ross of science.

[@ltdada74]

Thank you again for the joy and wonder you bring with your videos, they are truly works of art!

[@EricKolotyluk]

Thank you for making quantum entanglement seem less woo-woo, less spooky...

[@skaywalker20]

This whole channel is absolute gold mine! Thank you sir!!

[@not2tees]

You are bringing knowledge to at least this one fairly ignorant mind, and may I say it is a beautiful thing. Thank you for the clarity and relatability. And your voice is another point of gratitude. And the selection of music. I am a fan.

[@jermeekable]

wow, this is an extremely well done video on many levels

[@aknozyurt5637]

Thank you for your contribution to science.

[@lickroadkill3973]

Mr Butler, thank you sir for another video, very enjoyable.

[@Mboogy]

hope the new James Webb news provides so much new content for this channel! One of the best channels on Space and science I have ever found on here!

[@skymooov132]

The best everything else is gimmicky.

[@rayray6548]

way better than the Ring of Power.... Thank you Sir David Butler.

[@farukhalisilegagtv4205]

mr granpa i cant show how happy i am. the best teacher i ever had. HBO NETFLIX pls make a documentry with david butler

[@nickblosser]

Absolutely love your videos! Not only do I learn but your videos are so relaxing!!! Thank you so much!!!!

[@lidarman2]

I think your water wave entanglement explanation is perfect. I have been trying to explain this whole entangled pair across the universe that people use only works within the coherence length of the function.

[@NoahSpurrier]

I like that pilot wave theory is compatible with Bell’s theorem. Is pilot wave theory still of interest or has it been discarded for some reason?

[@howfarawayisit]

There are some that think this is a better interpretation, but not much in the way of experiments to demonstrate its validity.

[@cryptolicious3738]

great video! i love your channel. so wonderful. been a big fan for years. thanks for the new video :)

[@ihateyoutubecomments8100]

You're one of the best teachers ever but I feel like I'm in trigonometry for the first time, this stuff just does not register in my head. Every other video you made I understand wholeheartedly but this one just goes right over my head. Not your fault whatsoever lol.

[@Taketaketak]

We love you Mr Butler

[@richardavery2894]

So stoked a new video!!!! More please!!!!

[@homekatsushi]

thank you Dr Butler. when i was studying QM 101, I didn't know what I'm studying.

[@farukhalisilegagtv4205]

Mr. Dear granpa David. i check your channel everyday so i can catch your video. PLEASE open a donation accounts that we can support you, so you can upload much faster with a team helping you and we can benefit it all. you are the most pro underrated science channel and so far so good i learned alot from you and your videos. i realized now that The understanding of nature made me more comfortable somehow. i appreciate your work.

[@jeffwads]

Great video as always. The error-correcting aspect of QC is going to be a doozie to get a hold on.

[@krumplethemal8831]

This video perfectly explains how my doppelganger is effecting my bank balance..

[@jonathmspadea9474]

I guess i love you David, because you make me learn to things i exactly want to learn.

[@ViktorKishankov]

This topic is so interesting! And every new video is amazing. Thank you for the work and knowledge you put into this series.

[@robod007]

Hope your well Mr. Butler. We're waiting patiently about the Webb

[@Georgia-Red-Mud]

basically it will be a long while before a quantum computer is feasible, i am willing to bet they can develop cold fusion before this, but according to money pits, this can be the future.

[@kennethkunz2449]

Fantastic - thank you!

[@AK-gg5nh]

This is incredible, thank you so damn much for transferring this for all to see.

[@Atmanyatri]

Thank you so much i enjoy and learn a lot from your channel i can’t thank you enough

[@skymooov132]

Looking forward for your review of the James Webb images.

[@homekatsushi]

There is “no such spooky action at distance” if we consider subuniverse, another dimension or another universe (whatever they are) that are lack of ” t” and “3ds”. As far as I see there is at least two more different universes. And the relation is just like traveling transverse waves. They pass through each other without interacting. Everything is fine to me.

[@darkmath100]

Regarding the Quantum Eraser what do you think of Sean Carrol's critique of the Quantum Eraser? I'll paste in the url after this comment in case youtube deletes urls.

[@davidrandell2224]

QM classicalized in 2010:Juliana Mortenson website Forgotten Physics uncovers ‘hidden variables.’ Wien, Schrodinger, Heisenberg, Planck, Einstein,Bohr all shown to be mathematical errors.

[@YogSoth]

Thank you for doing what you do.

[@darkpandemic5802]

thank you!

[@TheDanEdwards]

30:56 "... that shows itself in the light intensity profile"

[@howfarawayisit]

I took a look and it is beyond the scope of the video. Think of it as an area of research for you to pursue.

[@sbhk1]

fantastic david, thank you

[@Naomi_Boyd]

The Venn diagram doesn't fit Bell's inequality. A plus B is not a subset of B not C or A not C. To get a not C, you have to send a photon to C. Otherwise you don't know that it's not C. Furthermore, A plus C is not a subset of A not B and so on. All Bell's inequality tells us is that if the angles are theta and 2theta, A not B = B not C < A not C.

[@PatriciaOConnorBonsaiBalcony]

Like most cat owners Schrodinger both hated and didn't hate his Cat.

[@layton3503]

Thank You.

[@MikePuorro]

Thank you!

[@BabaBabelOm]

Probability is a hidden variable because occurrence is variable. Waves are non-local... the probability of the universe “being” is 1, and that probability is non-divisible, i.e. it’s non-local. “Locality” is the issue. Non-local superdeterminism is where it is.

[@pixification]

I love this

[@mirosot]

Waited so long

[@PleiadianDreams]

*>*

[@reddevil9554]

I simplify Schrödinger's cat with a tossed coin. Toss a coin and then cover it with something without looking if it's heads or tails. Both states will continue to exist at the same time forever unless you take a look.

[@capzor]

for bells inequality, why wouldn't it work to just look at B not C, and determine that the wrong percentage of photons are getting through C for there to be hidden varibles? I've missed something for sure 🙈

[@howfarawayisit]

In his day, there was no way to count photons.

[@chasingamurderer]

Smart man :)

[@goodboy1269]

Spooky Action 👻 At a distance!! 🌜🌏⭐

[@spadgaonkar]

Please do a video on the new James Webb images

[@jareknowak8712]

Question: if we change the distances between the polarizing filters (also with values close to the wavelength of light) there are any changes in the effects? Great job, i watch with pleasure.

[@howfarawayisit]

Jarek, I don't understand the question. Could you give me a time offset in the video you are referring to? Thanks.

[@michaelelbert5798]

So it's safe to say. any interpretation in qp that seems weird, has been interpreted wrong. Right.

[@wheelerdealer7098]

Haven't a clue what you're talking about. Wish I did 😪

[@lillemy5062]

Hi david will you cover the new JWST pictures?

[@howfarawayisit]

I sure will - as part of the 2022 review or in a special release just for Webb. I'm looking at the images now.

[@lillemy5062]

@@howfarawayisit ♥ ♥ ♥ Thank you for the lightning fast answer, and I'm so excited for the special/ review

[@quantumcat7673]

At about 1:35 you say " hidden variables cannot exist as a consequence of Bell's theorem" Hidden variables can exist if they are non local. Bell's theorem is only about local hidden variables.

[@redacted5052]

This was very good up until around Bells Inequality :/ - the explanation wasn’t particularly easy to follow.

[@IncompleteTheory]

I appreciate the effort you put into this, but in a number of instances you seem to put out a fact with a notion "because it's obvious, right?" One example is the quantum computer example at the end. It would have immensely helped to see an example of an actual computation done with it. I still don't see how the quantum world dominated by probilities maps to solving actual computational problems.

[@howfarawayisit]

Good comment. I was working on providing an example and found that it would take an additional 40 minutes. I might, at some point, explain quantum computing from superposition to programming to problems solved. But How Old Is Life is next after upgrading 'How Fast' to 4k.

[@IncompleteTheory]

@@howfarawayisit Thanks for taking the time getting back. I hope my comment wasn't coming accoss to demanding, it wasn't intended this way. Thanks for your content, I really do appreciate it.

[@TheDanEdwards]

Thank you for doing this. Here are some suggestions for how I think I (and perhaps some others) will get more out of these: 1) Drop the music, it is distracting. People will react differently to background music; I find I am wanting to listen to the music more than your voice. 2) Pedagogy is not served by terseness. As the old saying goes (in military briefs): indicate to the person what they are about to hear, then tell them what you want them to know, then tell them what they just heard. For example, in the entanglement section you begin with the water waves then move to the coins, but you didn't emphasize that what we are going to see initially are illustrations of _classical_ physics. Repetition is good.

[@TheDanEdwards]

Also, one of the problems of using music in a KZbin video is that KZbin will index the video _by the music_ , when we'd rather have an index by your subject matter.

[@howfarawayisit]

Dan, Thanks for the pointers. For every long version video, I have created a music free playlist. The link is in the text under the video. It is also now a link on the opening screen.

[@LittleRockSix]

I for one love the music. Great that there are options for both types. As for your other point i wholly agree.

[@patrick247two]

I realize there is no cat. I instead like to think every atomic particle is a cat.

[@81giorikas]

Bohr didn't propose anything about the wave nature of reality, nor Einstein not accept it. Bohr pretty much mixed philosophy with ...quantum statistics while Einstein was just proposing that you don't know a lot of things on the quantum level to propose a complete theory and mechanism. And it is true. IF you know the exact position every particle was birthed you could maybe derive the exact point on the screen on the double slit it would land? He just said, you can use data to predict with accuracy but other than that, what is the real mechanism under there? And nobody can say up to this day which really is. People imagine many worlds (i.e. just ignore the collapse...bullshit but anyway) or that everything is predetermined anyway. OR that particles are surfing waves (check out walker droplets and matrix mechanics), or undergrid communications ignoring gravity and time whatsoever etc... About entanglement Einstein would not have any faster than light communication whatsoever, anywhere so... By the way De-Broglie-Bohm mechanics are closer to the animation in this video than anything, to me at least.

[@ArtDocHound]

Welcome back.

[@staggeringpain6180]

I've enjoyed them all but this is now too complicated for me.

[@ironclock]

Hell yes

[@ratdad48]

Huh?

[@keithancajas4623]

FIRST!

[@glennpennington2465]

Not an observable superposition!

[@keithancajas4623]

@@glennpennington2465 legend has it that i could both simultaneously be first and last, which makes me right! but i could also be wrong..

[@glennpennington2465]

@@keithancajas4623 That answer definitely deserves a wave function🌊✋

[@Job.Well.Done_01]

Say “globular cluster” again!

[@COVbadman79]

Release the kraken

[@annoyingbstard9407]

Probably tiny.

[@BR-hi6yt]

If you agree, for a few moments, that space is VIRTUAL, then the smallest area would be the Planck area - there is nothing defined below that. So there are no "points" of matter. You cannot go below 1 pixel, so to speak. So trying to send 1 pixel through a hole smaller than a pixel doesn't work in one go. The pixel has to wave itself through. Easy. Done. PS I am so bored with the history of physics in ALL these explanations of Quantum stuff. If only you could accept the virtual nature of the Cosmos, then its damn easy.. Susskind's holograph hypothesis is on kinda the right track, except he can't flesh it out enough. But the mathematics version of the Cosmos doesnt work at infinities or very small lengths - its such a joke that mathematics "thinks" time and space and forces are infinitely divisible, that's where math goes very very very wrong.

[@jasonspades5628]

I'm not comfortable with this in the slightest

[@mikel4879]

Stupidities, stupidities...

[@christopherlemfors]

Hi 👋****8888****

[@ihateyoutubecomments8100]

Huh? Lol

[@Sebastian-ni4le]

Thank you!