How To Recognise Shark THREAT Displays!

[@jawsbert]

This is why I love your channel. It reminds me of why I used to be glued to the TV for shark week 20 or more years ago. I love to learn new things, instead of the same boring lists of "unusual" shark facts in every show, or the sensational accounts and dramatizations of attacks. I would absolutely love more videos about little known shark behaviors, or more about the species that don't get as much attention on tv

[@nohbdyz3]

Holy smokes, I came to the comments section to make a similar comment! I remember a few years ago when Shark Week showed research where they figured out that White Sharks slept by aiming towards the depths and just going down while in a sleep like state. I was so happy to just see some friggin science! I don't know if it was even accurate though given Discovery's reputation 😞

[@readytogo6569]

Me, too. Great minds think alike.

[@SHARKBYTES]

It looks like i've gotta do some more behaviour stuff - stay tuned!

[@readytogo6569]

@@SHARKBYTES Yes, please! More on behavior. Thank you!

[@DavidePusceddu]

Upping this one. I would absolutely love more videos about shark behaviours please

[@dawnt6791]

I've noticed the fin depression in videos in the past and always found myself telling the diver, "Dude, you better back off." Especially when it comes with that hunched back. It always struck me as as blatantly aggressive/warning. Cool to see papers coming out confirming that impression. The more we truly understand animal behavior, the safer both they AND humans can be.

[@maxlutz3674]

Humans also need to act accordingly. Unfortunately many don´t. Often the animal has to pay.

[@grahamstrouse1165]

Is it just me or does that hunched shark fin depression position look remarkably like a cat that’s got it’s hackles up? Are sharks just the kitties of the sea?

[@maxlutz3674]

@@grahamstrouse1165 That hunched display is not uncommon. It usually means "back off". I had ferrets who did it, when they did not want to get picked up. I have seen it from mice too. Spoiler: Mice are not really docile creatures and they have sharp teeth. A cornered mouse may inflict some damage if you fail to comply and try to touch it with your hands.

[@dawnt6791]

@@grahamstrouse1165 That could be why it's screamed "red flag" to me over the years. I definitely avoid CATS who do that. LOL

[@tommyfanzfloppydisk]

yeah me too, it looks pretty similar to aggressive display from cats and dogs, when they lock onto you , start walking with really short overlapping steps , with lowered head/shoulders and set up posterior.

[@kennethjmcarthur2428]

Pecs pointing down, head swaying from side to side and hunched back are displays I have seen in what appeared to be territorial issues. Would love to see more of these antagonistic video displays.

[@cking4284]

Would love to see more shark behavioural videos! Am a diver but my area don't have much sharks, so when I do see one it's a real treat, and would love to know more about what to look out for. I saw a whitetip reef shark once, and it didn't quite do a head shake, but it tilted sideways for a split second but otherwise continued on it's way. I just started following when that happened, and left it on its own after that.

[@dreammaker9642]

My white tip reef shark in merky water headed in a cave I was about to follow until I snapped out of it as my inner voice “huh what are you doing bud?” 😂 couldn’t see if there were other exits so you know put 1 and 1 together and trapping it in doesn’t sound like a healthy idea. Wish I saw more of it tho, barely so him go in there 😢

[@scdl-m2z]

ironically, the “calm” shark looks a lot more threatening than the “angry” shark at 3:28

[@user-gz7kc3xe9y]

yeah angry shark is like 'wuh, what did you say? i didn't catch that'

[@quinntheunicorn3131]

Honestly if I were a shark I would bite people

[@larslenny5064]

Same

[@Stardustcartoonns]

Me too

[@hraslan]

😂

[@ringo1692]

@@larslenny5064 I have a few people in mind, hehehe...

[@radamanthus]

Based.

[@azsmocworks252]

As someone who for the majority of their life had been terrified of sharks do to having been exposed to Deep Blue Sea as my first instance of them, not knowing of their existence back then and not being told they aren't actually like that, It was hard for me to truly learn as much from them as others could. I watched dozens of documentaries but seeing a shark go towards the screen/camera always triggered my fear and I had to turn away or change the channel. Over time I would eventually just avoid the scene but keep watching to continue to learn, as animal documentaries are some of my favorite shows. Despite one day waking up no longer fearing sharks the same way, no other resource has been as crystal clear and enjoyable as this channel, and for the past week or so has been a binge for me whilst working on projects. Bottom line as I'm sure others watching will agree, we'd love to have a more in depth video on agonistic displays and maybe overall shark behavior in detail as it's been fascinating to learn about this. Thanks for bringing us absolutely incredibly informative content Kris

[@SHARKBYTES]

So glad you're enjoying Shark Bytes!!

[@fuzzylittlespider]

That movie traumatized me as well! I love sharks but I’m terrified if I see them in video games and movies. I do love watching them in aquariums. They are so beautiful and graceful, truly stunning animals! I love learning about them as well but I’m still terrified of seeing one in the wild.

[@CandyGirl44]

One of my favourite movies! I never fail to be terrified at the attack scenes I know are coming 😅 Although I know it's an unrealistic depiction and has been roasted, I still get a thrill from it.

[@azsmocworks252]

@@CandyGirl44 No kidding! Although it's definitely a typical shark monster movie, those animatronic sharks are extremely photogenic with how they look when wet despite having exaggerated features. Glad to see someone else who also likes the movie even with the scares lol

[@mondraymondo]

thanks for the advanced education!! everytime I seek shark documentary on youtube they always talk about generic shark stuff. your channel feels like stepping into deeper knowledge - advanced class! please do more shark behavior videos~

[@Amis7683]

Im so glad that I found your channel. Keep up the great work and spreading of awareness for sharks!!

[@just_syl95]

All of those "smiling shark" pictures suddenly make more sense. There are so many of those pictures where the shark has fins pointing down while looking directly at the camera/diver. Loved this!

[@chaoticgameplay2810]

I would love to see another video explaining more signs of aggression or more like signs of warnings from the shark that humans can then begin to understand. Keep up the great work, since those animals are far more important for the environment than many people can even imagine - and knowing more about them and their behaviour will make it easier to interact and coexist with them ❤️

[@mathewvanostin7118]

If shark want to attack you they gonna either Go fast on you like a ww2 torpedo Or circle you real close then go for the bite and do the aligator roll or take a bite of flesh and flee

[@sharks3653]

Another awesome video Kris. It's really coincidental that the next passage in a shark book i'm currently reading is about agonistic displays. I would love to see a follow up video on this topic.🦈🦈🦈🦈🦈

[@SHARKBYTES]

What’s the book you’re reading?

[@sharks3653]

@@SHARKBYTES Its Sharks: an introduction for the amateur naturalist. The books from 1984. I've been ordering and reading a lot of older shark books lately. Ones written in the 70s, 80s, and 90s. Im doing this because i wanted to compare the literature on sharks nowadays to back then and see how different it is. BTW i have a lot of shark books fom recent days too. 🦈🦈🦈🦈🦈

[@SHARKBYTES]

@@sharks3653 Peter Klimley will be an author you’ll appreciate then 😁

[@statiiic]

I would definitely be interested in seeing another video on the different behaviors. This is a fascinating subject and thank you for putting this channel together. I love your content.

[@ShepherdsCreek]

More people need to see this video and learn this stuff!

[@SHARKBYTES]

Hopefully it can come in handy one day!

[@ShepherdsCreek]

@SHARKBYTES I'd love to see how many displays like this the sharks do around shark influencers such as Ocean Ramsey. I'm guessing a lot but they don't show them in the things they share on the internet

[@scientist1417]

Ive been into sharks since a young child. Thought I had learned everything that was publicly available. Came across your channel and find it interesting. It's like a better version of shark week.

[@SHARKBYTES]

@@scientist1417 hey! Thanks 😁 - we’ve got new videos out every Sunday at 9pm GMT

[@chrisblinman9150]

Please do some more of these threat displays, I thought I knew a lot of them, definitely fin depression, yawing and hunching. But I was unaware of the head shake one. I once followed a wobbegong and it bit my finger. I know it was totally my fault, I was in his/her personal space and I was probably pretty threatening. However he/she performed a head shake before the bite and I didn't recognise it until today. So thank you for that insight and I'd definitely like to know more.

[@SHARKBYTES]

That’s an interesting anecdote Chris! I’m pretty sure a Wobbegong features in one of the “shark scientist reacts to shark attacks” videos here on the channel, featuring a head shake and subsequently a bite!

[@chrisblinman9150]

@SHARKBYTES Awesome! It was only a little bite and I learned my lesson (a couple of scars to remind me). I'm a shark fanatic who got a little over excited to see him/her, lol.

[@YouTube_user3333]

Give wobby’s plenty of space. People often put the camera right in their face or even start trying to pat them. I don’t trust them ever. I always treat them with more respect than white sharks.

[@katemarz2521]

Fascinating stuff - thanks, Kris! I’d love to see more from Shark Bytes on shark behaviour.

[@imdoobie80]

You should absolutely do more behavioral videos. The Discovery Channel had some video of a white shark doing the head shake too. I think the scientists had the same conclusion as you.

[@BrySkye]

Probably some of the best video documentation of the threat displays is the work Mike deGruy (RIP) did with Grey Reef Sharks in 1990, in part as the result of an earlier bite incident he had. It was part of a BBC documentary, Sharks on their Best Behaviour, that was broadcast and released on VHS around 1992. You can find a minute long clip from the documentary on KZbin as "Posturing Grey Reef" (possibly uploaded by his widow), where he provoked a display and attack whilst wearing a chainmail suit and a plexiglass shield, the scenario allowing for some very clear footage, by the standards of the time.

[@rottweilerfun9520]

Thank you !

[@shaunsprojects3930]

Kris love your channel! , I always wanted to be a marine biologist growing up as a child, that was my dream! But life changes and I ended up been a royal marine commando ? I know 🤷‍♂️😂 but now later in my life I’ve settled down got my family & got back into my love of sharks 🦈, currently doing a diploma in marine biology just for myself! Keep up the great work & content as a uk 🇬🇧 expert 👍

[@SHARKBYTES]

Love that you're getting your marine biology diploma! Keep working hard :)

[@swordablaze9259]

Yes please!!! More shark behaviour videos would be great :D

[@Lionrhod212]

Watching this for a 2nd time, and remembering the saltwater tank I used to have (2 decades or so ago). It seems to me that I also recall our Oscar doing the shake thing, just before he got aggressive with another fish.

[@evaenglund5497]

Yes please would love more on Shark display and how they communicate

[@MermaidMama360]

Fascinating data that adds to my love of the shark. I knew about the body posture and pec display, however, not the head and body shake. Thanks so much for your outstanding videos that feed our hunger for more about sharks.

[@SHARKBYTES]

The head shake is such a visible one as well, I actually think it’s often easier to spot than fin depression!

[@OZ-600-]

I want to see a part two, I find this very interresting.

[@Lionrhod212]

Not sure about the lowered fin thing, but definitely seen the "shake" in many videos! Not getting in the water with sharks ever (nightmares since BEFORE Jaws came out) but very interested to learn more about these beautiful predators.

[@emilymiguel8198]

I am glad for this video. I was looking up shark threat displays and could find no good examples of the hunched back that wasn't a badly drawn photo.

[@alisonmaczka7359]

Definitely would love more videos like this. I love hearing you explain and analyze the sharks behavior while watching the clips.

[@waterdragon2224]

This was a great video Kris! I have heard about the pectoral fin display but the videos you played really showed it well. I wasn’t aware of the shake thing, and again, great videos to show that. I love learning new things about sharks and shark behaviour is really fascinating! Please do more content like this. Really cool stuff! ❤

[@PolitesStan]

Bro wake up SharkBytes just posted Mood lifter fr my favourite shark channel

[@little_fluffy_clouds]

The shark doing the threat display at 3:33 looks really cute with fins straight down like that.

[@d00dl3s.d1d0pe]

This was so cool!!! Thank you for this. I hope you make more of these. I learned more about sharks from your videos than anything I've seen on shark week.

[@rottweilerfun9520]

Thank you Kristian , this is an excellent video ! Please give Mom a squeeze from me. You're lucky to have each other.

[@SHARKBYTES]

I will do! She’s been in the states for a few weeks visiting some family friends, but back soon 😁

[@KC_Runz]

Really interesting how many experienced divers simply don't do their research before diving with wild animals, touching, chasing, provoking or just simply getting too close to a Shark drives me nuts when I see it happen! Great video as always Kris 🦈

[@swordablaze9259]

Mad, isn't it? Humans may not be on the menu for a lot of sharks but they're still predators in their home environment - they will tell us when they're not happy and it'll likely require medical attention.

[@valerieunsworth4038]

I’d love another video on this topic, it’s fascinating.

[@KDthunder2009]

You're really growing as a channel! Very cool to see. Keep on keepin on!

[@harley9989]

Great reaction image at 3:25. This is exactly the vein of shark science that I hope to study in the future.

[@marknehez]

I’ve always wondered about that behaviour and the degree the pectoral fins point down , thanks for the description and footage plus that one photo of the great white flexing its pectoral fins like a body builder in the mirror. Super stuff!

[@ajpeeps9829]

It's the "You wanna Go, Bro?!?!" stance.

[@Jean-kp6cu]

Hi Kris, Excellent video! I'd love it if you made an additional video about some other examples of shark behavior.

[@tarapayne1339]

I would love if you did another video about more of these agonistic displays. This is super interesting and useful for me when I go snorkel or diving with sharks

[@starvalley4407]

Yes! Please more about shark behavior to be aware of and learn from!

[@elaineb7065]

Sharks say nope just like we do: shaking the head side-to side!!! And yep, I want more shark-ese lessons please!!!

[@judydavis2208]

Wow thanks for the tips, when I watch shark shows I will totally look for their fin depressions!!! 🦈

[@bong_thong]

This is the first time I’ve ever heard of Agonistic threat display behavior in sharks with their fins being used to identify between their docile and aggressive behavior. Very cool video!

[@jenchandler4807]

Yes more please! I would love a video showing great whites hovering and taking things in

[@kated3165]

That is so interesting! Thank you!

[@alexjimenez9214]

Yes, please. I want more of this type of videos. I've encountered sharks multiple times already and you can never be too informed or too prepared.

[@Dani-zz1zm]

Thats absolutely interesting! Do more of these videos pls.🙏

[@lalabrouhaha]

I love this! I would love a video breaking down different expressions! Do they show other emotions or just territorial/aggressive or relaxed types? I know we have a tendency to project human emotions onto animals but do we have any evidence they have more of a scale of emotions? Dude, i have so many questions now.

[@petedesalvo7398]

The behavior vids are very interesting I hope you do more of them. The great white is my favorite beautiful majestic creature.

[@FamRutz]

Love these behavioural explanations! More please.

[@orcafinn]

This has been to of my list of shark related questions for years and I've tried looking at films of sharks to find out. Thankyou Kristian!

[@lucasmancini2]

Please do more of these Videos!!❤ I want to learn shark language before I dive with them

[@EventDogs]

I've just found your channel and I particularly enjoyed this video - thank you. I work in dog training and behaviour (and have done for almost 20 years,) and the thing I've spent the most time doing over those last 20 years has been acting as an interpreter between dogs and people and helping them to understand each other and because of that I've spent the last few years filming dog body language and behaviour (and now have the challenge of editing hundreds of video clips!) for a course to help people understand their dogs (and therefore ultimately help more dogs.) I found this Shark Bytes video especially interesting because sharks can't move / don't have a lot of the body parts many land-based animals have to communicate - ears, forehead muscles, subtle mouth or eye movements etc., and other things like mouth and tail they're already using for other things (like swimming / breathing etc.) The more I learn about one species the more I want to learn (isn't that the great thing about working with animals - there's always more to learn?) and the more I know I don't know about other animal species (for example sharks.)

[@SHARKBYTES]

Massive respect for dog behaviourists!

[@EventDogs]

@@SHARKBYTES Thank you 😊 I only found your channel the other day and have been binge watching it! I'd love more videos on shark behaviour and body language when you get time please, and thanks for the great content you've put out so far.

[@shylapalmeira2207]

Love, love, love your videos. Very informative. Sending you well wishes from Hawaii 🌺🌈☀️🌴🥥

[@davidvanvoorhis8509]

I got some video on a dive a while back with a few Sandbar Sharks and one of them was agitated, a few other divers were spearfishing. After giving me a good bump it swam away giving that body shake. On a happier encounter we have been seeing Whale Sharks where I live ( Florida panhandle ) and I got to dive with one for the first time. Magical experience.

[@ameliahirsch8306]

Please, please post more videos about shark behavior! They're so interesting and you explain it so well!

[@sharkentist1232]

Yes. Omg we need more videos on behavior displays.

[@Alberad08]

Thank you for sharing! BTW I remember this from J. Cousteau's shark book, written more than half a century ago. There he describes it in detail, accompanied by drawings.

[@annakuc771]

That was super interesting! Definitely worth to be a series of episodes 😊😊

[@YouTube_user3333]

Always treat them with respect. Give them space. Always keep an eye on them. Watch for signs. If you don’t understand what aggressive behaviour looks like, be safe and give them even more space. Sometimes you can be unlucky and not even see them approaching.

[@arizona_anime_fan]

glad you did this video. just saw a video on youtube of some social media jerk, showing a video of a tiger shark lunging at him, and all i could say from the video is that shark was really upset by all the humans crowding it. there were people all around it, and way too close, and you could tell the shark got really upset about it as it bent its pectoral fins down and lunged for the social media jerk right in front of it. the dude was able to knock it away with his hand, but i remember being annoyed at the video because those people clearly antagonised the shark into that.

[@SHARKBYTES]

Got a link to the video for me?

[@arizona_anime_fan]

@@SHARKBYTES it was one of those dumb youtube shorts. i'll see if i can track it down... i saw it a few weeks ago. might be hard to find in my history. it had some sort of assinine title like "what to do when a shark attacks you" or "the cameraman never dies" it was a pure cancer video, but i remember clearly how close those people were crowding it, and how the shark just wanted to gtfo of there

[@elezeiaz]

I learn a lot on this video, thank you Kris! being in the waters with sharks are never gonna be without risks and without an expert you simply shouldnt

[@SHARKBYTES]

Glad you enjoyed it :D

[@kiwi1294]

Im an aspiring Shark conservationist and your videos are super useful for me to understand a baseline of information before I hopefully go out into the field so thank you so much 😊 Ive just finished my degree in Ocean Science and Marine Conservation and am looking at doing some volunteering out in Mexico to get my foot in the door for Shark conservation so these videos are all perfect, keep up the good work! 😊

[@SHARKBYTES]

Thats great to hear - keep working hard!

[@TheJKCrawford]

Exceptionally interesting and yes, please do more videos on this subject!

[@lindzbreezyoh]

I kjow when they flip their fins downward that means they're angry/on alert/ready to fight

[@lyricsmind]

Yes, more please!!!

[@edfederoff2679]

I have an engineering/physiological theory for the dropped pectoral fin display. Dropping those fins gives the shark greater lateral stability and control - aim - if you will, to steer it directly to it's target when it's tail sweep thrusts it forward.

[@iapetusmccool]

The Great White with its fins down and grumpy expression reminds me of the Disappointed Cricket Fan meme.

[@sarahmoore6183]

Definitely interested in seeing more about documented shark behaviors and what we think they indicate.

[@stragic-tragic9745]

I DO want another video on this PLEASSSEEE I will pay you money actually

[@womanwithaname]

would love a video on the other behaviours I find it fascinating!

[@tomdbass1]

Love this! I actually got bumped pretty hard by a Caribbean reef shark while on a dive years ago and it exhibited similar behavior. I was taking some photos and the flash of the strobe light on the camera must have annoyed it. It sort of arched its back like it was “bucking” and came straight at me hitting me sideways as I tried to get out of its way.

[@AidenMousie]

Oh man- I've been wanting a video like this for awhile! 🦈🖤

[@gafrers]

Great as always

[@ashlynporter9614]

I absolutely love this channel! I really want to be a marine ecologist when I grow up and these videos make me want to do this even more. I would love to see another video about more of these behaviors - it’s so fascinating and definitely is important for us to learn since sharks can be dangerous if they aren’t being respected by humans. Thank you for the work you do!!

[@JohnH3864]

Another super interesting video Kris! Well done!

[@TJRThrivers]

Just recently found your channel, love it! Enjoyed this one...and yes, would love to see a breakdown of shark behaviors!

[@ramonakoegel]

I definitively would love to see a video with more kinds of shark behaviour! ❤ Enjoyed this one a lot

[@jdx4174]

Thanks for the Tipps. Please do another, we want to diving in egypt, and u really want to get all the knowledge I can get before I go in the water shark Again

[@malunana]

Another great and informative video! Loving to see your channel growth, keep it up!

[@denise5556]

I love this channel. You speak about facts and research. You don’t go jumping in the water talking about how sharks are just misunderstood puppy dogs while wearing butt floss bathing suits!

[@Forthewild]

This was so informative! I love sharks so much and I really appreciate you sharing this. Please make more of these shark behavior videos.

[@juliabowers7168]

I would love to see more ways sharks communicate! This was super cool!

[@munkeyinspace5331]

Can you do a video on Great Whites hunting in pairs some day?

[@snafoomagee413]

Fascinating, this was a great educational video!

[@lancem1583]

Wow I’ve dived countless times with sharks and didn’t know these things. Knowledge is power.

[@SHARKBYTES]

Absolutely, there are so many tiny behavioural intricacies for sharks!

[@karenmurray351]

Thanks Kris, another great episode 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿😎

[@nazzalie1375]

I loved this, thank you. Always nice to tune into your bouncy lucious locks 🙆

[@VashStarwind]

Great video! If your boat ever goes down, and you have to swim 3 miles to shore, just recognize the shark ques, and maybe try to pet em on the head a bit to calm them down, and im sure theyll just leave you alone, no problem...

[@smasherivel9156]

I love this type of content! Would love to see more videos of different shark behavior or body language type content!

[@theoakoclair9540]

Please do more

[@SiaD777]

Love this video, knew about this already but these were some great examples - thank you. Btw have you ever reacted to Mermaid Kayleigh? She does similar to Ocean Ramsey but seems more respectful of the sharks, but would love to know your thoughts.

[@ytb24member64]

I definitely want to see more videos like this please! I never knew about fin depression before

[@carastone3473]

I’d definitely like another video about more of these behaviors!

[@dewrygwyllgi2636]

I'm wondering if many of the shark attacks that happen is the result of the shark being uncomfortable and then attack the person they feel threatened by but since they are not seen by the victim beforehand the person has no idea that there is a shark nearby who feels threatened by them. Great video Kris.

[@jhonnycaicedo5647]

remember this are wild animals and also they are predators while some instances of shark attacks may be due to what you're thinking, some are due to them being a predator for no other reason than to eat, or because they are big and powerful and they can. they can be a myriad of reason to shark attacks however out of all those reason you can never discount they are a predatory species and kill living being for sustenance, power and dominance, and sometimes because they can

[@KJ7Tillymann]

@@jhonnycaicedo5647also sometimes they bite out of curiosity. But I disagree that sharks do it, “because they can” They might be big and powerful, but they don’t like to risk getting attacked in return. They have very sensitive noses, so they prefer to keep those sensitive sensory organs out of harm’s way if possible

[@jhonnycaicedo5647]

@@KJ7Tillymann before I reply to your comment I will say that I’m not a shark hater, I found them to be beautiful but scary creatures that can end your life with a bite. It hurts my heart to see the practice of killing hundreds or thousands of sharks just to get their fins to make soup for insensitive people without control I believe that is cruel and should be regulated. With that said the mere fact that you said that sharks sometimes bite out of curiosity validates my point, because if they feel secure enough to simply approach you and give you a curiosity bite it is because they are confident in the power and size to not find you as a threat, which mean they sometimes attack simply because they can. I do not believe any shark even the biggest female white shark will try a curiosity bite against a full grown male orca, if for some reason that shark will attack that Orca will never be out of curiosity. The risk is not worth it, so attacking you out of curiosity simply means they sometimes attack because they can, simply that. I don’t believe sharks are just mindless killing machines but they are wild and a costumed to take life to feed and most of the pray they take are low risk to them. So you can disagree all you like but I maintained my point this beautiful creatures are to be admired but respected because they, they are wild, and they are powerful I don’t think we should destroy them but care for them but cautiously as for a coward like me I like to admire them in the safety of my living room, yeah.

[@MikasaNeedMoney]

Sick video, that lowered pectoral fin thing is truly frightening. My first guess upon watching that White shark checking the other one was that he was using his fins as propulsion, since he was sort of coming from below and all! Maybe they only use core muscles and caudal fins (I think..? tailfins lol) for this type of manoeuver..Anyways great stuff man, I'm hopelessly addicted to your channel ^^

[@blazewinters2593]

I look forward to seeing another video discussing their behaviors

[@Aussie_Archmage]

I would love some more videos on this topic, seeing as I do snorkel around sharks deliberately and would like to stay safer.