Hydrogen Bonding…but With Carbon | Great minds: June Sutor

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Proteins, and by extension our bodies, depend on the fact that atoms are arranged, spaced, and linked to each other in specific ways. And thanks to June Sutor, we have a better understanding of how those atoms come together and interact with proteins!
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Sources
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Sutor
www.chemistryworld.com/featur...
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/1...
www.chemistryworld.com/opinio...
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/196...
www.jbc.org/action/showPdf?pi...
chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelv....
pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/...
www.lenntech.com/periodic-cha...
Thumbnail Image: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
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[@SciShow]

Go to Brilliant.org/SciShow to try their Computational Biology course. Sign up now and get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.

[@Cosamaru]

Sometimes I will go a couple months without watching SciShow content, then I'll come back and Michael looks like a totally different person.

[@jesper112183]

The hair changes every time

[@Cosamaru]

@@jesper112183 He also looks...buffer? Maybe it's just the shirt vs other outfits.

[@casualbeluga2724]

@@Cosamaru not really buffer, kinda wider I guess

[@geoff4009]

Can't wait for that goatee to disappear!

[@karolakkolo123]

Is it only me or his voice doesn't match his face?

[@Neotenico]

The fun (read: awful) thing about x-ray crystallography is that the diffraction pattern itself only gives 2 of the 3 components of the light wave (frequency and amplitude) needed to figure out the 3D structure of the protein. The last one, phase, is pretty much a crapshoot of making educated guesses about how the model should look and seeing how it compares to the raw data you have. To the physicists, structural biologists, and chemists who really understand how a Fourier transform works, you are truly built different and I am absolutely terrified of you.

[@absalomdraconis]

I would expect that holography techniques could counter that.

[@starhawks1]

With alphafold2 molecular replacement should be a pretty reliable phasing method for most crystallographers

[@bismutfan2211]

I really hated cristallography during my chemistry studies

[@jawsbert]

There's also the fact that crystallizing the protein can change its shape, so it doesn't necessarily tell you how it looks in vivo

[@julioan94]

all of that, suponsing you don't get twinned crystals or a polymorph but yes, phase becomes a true pain when only small atoms are present

[@tylergust8881]

It's interesting how science is all about trying to advance our understanding of the world... yet it's common to find stories about jealousy and rivalry suppressing the other's work regardless of how accurate it is.

[@SuperCollegeDropout]

Pride... It ruins the scientific pursuit.

[@MazeMaker4Life]

That's humans for you lol

[@WHYNKO]

Truth will always come out, sooner or later..

[@tubebrocoli]

That's power and privilege for you. It not only messes up people's judgement really badly, but also sways entire groups of people.

[@besotoxicomusic]

Jealousy and emotions in general cloud all things important that should only be beholden to fact. From science to politics.

[@LFTRnow]

Never underestimate the power of organic crystalography.

[@ts-wo6pp]

a creed to live by

[@thhseeking]

Two "l"s in crystallography.

[@Urahara451]

I can confidently say I never have. Mostly because I just learned that it was a thing today

[@genericytprofile852]

Loving the coverage of lesser known scientists. Would love to hear more!

[@steveboanas5783]

I literally covered this is chemistry today!

[@barrydysert2974]

Synchronicity. It's a thing!:-)

[@argoneonoble]

Fantastic! Cause English doesn't seem like your strength.

[@jacobdaniels3246]

@@argoneonoble in* lol probably and autocorrection Edit: an* point proven

[@DoctaOsiris]

I prefer carbon dating to hydrogen bonding, no spooning though! 🤣

[@tubax926]

Pd-pd bonds ftw

[@YaBoiNicho]

I see what you did there.~

[@ananya.a04]

This was really intriguing. Despite having multiple topics about crystallography during my school time, I never learned about such interesting facts. Thanks SciShow!

[@AllanAlach]

Very impressed that you used the Aotearoa New Zealand combination. Aotearoa being the traditional Maori name and New Zealand being the name given by the European settlers.

[@nzpork1]

Yes. A nice surprise indeed.

[@gaspar0santiago]

Was nice to hear that

[@DoctorAzmain]

Loving this series on highlighting the works of great female scientists and their groundbreaking discoveries that have largely been forgotten or brushed over... Like, how essential is the C-H⋯O for life? For our very existence? Thank you for this!!

[@Tony-nl6pf]

Sexist much? You democrats always bring up gender and race. Pathetic.

[@snoozley853]

@@Tony-nl6pf These comments are so sad. It'll be a great day when someone draws a bead on you.

[@mandel94]

@@Tony-nl6pf Bringing up the demonstrable fact that gender and race has been (and to a lesser extent is still being) flagrantly used to discriminate people is neither sexist nor racist

[@tylerpeterson4726]

My lab is trying to study how important carbon-hydrogen bonding is for assembling transmembrane helicies. The bonds are so weak that it isn't clear that they play an important role, but they could.

[@onlyaskingquestions]

@@tylerpeterson4726 very interesting! What experiment do you perform to determine if the bond are significant?

[@HienNguyenHMN]

Maybe Carbon-Hydrogen Bonding is why we still can't figure out how proteins fold just from the amino acid sequence.

[@PipPanoma]

Wait.. 1960's? I thought this was a new discovery! I'm studying this stuff. If it's so essential to protein structures then why tf didn't I get taught this?

[@rickkwitkoski1976]

Because you can't learn everything in one go. There is just TOO MUCH information. And in the '60's it was just beginning. However, people like Rosalind Franklin had been doing this for years. Remember. Back then there were basically NO electronic digital computers to help with the tedium of this stuff. I was explaining to my wife a couple of weeks ago about all the tedious calculating I had to do when I was doing my Bio degree in the late '70's. We had pocket calculators, sure, but it was STILL tedious. Today you just enter a column of numbers or two in a spreadsheet and say, 'Do this to those numbers! Oh! And draw me some graphs too!" ALL the time I took hand-drawing with technical pens... wow!

[@simonclayforth196]

Michael says she was discredited by a man from the UK thought he new better and shouted louder. Sometimes I hate being English 🤷‍♂️

[@lyreparadox]

Well, then harass a professor into teaching about it.

[@ValeriePallaoro]

Because of Jerry ... 4:17 Michael couldn't have been more clear? Some guy discredited her work and all crystolography was seen through the prism he held up. He went so far as to do it in a book, not even presenting it for peer review. So for years his authority and inaccuracy was all people saw.

[@ValeriePallaoro]

@@rickkwitkoski1976 No. This is not the case. Michael was very clear that June's work was discredited in book form, not in peer review by Jerry see 4:17. With out any support and just through 'authority' not research. Which means he went to the trouble to look at her research and write about it just to discredit it so his older research would still have authority. Two ways to look at it, he was not intelligent to see she was right, or he saw she was right and was scared he would lose his position, power, and authority. Hmmm??

[@danielyeap5952]

Interesting. This is a question for any fellow Chemistry enthusiasts/students/teachers: Could this be because the N bonded to the C pulls more of the electrons towards the N? This leaves the C with a delta positive charge. This then induces a slight positive charge on the H to which that C is bonded to. Thus, H has a greater attraction to nearby O, which is delta negatively charged. Somewhat similar to having electron withdrawing groups in a molecule. Also, something to question/but I may be wrong: the C is bonded to a N of an amide. Due to amides resonance structure, we can say the O of the amide is electron withdrawing, and thus results in the delta positive N of the amide. This then pulls more electron density from the C, which then does to the H "2 bonds away". Thus, the H on that C bonded to the amide (aka. peptide bond in proteins) is not like a H on a pure hydrocarbon, like an alkane, etc. Maybe we have to consider the effect of an electronegative atom/electron-withdrawing group that may not be directly bonded to the H, but 2 or even 3 bonds away (especially in a resonance system with delocalised pi electrons). Just like how the chemical shift (ppm) of the H in 1H-NMR, is effected by atoms 2 or 3 bonds away? But I may be wrong as the inductive effect drops significantly past one bond. Anyway, thanks for reading my thoughts - I may be completely wrong though, but as a student myself, I love chemistry!

[@jamescashel5781]

that’s yeah sounds good to me lol (4th year chemist in honours)

[@greghazmat191]

tl;dr: yes. It definitely has to do with the functional groups. Looking at something like cyclohexanone (which you can do with a google, I believe it's open access), there isn't any significant intermolecule interaction between molecules in the crystal structure. Even though carbon-hydrogen bonds exist, there is no hydrogen bonding from the oxygen.

[@aniksamiurrahman6365]

Thank You Sci show. I didn't know of such a great scientist.

[@glenngriffon8032]

Thank you scishow for singing the praises and of and bringing the needed attention to these overlooked and unsung women of scientific advancement.

[@lyndsaybrown8471]

Makes me wonder how many other reports by female and minority scientists were brushed aside but could help our scientific understanding today.

[@cameronhanna1465]

Love the acknowledgment of Aotearoa!

[@generrosity]

So good to hear it in use 👌

[@daniel_j_munoz]

I was stoked

[@JoPercival-ux1sn]

Thank-you for this. I worked with June in the 1970s an amazing scientist and person. I'm so glad she is recognised for her work now but sadly she didn't live to see it.

[@apriladams8710]

Confession time- I was able to follow some of what was said, but most of what you said Mr. Aranda, was beyond my understanding. Totally my fault. The tribute given to Sutor was wonderful and completely understood. Thanks for a great episode.

[@kisakisakura6663]

OMG, Your hair is amazing!!! I was kind of skeptical in the awkward growth phase but this look is stunning.

[@nc3136]

Give this man an award for best hair

[@yorusuyasoul69420]

this touches my heart

[@TubbyLumps]

I literally just did my final on X ray crystallography for structural determination and then this video pops up... Huh

[@MistaeFeX]

Van der waals epitaxy, opens up so much exploration into nano systems

[@tsuribachi]

Remind me of when one of the professor told about the one time she lectured about this and one of the student went "but it's not F/O/N, it's impossible. teach that." Cue professor's eyeroll and facepalm.

[@deepsy2k]

I just love the evolution of Michael's haircut in the past year!

[@bradsarafin4801]

Great job

[@briancaster2876]

I don't know who actually said this but I've heard the quote before "Science advances one funeral at a time"

[@PLuMUK54]

It is a paraphrase of what Max Planck wrote.

[@briancaster2876]

@@PLuMUK54 Do you know the full quote?

[@ValeriePallaoro]

@@briancaster2876 Do you not know how to google? Here: The German physicist Max Planck said that science advances one funeral at a time. Or more precisely: “A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it.”

[@chriswilliams8159]

And that's why it's said that "Truth alone prevails".

[@deyvismejia7529]

Wow that’s awesome, good that I know about her now

[@jimmartin156]

Marvelous.

[@anoopmanakkalath]

Carbon is more electronegative than we think. I believe EN follows the below order: Ne > F > O > N > Ar, C > Kr > Cl > Br > S > Xe > Se, Rn, I > ... EN of He should be less than that of O.

[@J_Lag]

Finally, using the word "stolen" to described what they did to Rosalind Franklin's work.

[@joanhoffman3702]

I had blood drawn a few days ago, and there was a photo of Watson and Crick on the wall. I told the phlebotomist how they stole Franklin’s work and cheated her out of a Nobel Prize. Nice finding someone else who knows the truth.

[@MrSupergigamoi]

According to wikipedia, the story of these events is far more complex and nuanced than that. "Stolen" is too strong of a word to describe it as a great deal of confusion seems to have also been at play. Aside from information passing out of sheer chaos, some of her results were being transfered as she was leaving the place and she knew very well about Watson's and Crick's work since she demanded to have, and got, an article of her own published in the same edition of Nature for that very reason. She even criticized it as being too speculative (which she highly eschewed). Watson and Crick, by their own admission, got into the tricky situation of having to cite what amounts to hints from unpublised work floating around. Apparently, there were some ways to get around this limitation,... but it is quite complex and not well known, so their best shot at doing things right in that regard ended up as a footnote acknowledging the connection to her work. That's indeed very sloppy writing IMO, and that's bad, but, given that Watson and Crick acknowledged their work as being highly speculative, leaving the actual proof data to Franklin's article, and supplemented the hints they got from her with a lot of work of their own, building a complete model, it's not like she did all the work and they tried to pass it of as their own, far from it. No, the real shame here is that, had she been alive in 1982 or could the Nobel price be given posthumously, she would have been co-awarded one for her expetimental results along with her colleage, Aaron Klug. If you are really interested in the matter, go read the article.

[@easyhomeremedies8265]

Something new to learn

[@chknoodle2324]

That title card is trying so hard to say "CHOO CHOO". 🚂

[@MissPickles1980]

Really? I read it as "choc" - I'm now craving Dairy Milk!

[@capnstewy55]

Diffraction patterns are fun, they're a lot easier to obtain today though.

[@raskov75]

Not sure if it was you guys or getty but someone needs to get some very public credit for that phot composite at 1:52. Beautiful.

[@JohnAltenburg]

I understood half of what you said. Would love to see more visual models.

[@kirbyrules55]

getting fit again! keep it up!

[@MrMediator24]

Looks like Michael is being introduced into Jedi order

[@argoneonoble]

Or a biker bar.

[@TheMrBigJeff]

When you somehow read the thumbnail as Coo Coo Kachoo… I need sleep but it sure did make me laugh xD

[@SeoulKoreaOT7Kpop]

Tysm dear friend 👍😘💜🍰💕💕 From Seoul korea

[@appleid3151]

how is korea atm?

[@SeoulKoreaOT7Kpop]

@@appleid3151 it's beautiful and Getting colder now Thnx u💜💜💜😍

[@svenmorgenstern9506]

Bit surprised that Rosalyn Yalow hasn't popped onto the SciShow radar yet.

[@warmfeetwinner760]

Thanks for calling it Aotearoa/New Zealand. The pronunciation was not quite right, but this Kiwi certainly appreciates the effort!

[@trevwgtn]

Yes also thanks, that's awesome you acknowledge Aoteaoroa!

[@timmcdaniel6193]

It was said as though Aotearoa was a town in New Zealand, if you didn't know their meanings, and close-captioned like it.

[@generrosity]

It's close enough and clearly recognizable - happy to hear it more often 👌

[@ValeriePallaoro]

How do you pronounce it .. cause I pronounce it the way Split Enz sings it, but I checked first with google translate and .. now I don't know. (Because Split Enz were white boys and it might be song cadence, but they do come from NZ ... so *sigh*)

[@generrosity]

@@ValeriePallaoro if you know any Japanese, it has very very similar vowels and consonant+vowel pairings... If you plug "aotearoa pronounce" into Google you get suggestion audio like this: au·tee·uh·row·uh - just say it smoothly all together and people will understand, and don't worry about accent (like how most ppl don't say 'sushi' in the Japanese way and we all still understand)

[@geoimage]

For some reason, it reminds me of The Diamond Lens(1858)

[@thermotronica]

thats cool

[@kamalneupane3660]

This is funny but I literally read about x-ray crystallography for protein structure today in a bioinformatics book. Great job SciShow.

[@AnimalsArchives]

You're pursuing bioinformatics?

[@calicampbell8783]

Can you guys make a video about the Rh factor in pregnancy?

[@358itachi]

C-H hydrogen bond is never taught in classes (at least where I come from) and very few people (especially organic chemists) consider it a fact even today. Glad that SciShow shone some light on the topic. Also, kudos for stressing the fact that Watson and Crick 'stole' the crystallography data from Rosalind Franklin.

[@starhawks1]

Watson and Crick actually solved the structure of DNA. I'm not saying Franklin's efforts weren't underemphasized in her time, but Watson and Crick didn't "steal" anything

[@lsedge7280]

@@starhawks1 Also TBF Watson stated she should've got a Nobel Prize in chemistry. They definitely didn't steal her (and her students!) work, though there is a trend of not acknowledging and giving credit to female scientists.

[@romanpolanski4928]

Hydrogen bonding between chloroform and acetone is very well known, and explains the exotherm when those two solvents are mixed.

[@lauragasque4292]

As a woman scientist, I thank you very much for this acknowledgement of (one of many) this woman's achievements.

[@unknown-ql1fk]

Episodes like this remind us all that "pure" ideals, such as the scientific method, can be corrupted and biased by people with all of our flaws, (gender, religion, pride, "expert opinion, and mostly today...money.) Just remember this story the next time someone says "just trust the science". And I love science, the method, it took us from stones to space and more every day

[@daanwilmer]

I know it's off-topic, but you look good with this long hair!

[@ErilynOfAnachronos]

To make it somewhat more on-topic, I'm sure proteins were involved.😉

[@gabmax1013]

I honestly thought the thumbnail said c-h-o-o c-h-o-o c-h-o-o 🚂🚋🚃🚋🚃🚋🚃

[@thhseeking]

@01:08 - ?Defracted Rays? DIFFRACTED. Did someone not check the illustration?

[@daniel_j_munoz]

Pronunciation of nz pretty good thanks for saying the real name first

[@dalelane1948]

Wow, a girl from Aotearoa, goes and blazes a concept (that i just took as a given) that gives us our best understanding of protein structure, get's gaslighted by stuffy professor, says well bugga ya then, goes home and years later the rest of the world sees what she saw first. Wow, she was the first person to truly see in her minds eye a correct layout of tertiary protein structure, just wow.

[@dalelane1948]

DId i mention WOW?

[@barrydysert2974]

i hear Matt. i hit like. !:-)

[@bkm83442]

A cautionary tale to those chanting the "follow the science" mantra. Scientific discovery is often messy and rarely proceeds in a straight line. We should follow the science, but with a good dose of humility.

[@supermaster2012]

CHO CHO goes the Hydrogen train

[@chasetuttle2121]

I read the notification as "Bombing" and I instantly felt disappointed in science. Glad to see I was wrong 🙃

[@oldschoolm8]

You can always trust SciShow to give a big shout out to those who’s work was groundbreaking, yet never got the recognition it deserved. Marie Curie always springs to mind whenever I think of this subject, but there are so many others. I love learning things through this channel, thank you SciShow!

[@apple54345]

Once you notice the shirt's uneven arm length you cannot unsee it.

[@ValeriePallaoro]

Have a nother look at 5:54 .. his actual shoulders are different heights, making his left shoulder higher and his t-shirt arm the same way.

[@MariosPOS]

I just finished studying the proteins chapter in my medical school books, and this wasn't mentioned. Glad to be getting some more insight on this

[@daxxonjabiru428]

Amusing.

[@chloepeifly]

can we get great minds pins!!

[@Vicioussama]

Still need a Great Minds episode for Norman Borlaug

[@min3k1]

Kind of similar to taking pictures of different angles of your phase.

[@santas_claws]

Nice

[@jesper112183]

Today on Scishow: x-rays hitting the crystal

[@ThomasBomb45]

You've heard of hydrogen bonds... get ready for train bonds C-H-O-O C-H-O-O

[@lloydgush]

I'm going on a limb here and guess that the criticism was on the methodology. She got out of the field and there wasn't a notification on her e-mail over a dude citing her paper in a book for her to go back and correct it because she was studying kidney stones at the time. And it was all pretty obscure because I haven't heard about hydrogen bonds on carbon until college and I don't remember any names being cited.

[@beatrizzarzosa4196]

🙌🏻🙌🏻🙌🏻🙌🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻

[@AngryKittens]

You guys know that Aotearoa (ao-teya-rwa) and New Zealand are the same thing, right? 😛 June Sutor is from Auckland.

[@highliving-animatedvideos5831]

🚀🌙

[@AriManPad8gi]

nice

[@l0renzz0]

Imagine doing work of your life, and everywhere you go you stumble across a book where it says that you are wrong

[@Ravenor907]

Holy crap you just went all legolas on us.... where did that hair come from

[@adamloomos]

Anyone else see the thumnail and assume this video was about trains?

[@Djake3tooth]

Why is science still subjected to scientists with a lot of power, even if they’re wrong?

[@eapenninan4950]

♥️👍

[@vikrantsingh4504]

If charge is quantized then how can it exist as partial ??

[@vkillion]

I haven't kept up on SciShow recently and I tune back in to see Michael's hair is super long. Looks great, Michael!

[@aSpyIntheHaus]

What a great video! good work guys. It is unfortunate that even science was/is, susceptible to the human prejudices.

[@irtazaazam6972]

Choo choo

[@edwardskerl5774]

Your hair is beautiful!

[@WhiteSpatula]

I wonder what proteins are in play when I’m feeling, like, HOORAY NATURAL JUSTICE! 😁 -Phill, Las Vegas

[@jonatanromanowski9519]

Go Go Sci Show

[@themightywookie351c3]

Mullet, look up comedian Ralphie May: Mullet

[@SeanNH94]

1:45 WHAT HAS SCIENCE DONE???

[@slimchance4495]

our teea roa is how it is said Aotearoa

[@RedGallardo]

Cho?!

[@testusersg]

In the end, never explain how carbon and hydrogen form H-Bond.

[@HappyfoxBiz]

wow, Aotearoa has been recognized as an official name by the SciShow even though it's accompanied by it's English name it's still a nod in my books

[@djthegrateone]

Would that make a hydrocarbon?

[@Elipus22]

Remember when his hair was shorter? Pepperidge Farm remembers.

[@danielbickford3458]

I wonder if doctor Sutor's biggest critic is still alive, and if so what does he think of the fact that not only is he wrong, now everyone knows it.

[@ValeriePallaoro]

He was an authority when she was a budding scientist .. prolly not. I looked up June Sutor and it turns out she was born in 1929 and died in 1990. Jerry was born in 1920 and died in1985. So, no. And it seems he was just a petty vindictive man. Worked with Crick and Watson on Rosalind Franklins stolen DNA xrays and denied Sutors work. It looks a lot like misogyny and not science, sadly. Might be embedded in the times, but it still sucks.

[@Bildgesmythe]

That's a depressing and sad career story for a brilliant scientist

[@VidaxTheDragonMage]

Hold on, Was this explaining that protiens fold in the ways that they do because hydrogen bonds can form between a methyl group and a group containing an oxygen or was it a group with more electron pull than methyl, either way THIS IS WEIRD!

[@eunitskates]

Gale Boetticher gang wya

[@kuy3796]

CHO OHC CHO