Hypersonic Weapons: What YouTube isn'tTelling You!

Hypersonic Weapons: there is a race going on. Let's learn more about hypersonic cruise missiles, hypersonic gliders and hypersonic aeroballlistic missiles. Let's focus on the technical challenge!
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[@ELMS]

I can’t tell you how much I appreciate your videos. There isn’t anywhere else to find such clear-language explanations that can be understood by a non-expert like me. Thanks!

[@rainerkinzinger555]

that's because most of the people making aviation related videos aren't as good as this channel, or they are simply imbeciles with internet access parroting what they come across.

[@maximilliancunningham6091]

He's the real deal, no BS, nothing phony or pretentious.

[@Blackreaper95]

Perun just did a video on hypersonic missiles as well check it out if you're interested.

[@marcusrat4466]

@@Blackreaper95 fuck perun

[@keeganpaleshi]

"It is like flying into a blowtorch" 🤣 always the best analogies haha, I'll be using that

[@homosepian1234]

Your Italian accent is pure gold amigo - I come back each time just to hear it- like music to my ears 😍

[@mickparkinson207]

Bravo Sir, much appreciated have been awaiting an updated hypersonic lesson

[@pat8988]

Very educational, and the improvement in the sound quality from the earlier to the later is evident.

[@vickydroid]

Bravo, your scramjet explanation reminded me of when I visited RAE Farnborough in the late 70s and asked a techhie about an object I noticed and he gave me an enthusiastic explanation of the disc at the end of an aerospike. I think it was still fairly secret then but I had no chance of repeating what he told me then nor really understanding it now😂

[@FreemonSandlewould]

Note much of a race when only one side has the big fat juicy targets - Aircraft carriers.

[@lanfrancocarloboerio4424]

Thank you for speaking so clearly as much as I can follow you even on these technical subject. Dictioning has to be awarded with a prize. The authoring for this kind of video is really remarkable and the aim to deliver practical technical implications inferred from complex theorethical disciplines gives a lot to think over keeping me awake.

[@horusfalcon]

Yet another engaging topic (YAET). As usual, you make the opaque translucent. Well done!

[@jpierce2l33t]

Dude...bravo 👏👏!!! I've learned so much in this series, and I sincerely appreciate your work!

[@uhtredlundar8394]

Your diagrams were just excellent and made a very complex subject much more approachable - ty sir!

[@Lena-vw6ye]

I love your videos, all the explanations and even some mathematical explanations keep me here.

[@malcolmmarzo2461]

Excellent teaching. Especially like the hand-drawn illustrations.

[@Ariccio123]

Honestly I just put this on while I'm working and can't pay attention to it yet because it sounds nice and relaxing 😂

[@SonuDR007]

I love all your videos as they are so educational and address all my interests. Thank you so much

[@pizzaboy9006]

Awsome videos!!! i am sick right now, and have watched only your videos the last 2 days. best content on youtube, i just wished you would have some animations when you explain the different engines for example, so it yould be easyer 4 me to understand the compression, mixing with fuel and ingnition part of the engine. So i only can hope that your channel grows much larger so you can afford an animation guy i guess xD LOVE your content!!

[@SerbanOprescu]

5:06 :) :) I love the artist's impression! 😊

[@prof_sceptic]

A visual treat!! Took me back to my school days trying to read RAE Farnborough periodicals Scramjets and Ramjets material from the past school boy days , once again. Simply marvelous presentation so unlike most KZbin videos. And in other videos Area Rule, aka as Coke bottle design

[@markendicott6874]

Excellent cast - thanks for the interesting and straightforward explanations.

[@MrClydie_Po_Po]

Really great stuff this...loved all the detail! Thank you so much! 💕💕

[@AdMan-The-LabRat]

Thank you for hyper-clarifying that.

[@c1ue1]

Great video. Informative and comprehensive, as far as I can discern.

[@tori8380]

This channel is so informative!

[@patriotthrunthru6744]

Thank you for this very clear and concise explanation!

[@kennethhall7248]

Germany started this with the V1 rocket and buzz bomb. Scram jets mixed with solid fuel ad some uranium and here we are.

[@enchated1847]

Yooo another good vid! Good video idea- indian airforce current projects and how they will perform at the time they release

[@minarchist1776]

Interesting subject. However, there is a rock I am going to throw at you. 🙂 As long as we are talking about relatively "standard" rifles and pistols, the momentum of the projectile that they are firing is not enough in and of itself to make somebody fall over. That response is the result of the various physiological impacts of whatever the projectile happens to hit and in some cases hydrostatic shock as well. Thus what portion of the target's body is hit is a far more important consideration in determining whether or not the target falls down than the momentum of the projectile considered in isolation.

[@michaelthornburg7746]

Right. Any bullet with enough force to knock over the target would also have knocked over the person who fired the bullet. Equal and opposite reactions and all that.

[@toxickilljoy9037]

​@Michael Thornburg that's where recoil reduction systems like gas blowback and all sorts of other systems use the pressures to work against themselves in order to reduce this reaction

[@michaelthornburg7746]

@@toxickilljoy9037 Correct, but they only distribute those forces over time. They can not get rid of them. And in a portable firearm they can not be robust enough to draw those forces out more than a few milliseconds. There is no free lunch.

[@fabiocavaleri]

@toxickilljoy9037 Well, the dumping system should be extremely efficient and light weight to be easily operated on a gun, olso not all fire arms use a gas dampening system, to allow only the kinetic force to knock down a target without do the same with the operator

[@toxickilljoy9037]

@Michael Thornburg you're letting physics block the reality of the mission. The goal is to minimize recoil to the operator. It doesn't matter where the lunch goes. The GOAL is to reduce the felt recoil by the operation of the firearm. You're taking away the lunch and throwing part of it away with the use of counter forces in between. Every action has an opposite reaction. A piston pressured down, against a tight wound spring forcing up in an enclosed cylinder being held by an individual will exert significantly more felt recoil by the piston than using a looser wound coil, and a deeper cylinder when pressure is applied to the piston. It's not that the energy is miraculously being saved with 100% efficiency, it's just being countered by a passive reactive force and dissipated in a different direction than the receiver.

[@anselmdanker9519]

Thank you for covering this subject.

[@jimmillar9270]

Thank you. That all makes more sense to me now.

[@kennethng8346]

Excellent video

[@rudypieplenbosch6752]

Thanks for your thorough explanation.

[@eugeneminton2613]

the blowtorch reference is so on the point. i typically mention the u.s. sprint missile.. or was it spike? i forget. a 1965-1975 era sort of anti ballistic missile interceptor.. it basically was the missile that inspired "missile defender" ... a very old game . but very relevant. the missile only had a flight range of between 30-40 miles if i remember but could pass that distance in a very short span of time, reaching speeds of mach 10 and glow from the friction since it was land launched... was meant to carry a small nuke to get close to incoming ballistic missile warheads and blow them up in the atmosphere.

[@nebojsanesic5326]

Oh man, you just made my whole afternoon! You reeeally researched it "Into mathematics's warts and all"! It's nice that you do not shy away from it.

[@georgeflitzer7160]

Thank you so much for your work

[@numberstation]

Amazing. Thank you.

[@sunseb5124]

I thought their was also an issue with close surface airflow resolved by MHD first thought of by Jean Pierre Petit. His work wasn't taken seriously by the French government at the time but was taken very seriously by... the Russian and US scientific community... His idea, as I understand it, was to megnaticly controle the close layer of air (or plasma at hypersonic speads) making the shock waves desapear all together... There are interesting recent videos of him as specialy the ones around the time Russia came out with it's hypersonic weapons... is that a tale or does it have some truth to it?

[@adriantataru7476]

Russians aplied for shure a derivate tech of that ...as long as we dont have real data e can onlly supose.....

[@stevea2909]

Thermo-Dynamics, the bain of every physics student, then add Aerodynamics to the mix, and now I have a headache. And... it's just starting. (22:01ish) My Eureka moment on the body shape! Excellent! Thanks!

[@everypitchcounts4875]

Sandboxx just did a video about hypersonic weapons as well. Thanks for another great video.

[@Millennium7HistoryTech]

Yeah...he did 🙄

[@bob38028]

Your video really helped me confirm that Russia was lying about the Khinzal! Thanks!

[@Hoaxzey]

Most underrated channel on KZbin, keep up the good work.🤝

[@jannegrey593]

OK. Good to see a specialist doing the video!

[@ELMS]

Thanks!

[@Millennium7HistoryTech]

Thank you so much!

[@WazGamer]

Great video.

[@RayvandenBel]

'What KZbin isn't telling you' 😂😂😂 ???!!

[@RAF71chingachgook]

You are French? You live in Milan? Northern Italy is like heaven. I lived and worked in Turin for a while. Best time of my life.

[@Amieto759]

For what I know, in some older video, he confesses being Italian, and living in the UK.

[@RAF71chingachgook]

@@Amieto759 Wow. Doesn't he sound French to you? I thought he is French!

[@Amieto759]

@@RAF71chingachgook I am French , from Paris. He sounds Italian, definitely… from Bologne, or something north east.

[@Mastakilla91]

Very underrated video. I think you should alter the video preview picture and change the titleto "Hypersonic Weapons: Straight facts"

[@justingoretoy1628]

I still hold out hopes for an overview of scramjets and ramjets.

[@barreiros5077]

Read Mir books Phisichs 1

[@jamessimon2002]

KZbin is telling me right now. Joking aside, this is a very interesting video.

[@andyf4292]

im wondering if parallels exist with the Skchval weapon?( but you'd have to coat the front in spaceshuttle tiles..) but i'm wondering if engine exhaust could be blown out the front to disrupt the bowshock into the shape you wanted?

[@ratulxy]

You can't redirect exhaust to the front the projectile will start accelerating backwards.

[@jonnekallu1627]

08:52 Oh dear. You forked up there.

[@anindyamukhopadhyay8]

Beautiful lecture Just like the college days❤❤❤ JAI SIYA RAM MAY BHAGWAAN JI BLESS U FOR enlightening us all on these complex subjects.

[@AdMan-The-LabRat]

What happens to a hypersonic projectile when rifling/spin is introduced?

[@JakeHunter2010]

Millennium 7 and Sandboxx need to do a co-lab videos. These guys are experts in all things aero and flight tech.

[@Millennium7HistoryTech]

Thank you but I decline

[@RAPTORZILLA22]

Sandboxx is nowhere near the technological depth of Millenium 7.

[@yogiguitar1]

the best way to deal with air friction is to repel it. two negative magnetic poles repel each other. it is possible to charge the surrounding air with a high voltage (negative ) electric charge and also charge the hull of the vehicle with the same polarity charge . i think with a microwave system this is possible ,so you actually wind up with your craft creating a boundry layer that is negatively ionised plasma that would sort of be a vacum to the craft moving at high speed. thats my solution. if i can figure it out im pretty sure better people then i have already done it . thats probablly how ufo's move so fast and ofcourse they'd have to use some form of electro magnetic inertial propulsion system. anyway ,there you go

[@indentifiantalacon52]

Thank for your job (from France and from my bed)

[@Millennium7HistoryTech]

Get well soon!

[@indentifiantalacon52]

Thank you , i am fine , just Lazy

[@chrisgriffith1573]

Holy crap... an 8 minute introduction! ON KZbin!

[@patrickchase5614]

At 23:10 when you reference near-loss of Columbia on the first Space Shuttle flight, are you referring to the possible damage to the rear body flap (which provided pitch trim at hypersonic speeds IIRC), or something else?

[@Millennium7HistoryTech]

Yes.

[@ViceCoin]

What about plasma actuators for control?

[@sgt.grinch3299]

I need to watch this in two parts. Contractor is here cleaning my air ducts and I can’t hear anything.

[@Millennium7HistoryTech]

If it was a metaphor... I don't want to hear more! 😆

[@sergarlantyrell7847]

From the map it looks like you're in or around Stevenage, do you by any chance work for either MBDA or Airbus there?

[@Millennium7HistoryTech]

I couldn't do what I do if I did

[@JYF921]

Big KZbin channel are just telling people what they want to hear

[@andyf4292]

those speeds,,,, theyre in the domain of APDSF rounds?

[@abrahamdozer6273]

I seems pretty unlikely that sea-skimming hypersonic weapons can be going hypersonic speeds at sea level. Maybe, they have a hypersonic assent/decent but that will have to be high up, telegraphing their existence and giving computers good tracking data. (No, they will not be making radical course changes at that speed.) If they are going fast at sea level and they have something like an ablative re-entry shield on them, they will be the brightest infrared object in the sky after the sun and they should be relatively easy to follow and intercept. BTW, ICBMs are hypersonic missiles and the ability to shoot them down at certain stages has been around for a long time.

[@3nealweber3]

Overcome heat problems with Plasma Magnetic containment FIELDS, like they do in TOKAMAK Fusion reactors ?

[@gj1234567899999]

For the cost to build one hypersonic missile, you can build hundreds of cheap Alibaba drones and put explosives on them and do just as good a job as a hypersonic missile in taking out targets.

[@mortvald]

doubtfull, hypersonic missiles are not there for your run of the mil target. they're there to bypass layered air defense without going for the swarm strategy.

[@blazingkhalif2]

@@mortvald Well this war has proven you don't need a hypercent of missile for that. Ukraine is constantly penetrating Russian air defense

[@darkofc]

👍👍

[@jetstreamer374]

Nice that you are stopping short of thermodynamic equations, those could cause PTSD symptoms in me

[@BennyCFD]

He's very intelligent and learned......................He reminds me of me

[@Millennium7HistoryTech]

😆

[@FB-fm3ub]

Thank you so much! Unfortunately the sound is not very good, sometimes difficult to understand..

[@jebise1126]

so... how efficient is ram jet at its normal operating speeds and how efficient is turbo jet at its maximum speed without afterburner and with afterburner... like general numbers

[@nihilist7810]

When i see the specs from the Lockheed D-21 Drone, i cant understand why its so difficult to build 50 years later with modern technologies something similar. In year 1969 5500 KM range and 3500 Km\h speed, flown lower than modern hypersonic glide vehicles, it would be today a good ship-killer missile too. Why are they not building such a thing, to catch up in the hypersonic missile race?

[@gigiopincio5006]

because linear increases in speed costs exponentially more and they're often not really necessary. Nothing hypersonic was needed to sink the flagship of the russian navy.

[@bradraymond5502]

he says in the video that the sr71 at mach 3 had external temps around 600 kelvin, where as alot of the hypersonics in development will reach around 2000 kelvin. thats no small difference. also 3500kmh (assuming you mean mach 3.5? i dno) isnt hypersonic

[@kennethng8346]

I don't think the D21 was hypersonic. Being air launched means it could be designed as a pure ramjet. It would surprise me if there were *NOT* "grandkids" of this drone in operation today.

[@termitreter6545]

Because a hypersonic drone needs to be cheaper than an aircraft, it needs to be able to precisely manuever at hypersonic speeds, and it needs sensors for guidance and positioning that can keep up at hypersonic speeds. Also needs fuel/systems that can be stored for months and are resistance to impacts before firing. Its really easy to make a weapon go hypersonic, the nazis did it with the V2. Makign a capable weapon out of it is a magnitude more complex.

[@briancavanagh7048]

Is high hypersonic speeds a step too far with todays technology? Would the money & time be better spent on building an intermediate platform of high supersonic or low hypersonic speed, somewhere about Mach 5 or 6? Range would be based on the time the platform’s ability to absorb or dissipate the heat. Once you have a reliable vehicle then build on small incremental increases in speed or time in flight. Maybe this has already been done as black programs.

[@globalterroil3208]

Forgot to give you a 👍yesterday, so I am back and rectifying my mistake! And pushing the _YT algo_ at least a tiny bit with a comment. :D

[@mattmiller4613]

Imagine... an engine that is able to separate the air molecules into their separate elements; pulling hydrogen and oxygen right out of the air and inject them as fuel into their proper fuel distributors in the engine. Literally using the air itself its flying in, as its fuel.🤔🧐🤨 let's do it!!!

[@mattmiller4613]

If I remember correctly, I believe that's called "DARPA" hard.

[@disconductorder]

The laws of thermodynamics do not allow this. The energy u get out will not be greater than whats needed to split.

[@bradraymond5502]

@@disconductorder while thats true, it doesnt mean that it isnt a feasible idea. im not sure if it is or not, just that your reasoning isnt enough. cause it depends where you actually get the energy for making the split, your answer only holds if your using the energy directly from the air molecules to split itself. For example any hypersonic is going to be generating ALOT of heat which is all in excess. Find a way to harness that energy and your golden.

[@atlet1]

The energy to separete the hydrogen is lower than what is acieved by recombine it vith oxygen. So more drag than trust.

[@andyf4292]

main problem- theres no hydrogen in the atmosphere, it escapes to space, its going too fast for gravity to keep it

[@Ni999]

I'm really tired of the hypersonic hype going around so I _really_ appreciate this... Rebroadcast? Anthology? Whatever it's called, I appreciate it. Now if KZbin would go back to allowing us to link to other videos in the comments we could spread the word.

[@Draksyl]

Is there any way for you to normalise the volume so we don't get deafened by the music whenever your mic levels are quieter in comparison? 🤔

[@elmohead]

Imagine going back 200 years and telling people that people in the 2020s use the speed of sound as a unit of measurement, and we argue how many times the speed of sound various objects fly at.

[@Castragroup]

How does it transmit and recieve withe the plasm shroud during hyper sonc flight?

[@ntal5859]

Simple the plane is behind the missile, the plasma is on the leading{front} edges of the missile hence no plasma at the back so the missile receives at the back end of the missile IE plane transmits forward and missile receives at its back side.

[@cedriceric9730]

@@ntal5859 also the effect is too overated and can be overpowered by a strong enough signal, an atmospheric missile will most likely never be fast enough to have enough plasma totally block signals and still be a practical weapon

[@thefreeaccount0]

The video beside you is an advertisement for precision gel rollerball pens....

[@nfineon]

Set Music Volume Down Set Voice Volume Up

[@chahineyalla4838]

Just a wild thought: I wonder what speeds should be reached for an engine to become viable (if that is even possible) in outer space, given the amazingly low concentration of particles out there. Would it be possible to ram enough of that hydrogen/helium into an engine moving at an unbelievable speed?

[@BlahVideosBlahBlah]

This is often called a Bussard Ramjet, and it's a concept that some of the brightest minds in space travel have contemplated! What an excellent insight to share with such bright minds! 😀

[@chahineyalla4838]

@@BlahVideosBlahBlah Thank you for that reference!

[@normal_norm2627]

This would be an incredible video if you turned the music down and spoke louder. Maybe it's my hearing but I'd say 1/4 of your voice during video got washed out by the music. You did great taking a PHD subject down to where I could almost understand things. Cheers

[@Millennium7HistoryTech]

It is old material, unfortunately

[@francretief1]

Yes, please turn the music down, or better still, no music. I would rather listen to your voice.

[@KatanamasterV]

Comment for the algorithm god. Code for the code throne

[@somethingclever1234]

23:10 reference? couldn't find any documentation to support that...

[@Millennium7HistoryTech]

I must research the source. The video was made 3 years ago. I think it was something that was mentioned by Scott Manley but I am not sure.

[@ottovonbrak6127]

Technical question: Do you think Kinzhal has a scramjet or ramjet? I would say so because of declared speeds but from the picture I saw it does not looks so... Do you have some technical infos about Kinzhal?

[@briancavanagh7048]

Its a ballistic solid fueled rocket

[@tomyochum]

It's neither. It's a ballistic missile. It has a rocket motor that gets it moving high and fast and it falls down going really fast. This is why many people have an issue with people calling it a hypersonic weapon. Yes, it goes at hypersonic speeds, but so does every ballistic warhead.

[@ottovonbrak6127]

@@tomyochum That's what I was also thinking.The question now would be: how does it get 2000km range with rocket engine, it doesn't seem to be such a big rocket to store fuel...also hypersonic with rocket (in atmosphere) burns a lot

[@tomyochum]

@@ottovonbrak6127 It gets the range by flying above the atmosphere. No atmosphere =no drag. The flight profile is designed to get it out of the atmosphere quickly and to get really, really high. Like 100s of miles high. Then it drops down and goes back through the atmosphere only at the very end of its profile, when it (briefly) flies hypersonicly. This is why the video talks about scramjet engines. You have to have a scramjet to fly sustained hypersonic speeds inside the atmosphere. There are also boost-glide weapons, but Kinzhal is not one. Perun has a good video covering hypersonic in great detail, and Binkov has a shorter but still good video.

[@ottovonbrak6127]

@@tomyochum I need to do the math, that looks still to much to me, but gives a clarification. Also Perun claims the range is carrying plane included, which I think is very weird.

[@SoloSailing77]

What's faster, a hypersonic weapon. Or is the DEW system far superior?

[@danfreeman9079]

Now the solution becomes, How Slow Can You Go to Not Be Detected.

[@karx11erx]

I wondered why I found it so hard to follow these very interesting explanations ... until I noticed that the background music is a substantial distraction for me which I find pretty hard to distinguish from the spoken message. For me, the background music is too loud and doesn't add anything at all to such a fascinating lecture.

[@alexlo7708]

Its unbelievable. Explosive heat gas from explosion run at 9-10 mach for TNT. But scramjet itself fly at half speed of explosion!!!! The burning gasolean in car's cylinder is just a speed of sound 330m/s. It burning speed is far less than air intake of the hypersonic engine.

[@legatilegions8055]

What is your opinion of the claims that Iran has build a mach 15 hypersonic crusie missile, that is able to change direction mid air`?

[@Millennium7HistoryTech]

That it is not completely impossible

[@big1boston]

😅😅😅 ❤ was the titanic sinkable?

[@benaguilar1787]

I appreciate your videos, but I wish that you would separate the timeline into chapters. I find myself coming back to listen to a specific part again, but it is very difficult to find the part of the video I am looking for.

[@vandecasa3795]

You need to adjust the audio. Some of the music playing during presentation of certain title cards is very loud compared to your voice (e.g. 19:47)

[@alexxxcanz]

very very nice but the audio is not the best

[@Millennium7HistoryTech]

It is old stuff...

[@christiannoble5549]

What KZbin isnt telling you, but youtube still does....🤫😂

[@fliegerlein1687]

as far as i know, its not friction that is creating the heat, its compression.

[@Millennium7HistoryTech]

It is both

[@adamrak7560]

@@Millennium7HistoryTech for the hypersonic region friction is basically negligible, because the object has comparable speed to the air molecules (and can be greater!).

[@adamrak7560]

there are still massive amounts of friction, but most of it does not heat the object anymore because of complicated reasons you mention in the video.

[@Sacto1654]

But still, hypersonic missiles, even with a scramjet engine, generates a huge infrared signature, which makes them relatively easy to track. And hypersonic missiles don't maneuver very well, which means they pretty much have to fly in more or less a straight line. In short, they are vulnerable to a new generation of laser-based defenses.

[@ytl6674]

If laser based defense could be well developed, all missiles are vulnerable.

[@KhairulFadzlyAKarim]

You can track them but its too fast Mach 5 to 10 thats why they are deadly.

[@S1lverarrow]

laser is limited by range because of earth curve and atmosphere, it is very weather depending weapon. And also Hypersonic missile is very heat resistance, it was designed to withstand tremendous air frickson, probably made from the same material the returning module of space ship, which can survive entering of earth atmospher. So laser will need more time exposer to the missile to take it down. So you need more time to burn it, you have short range, you depend on heat signal sensor which also have a sort range, all resulted in very little time to react to it, which is the main problem with all AD system, too little time to react.

[@barreiros5077]

ceramic

[@blazingkhalif2]

@@KhairulFadzlyAKarim OK but they fly high so you're still detect them earlier than you do a regular cruise missile which flies close to the ground so the reaction time is the same either way

[@MuellerNick]

I'm sorry to tell you. But adding the music doesn't increase understandability. And turning up the music's volume between chapters (so I have to turn it down) and then continuing with low volume while speaking (so I have to turn volume up again) also isn't a positive contrubution to a very interesting subject.

[@off_grid_javelin]

Even a relatively simplistic missile like "Nirbhay drdo" of Indian armed forces can reach hypersonic speeds mid flight but that doesn't make it hypersonic like the russian "Avangard or Chinese DFZF" truly, because the term hypersonic weapon is very closely related to maneuvering and Scramjet/ramjet tech of a missile, speed is NOT the defining term here, I believe. An Avangard can reach hypersonic speeds like Kinzhal or Nirbhay, but kinzhal or Nirbhay does NOT possess scram/ramjet propulsion and NOT has similar degree of range or maneuvers because it has to take oxidiser and fuel both hence making these more like little ballistic missiles with better maneuvering rather than a hypersonic weapon, which is a whole different league of weapons, IF get the guidance right.

[@jebise1126]

36:15 this... so why people claim hypersonic are super expensive and will stay so? makes little sense to me. sure there are some problems... but still...

[@milekragulj325]

Misters. 6 mah rocket hit by one that flying 3 mah speed. Fishing.

[@zorkatasic-ls1tv]

so, the Earths atmosphere goes to 100km. Hmmm, quite conveniant round number, unless you count in miles. Or, unless you, after that "pLandemic" nonsense started to question ALL THAT WE ONCE ACCEPTED FOR GRANTED ... My comment wasnt about your clip at all. MAybe after watching it I will write one more. :))) PS lol, nice one at 8:54 (the fork).