I 3D Printed a Transparent Combustion Engine in Resin

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#transparent #engine #3dprinting

[@tsbrownie]

1) ignition timing, each fuel has a different burn rate and that means power will be applied early, late, or on time. 2) spark plug gap varies with fuel and compression. 3) different fuels require different carb jets.

[@propanas]

As the engine should work as close to detonation as posible, spark plug should have its heat rating set acordingly. But i think its imposible on this type of engine :D.

[@Argosh]

These toy engines are really not built for this level of perfection. But you're spot on in my opinion.

[@imwacc0834]

Knock knock LOL

[@Thinginator]

I was also going to mention that the air/fuel ratio for the different fuels is probably all wrong, but you’re spot on, there is a lot involved in properly tuning an engine.

[@djwhillman]

My money is on pre-detonation it's seems the timing is too advanced.

[@dapz]

idk if you have done this in the past, but could you make a piston engine powered by the pressure generated from sublimation of dry ice? You might be able to 3d print almost all of the components

[@beeflasagna3150]

Hi dapz

[@Eduardo_Espinoza]

I've been wanting to do this for years

[@suspense_comix3237]

Sterling engine

[@dapz]

​@@suspense_comix3237 It's not a stirling engine, stirling engines use a temperature difference to expand and contract gas that is completely enclosed within the system. what im thinking is more in line with a steam engine

[@xmysef4920]

@@dapz Yes, but an engine that runs off of dry ice is still going to run on a the expansion of the co2 gas generated by a temperature difference created by the -70C of dry ice and the ambient temperature. But yes, a stirling engine’s working fluid is enclosed within the system unlike what a usual steam engine is.

[@fireballmx]

Biggest issue you have is the lack of fine tuning on the fuel injection side - all those fuels have different stoichiometric ratios for combustion as you mentioned in the video so you need to adjust the carb/jet to inject more of the methanol/nitrometh fuels (and possibly adjust the gas injection too - you could just be dealing with misfires)

[@tichifrancetich8713]

Thats just what i was thinking

[@MRmessyRoomedPerson]

And also the viscosity of the fuel changes how much flows through the carburetor for the same needle adjustment

[@07Hawkeye]

jets have nothing to do with octane. also this engine has a carb, literally all that needed to be done was adjust the air/fuel ratio, any regular sized carb has 2 adjustment screws on the sides to do this... however a carb as tiny as this one idk what it has to adjust air and fuel ratios.

[@07Hawkeye]

@@MRmessyRoomedPerson running higher octane in engines that use carbs tends to make the mixture slightly more lean. all that is needed is to adjust the fuel/air ratio with the adjustment screws on the outside of the carb. viscosity isnt an issue in a 4 stroke engine, only 2 strokes since a 2 stroke engine runs on a mixture of fuel and oil, that's when needle adjustments need to be made as well as changing jets... since it's a 4 stroke that never has oil in the fuel, you dont need to worry about viscosity. in this case, running higher octanes will result in running just slightly more lean, adjust the air and fuel screws.. hence why the only thing he noticed changing was the rpm, when you adjust the screws on the sides of any carb while the engine is running you will change the idle rpm.

[@wolfie54321]

@@07Hawkeye On carbies designed for cars, basically the carb needs to be rebuilt to run methanol or nitro because the volume flow rate required for the same air flow is so different that any screw adjusters on the carb won't get you there. No idea about the little carb on this thing though.

[@BPBomber]

An integza upload. Hell yes, exactly what I needed right now. Thanks for the smiles buddy.

[@mgoopioopi9322]

Same

[@jimmyb1451]

My guess as to why it's firing inconsistently, is that the air fuel mix is VERY rich. As is often the case with engines as small as that. If there isn't a mixture screw on the carburettor, there's not much you can do about that, aside from removing the "jet" (which will be a small tube in the centre of the carby in this case) and replace it with a new tube with a smaller hole in the end in order to lean out the A/F ratio. You can either do a lot of maths to work out how much to reduce the jet size, or you can just do it by trial and error. I'd wager that if you reduce the jet orifice by 10%, it will fire much more reliably. It will also run hotter, and may not have enough lubrication. You could try restricting the flow of fuel with a valve, that might allow you to tune it.

[@allen4335]

If the flow of air and gaz is bad it will stop right away .. the problem here is not in the mixture but in the ignition u can’t see spark .. if the mixture was bad that doesn’t explain why we dont see spark

[@jimmyb1451]

@@allen4335 You won't see the spark. All engines will run on a considerably wide A/F ratio. You can smell it when they're running rich and generally you'll see black soot from the exhaust. (in petrol engines) If the A/F ratio is too lean, you'll see engine and exhaust temps rise (dramatically, as in they will melt the cylinder head at the exhaust valve in extreme lean conditions) you'll get detonation (knock) and in the case of these small engines that use the fuel to lubricate the cylinder, they will run out of lubrication and wear the cylinder to the point of no compression within ten minutes. So no, they won't stop right away, they can run rich or lean, and if they are, it can have diabolical ramifications. If anything, because of flame front temperatures and flame propagation speeds of the three fuels in question, it explains why the high percentage nitro methanol fuel fired more reliably than the other two fuels.

[@teabagtime]

Could it also be leaky valves? perhaps some air is being pushed out during the compression cycle (either through exhaust or air inlet valve). Also I don't know much about these sorts of things, but it looks like the intake valve isn't opening very much at all on the intake stroke. Maybe adjusting the cams, or perhaps adding a shim on top of the valve so it gets pushed further?

[@jimmyb1451]

@@DjoXey I did notice that. That would be the second thing I would go after, only because it did the same thing more or less on multiple cylinders. Definite possibility though.

[@aidenwantscracker7849]

If it ran Very rich the smoke would be a darker color

[@justfivz]

Tomatoes are disgusting! Nice video. My idea is a 3D printed inverted Wankel engine, maybe a transparent one made with resin.

[@integza]

Congratulation! You just won a 3D Printer! Send me your info (Name, Address, Zip Code, Phone Number) to [e-mail].

[@justfivz]

@@integza done the email start with fole***

[@jayaramesh7544]

I also needed 3d printer

[@13_cmi]

Tomatoes are indeed disgusting. I have a ton growing but I’m still never gonna eat them.

[@derrickhardy1071]

@@integza compression is different for each fuel hence different strokes yes?

[@jacks__9229]

your engines/rocket content just keeps getting better, love the videos

[@Sentinel209]

i agree

[@tomasjosefvela1]

Distributes on cars have always had a mechanism to advance the timing when at higher RPM's . As the engine revs up the pistons move faster and the spark needs to happen earlier to catch the fuel and compression at that perfect spot that allows the fuel to ignite before the exhaust valve opens. Great video as always, thanks for sharing!

[@Integza12]

❤ ᴄᴏɴɢʀᴀᴛᴜʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴꜱ ʏᴏᴜ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʙᴇᴇɴ ꜱᴇʟᴇᴄᴛᴇᴅ ᴀᴍᴏɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ʟᴜᴄᴋʏ ᴡɪɴɴᴇʀ ꜰᴏʀ the 🤶 ɢɪᴠᴇᴀᴡᴀʏ ᴘᴀᴄᴋᴀɢᴇ ʜɪᴛ ᴜᴘ✉️ ᴛᴏ ᴄʟᴀɪᴍ ʏᴏᴜʀ ᴘʀɪᴢᴇ 🎁

[@Beltonius]

Valve and ignition timing (IE when the valves open/close and when in the stroke the spark happens) may all need to change with the different fuels. In addition, the carburetor is built assuming the required air/fuel ratio for the original fuel. Those ratios, as you pointed out, are different for any other fuel.

[@jimmyboe25]

Yeah watching stuff on PFI when Brett goes and checks out Top fuel dragsters they talked about how the sparking timing and everything else changes with the fuel

[@BuZZarDFPV]

I think it has to do with timing, by changing the octane of the fuels as you are, you change the ignition point in the cycle, you'd have to tune the timing to match the ignition time, useful for increasing compression to avoid detonation (Lower octanes self detonate under higher compression).

[@4x4BMW]

The motor has electronic ignition so unless it was a super high compression I wouldn't suspect there to be an issue with pre-ignition. Maybe double check with a micrometer the length of the cylinder maybe even sand it down a bit to gain some compression

[@4x4BMW]

Not to take away from what you said or be rude in any way but I don't suspect this four-stroke has the same type of compression that maybe a nitro 2-stroke motor would have

[@Bigggy172]

Timing as nothing to do with octane rating. Gasoline will brun at the same rate whatever the octane rating. The maximum timing that engine can take is only relavent to the engine itself and combustion chamber design. If an engine can make more power with more timing on an higher octane fuel it's simply that you havent reached the maximum of the engine yet. Let's say max timing of 36deg is acheived with 91oct, 116oct race fuel wont make more power, it will be the exact same. If you cant reach max timing we "said" octane fuel well its another storry. This as been proven on an engine dyno by Engine Master on Motortrend

[@UncleJimmema]

As others have mentioned the fuel/air ratio and ignition timing are probably a factor. The lack of a head gasket might be playing a role too, at 10:05 you can see exhaust gases poofing out of the seam which would suggest its not getting as good compression as it could.

[@bryanleal1475]

yes and also even with a head gasket it appears the melting Resin is creating a lack of Straight Deck to even get any clamping seal on. that is also an consideration to take as well

[@josephjefferson2609]

I love your content I show it to my 4 son's, and I have to say thank you because your videos has made their love of science equal to or surpass my love of science.

[@marsgizmo]

Love the see-through mini engine! Awesome project Joel! 👏

[@andresgalvez2718]

Video idea: build a transparent electric motor and put magnetic powder around the stator coils. That way we could see the operating motor and the activation of each individual coil. I'm a huge fan of 3D printing, engineering, motors and (obviously) integza!

[@samflint4749]

Thats an amazing idea!

[@ismamuller1]

Integza, all your skipping cycles troubles are related to the fuel-air mixture. Different fuels have different density, therefore if you don’t adjust the carburetor, it won’t work properly. I don’t know if you have adjust on that carb, but if not, you have to adjust some how the fuel metering jet… for metanol it should be smaller, as metanol is less dense than gas…. Modern multifuel engines today do that by adjusting the injectors opening time, thus adjusting for less or more fuel per volume of air.

[@jacobe2995]

This^

[@ismamuller1]

@@kese5593 maybe you are correct. I got it the other way arroun, nevertheless, the rationale is the same… ajust the f..ing mixture.😀😀😀👍

[@Alan_Hans__]

Jan Ridders made some great little glass cylindered motors about 8-9 years ago. Will Trudell has a real motor with a glass cylinder and Latheman's crazy machines has some glass cylinders made from syringes. Seeing the flames inside a motor is pretty insane.

[@jtrider3779]

All the alcohols you tested have a different stoichiometric ratio, which you briefly touched on. Gasoline is 14.7:1, and while I don’t know about methanol or nitromethane off the top of my head, I do know that ethanol in 9.7:1. So you need much more fuel to combust with the same energy. Where the benefit comes from with these alcohols is in high performance engines with extremely high cylinder pressures. Gasoline will burn too hot and too fast, which can cause problems such as pre ignition, and melt pistons. When you start to get into high compression ratios, advanced ignition timing, and forced induction, these alcohols have their place. They burn cooler, and slower (the slower a fuel burns, the higher the octane rating). Running pump gas under these extreme conditions will often be detrimental to a cylinder, but the alcohol fuels make it much safer to run. Edit: also, an added benefit is, alcohol burns much cleaner. If you ever disassemble an engine that’s ran on alcohol vs gasoline, you will notice that on the piston, valves, and cylinder head will have lots of carbon deposits, whereas the alcohol engine will look clean as a whistle!

[@Craftlngo]

this was also my thought. You can't simply change the fuel without tuning the whole engine cycle (compression ratio, ignition timing, air-fuel ratio, etc.) fitting to the fuel.

[@wbbigdave]

I once again recommend you look at turbo prop engines. They provide a mix of power and efficiency with smaller aircraft. It also has a really interesting design for compression and air intake

[@celifreo6586]

It would be really cool to use an arduino or similar to adjust the spark timing manually, controlled with a hall effect sensor. You could also put a capacitor in series with the spark plug for a hotter spark, see what results you get from different fuels

[@krashanb5767]

It's called Speeduino :)

[@mylittleparody2277]

Congratulations, you just reinvented the engine computer. And that would be an awesome thing to do with maybe auto tune depending on the fuel and the engine.

[@zelwinters1981]

@@mylittleparody2277 Oh man, you'd need oxygen and knock sensors then. :D

[@Not.a.bird.Person]

One hypothesis I would suggest for performance/fuel is that mix ratio is important and unless the carburetor is controlled for the specific mix ratio with the butterfly valve, you will not get adequate performance for each fuel. In this case, my favored hypothesis would be that 4 strokes may not provide an adequate mix ratio with the valve setting and the pressure to ignite properly. Another thing to consider is that different fuels will require different compression ratios to ignite adequately. Compression is a fuel dependent design variable in a 4 stroke engine but the general philosophy is more is better till you reach a weight limit for structural strength to hold the pressure in. There is however a minimum pressure for many fuels to ignite repeatably. You seem to have a major leak on the cylinder head (looking at those bubbles), I would recommend adding a gasket and see if it improves the ignition because if pressure leaks, that means you may not have enough pressure built up to ignite some fuels properly.

[@maxloftus4268]

I'd love to see a video 3D printing steam engines, the gasoline ones are really cool but I've always wanted to see the inside of a steam engine working!

[@theholyelmo5150]

He has done this

[@farmallforlife3790]

Yes he did this already

[@jeffmcdonald101]

Perhaps the different fuels are not reaching optimal stoichiometric ratios with the same carburetor settings? You could try forced intake so you can dial it in to get the most power maybe. Very cool demo engine mate. Nice work on the 3d print cylinder.

[@williamking5979]

stoichiometric is the most efficient burn of a fuel, but not for getting the most power. not that it matters much on a tiny engine for the purposes of this video, however that thing was running extremely rich, you could see fuel down the cylinder walls. so anything learner would be better.

[@dylanshandley1246]

@Blake Belladonna I don’t think stoich would be a great idea for this engine. A lot of engines (from jet engines to rocket engines, to Internal combustion engines) don’t run at a perfect stoichiometric ratio because, while it may generate the most power, its also going to generate the most heat. In ICE’s, you don’t want that because a lot of the internal parts will start to lose structural strength, and would eventually just fail at those temps. In this case, where you don’t even have the benefits of an iron/aluminium block to act like a big ol’ heat sink with coolant passages through the hottest areas, you’d just melt the resin “cylinder”, then the aluminium components, then the brass components.

[@williamking5979]

Dylan is correct. Most cars will only shoot for 13.7-1 which is stoich at idle and at a constant cruise. When accelerating they can sometimes go as low as 10.5-1 to prevent damage to the engine from heat, pre-dentonation/ pinging, etc. And in some situations newer cars will push beyond stoich to 14 or even 15-1 at a cruise to further increase fuel economy. This causes the engine to stutter slightly but is not noticeable with an automatic transmission with a torque converter as a buffer.

[@nictanium]

stoichiometricis kinda the best of all worlds. Lots of power, runs cleanish, and won’t destroy itself. Lean burns hot and can melt pistons and valves etc. rich will never burn out the engine but runs dirty and will eventually stop because of that. It is best to run stoichiometric to slightly rich. The most important thing that will effect things is that different fuels can have very drastically different stoichiometric ratios. stoichiometric Air/fuel for gas is about14.7/1.0. (14.7 grams of air with 1 gram of fuel. stoichiometric air/fuel for nitro methane is about2.1/1.0 (2.1 grams air with 1 gram of nitro methane) If it’s a carb designed to run gasoline it may be too lean for use with nitro methane. As an example if the cylinder held 14.7 grams of air it would need 1 gram of gasoline for stoichiometric combustion or approximately 7 grams of nitro methane for stoichiometric combustion. Too rich or too lean can cause no combustion and a carb designed for gas may be too lean for reliable nitro methane combustion. As the exchange is not 100% it may take 2 or 3 cycles to build up enough nitro methane to actually combust.

[@nictanium]

Most engines do try to run perfect stoichiometric ratio as consistently as is possible. It creates the most power reasonable available and runs fairly clean as well. But that’s not why they do it. They do it mostly for emissions reasons, this is especially true for automobiles. All automakers have to meet certain emission levels and as they are judged by the entire fleet of vehicles they make even going slightly over set levels by not being stoichiometric can lead to billions of dollars in fines from government. Running rich produces more hydrocarbon pollution(ever seen a diesel pickup truck “rolling coal”, running lean makes combustion hotter and leads to the formation of nitrous oxides( that causes acid rain). Various vehicle manufacturers have tried various ways of idling the engine lean to save fuel but because at idle there is less air entering the engine (less volume of combustion lowers combustion temperature) so the increase of temperature by running lean doesn’t raise the temperature to that required to create nitrous oxides. It’s only in pretty extreme conditions that engineers try to run combustion outside the best stoichiometric ratio they can achieve. Example top fuel dragsters, run as rich as you can to get most power and cooling from nitro methane without hydrolocking the engine. Another extreme example would be the Saturns F1 rocket engine. They run( lol they haven’t run a Saturn F1 rocket engine in many decades, should have said ran not run) pure fuel around the outside of the injector assembly to stop combustion from happening against the inside surface of the rocket nozzle so it doesn’t melt. Every where else on the injector assembly is set to run perfect stoichiometric ratio mostly for power but also a little for it to run clean. In short other than a few extreme examples any engineer that has to pick an air fuel ratio will pick the perfect stoichiometric air fuel ratio(at least as perfect as the technology he has available can achieve)

[@jreererer8490]

Always knew you were a very smart person, being an enginehead wasn't surprising at all

[@black_yeti]

when you change the fuel, you need to tune the carburetor. if not, the engine will run with either too much fuel or not enough depending on what fuel you're using. in the case of nitromethane you want more fuel than air.

[@joshloessb]

Yep, pretty sure that this is exactly why the "better" fuels performed worse.

[@xxhellspawnedxx]

I think I saw something: To me, it looked like some of the fuels ignited well past the cylinder starting the power stroke - It seemed to flash at the mid stroke position - which would lose you a lot of energy, as the explosion would work against the piston when it's going into its exhaust stroke. If my eyes aren't deceiving me, that's a timing issue and may be related to the missing power strokes issue. From my limited knowledge of combustion engines, I seem to remember that you need to tune the engine according to what fuel you're using to get the action to work right. So that might be worth tinkering with. For the missing power stroke issue, I think you need to do more tests. See if there's pressure escaping around the top of the cylinder, what happens if you move the ignition timing around, etc.

[@jbirdmax]

A common misconception about octane is that it makes your fuel more explosive. In actuality, they add octane to calm the volatility of petrol (gas) to help the engine run more smoothly and with less misfire ping. Also better atomization of the fuel as it leaves the carburetor will increase performance and fuel economy as it helps the engine fire more reliably.

[@ABaumstumpf]

Misfiring is a sign of either a very bad engine-design or too high compression rate for the fuel. Higher octane means it is stable under higher compression, which in turn yields higher power/efficiency.

[@badrobot4497]

A 3d printed transparent transmission would be great to see. I know most of us understand how gears work, but to see a sun gear engage and run through individual gears would be awesome 😎

[@DaimyoD0]

Well of course the next step would be to build some other miniature engines with a transparent cylinder, right? Being able to look at the differences with a two-stroke engine (like how differently lubrication works) with a transparent cylinder would be great, or a diesel engine (how it doesn't use a spark plug, etc.) Something I've always found fascinating is how different cylinder configurations have different characteristics, how they have to be timed with one another and be balanced. Like for example, every piston in an inline engine needs a counterweight, but in boxer engines, pistons are arranged to oppose each other and balance each other out. I've never seen this outside of an animation. I'd also love to see you play with moving energy storage, like using flywheels or reaction wheels.

[@texastaterbug5395]

Take a look at Warped Perception's videos

[@donot...gotovideos8271]

That would honestly be really cool

[@rmg_lb]

Not sure if resin would withstand diesel pressures for long. Then again, RUDs never stopped Integza, luckily for us :D

[@harryp1778]

I'd love to see a transparent rotary engine, it would be so cool if you could even build it from scratch!

[@Ghost812many]

Yo, check out the channel Warped Perception. He did a rotary with a clear faceplate, and some other interesting stuff.

[@stephenkeen6044]

Two possible issues: 1. Time to recharge ignition capacitors. Usually these small ignition systems are CDI, capacitor discharge ignition. They require a capacitor to charge up between discharges (sparks) and thus have a maximum frequency that they operate in, higher engine speed can result in not enough time to charge the capacitor. Switching to a two-stroke with a glowplug will improve reliability, but also generate a lot more heat. 2. Fuel / air ratio. The carburettor may not be supplying the right amount of fuel for the air for some of the fuels. You need to tune the ratio for each fuel to get close to the "stoichiometric" ideal in order to have effective combustion.

[@lukajagodic9471]

One possibility could be that force is given by speed times torque or is defined on motors. This means that the nitromethanol triggers more torque in the engine than the other fuels and therefore, conversely, has more energy.

[@jacobrzeszewski6527]

Your problem could also do with a poor ground. I’m assuming the valve pushrods are the only thing grounding the cylinder head to the base. Most engines ground to the block.

[@nitroxunit1]

That's what I noticed too when he pointed out the inconsistent firing. If the coil is grounded to the block (lower part of engine) then the spark plug isn't getting a constant grounding thru the new plastic cylinder.

[@jameslmorehead]

I was thinking the same thing!

[@susimposter123]

You should definitely make a compressed air LiquidPiston rotary engine. WarpedPerception tried one and it’s like a Wankel rotary engine but better.

[@blakedinkel7696]

It’s the compression of the engine, that’s why different engines use different fuel octane levels, for a fuel that doesn’t ignite every time you need more compression to assist the ignition process

[@the_normal_guy9308]

11:09 The air to fuel mix is off. Along with the air pressure and fuel injection. Remember. Different fuels require different air to fuel mixtures. But the engine has a "fixed" amount of air and compression. Im not an expert, feel free to correct me.

[@HaartieeTRUE]

yeah, just noticed the carburator only has a throttle valve

[@HaartieeTRUE]

for nitro fuel, i think the air-fuel mixture should be lower

[@jcoop3660]

offset piston geometry helps efficiency. Tdc is actually after the downward push area starts. helps timing as well.

[@lengaming1651]

You would get a consistent 4 stroke action if the engine had a load on it at all times. What you got the result from, was the engine idling which caused it to only fire when it needs to keep the idle rpms somewhat steady. It simply would not fire every 4 stroke because it didn't have enough fuel air mix for the current engine load. Put a propeller or a loaded permanent magnet motor on its shaft and try again with letting the engine run with each fuel for a minute. Then you would get a constant rpm as well as see each power cycle. Also note that each fuel needs a certain compression ratio to fully optimize its performance. You could make different cylinders etc for each fuel.

[@WetDoggo]

The different speeds might have to do with the mixtures igniting at different positional degrees, which can seriously harm efficiency. Also the air fuel ratio might be very off

[@DrTheRich]

exactly, car engines have a timing adjustment to advance the timing with a faster rpm

[@aaronh6776]

My theory is that it isn't evacuating all of the exhaust from the cylinder, causing an overly lean amount of fuel in the cylinder until it finally purges the cylinder of the exhaust. This is the reason why 2 stroke engines stumble until they rev up, because there's still exhaust occupying the cylinder at the lower rpms causing dead power strokes until enough intake charge pushes the exhaust out.

[@tollefreyerson6710]

I think you need to up the Jules of the spark for starters. Than look at either increasing the exhaust valve or increasing the compression. I think if you decrease the intake valve you might start to find the perfect air fuel ratio which is absolutely critical in a 4 stroke engine design. Good luck!!!

[@victorcimpean7791]

Video idea: make a small car and power it with your IC engine Love your videos!❤️

[@eoforwic2121]

I’d love to see a 2 stroke version of this video

[@XeroFucksGiven]

Hi Joel, The reason why this engine is not doing a power stroke every 4 strokes could be that it might have speed governing, specifically hit and miss where it doesn’t combust the fuel when it is running above the set speed. Just something to consider :) Kind regards Hunter

[@RI7]

And i see some fuel leaking to crankshaft from the cylinder

[@jondahl9826]

One of the issues with the engine running on alternate fuels is the jetting of the carburetor. Alcohol generally takes twice as much fuel as gasoline, so your carburetor needs to be able to flow far more fuel. The addion of nitromethane amplifies that need. In racing vehicles there are carburetors designed with huge metering jets and passages for the alcohol based fuels. Ignition timing may also be affected by the different rate of burn.

[@AzureMckay]

Theres a sweet spot between power density and burn time. So, the issue you're having is that the much more power dense fuels are burning too quickly, and not providing as much mechanical effort downwards on the piston. The slower the fuel burns, and the more consistently/powerfully, the more mechanical effort is transferred to the piston on the power stroke.

[@hossenahmed2715]

Speed isn't the only thing that an engine out puts it out puts a lot of things andwith a consistent power stroke it will have more power

[@Uselessnoobcow]

It looks like the timing of the ignition is off causing engine knock. This is where fuel ignites while the piston is on the upstroke, essentially pushing against itself. This was a huge problem for WW2 aircraft (as the more air pressure you put on the engine the higher the chance of knock but also the more power the engine produces). The allies overcame this with higher grade fuel whereas the axis used methanol water injection

[@feelincrispy7053]

Warped perception makes heaps of clear engines and Steve mould makes clear fluid dynamic demos

[@64t120r]

When you first put the clear cylinder on, we could see bubbles coming out from gaps between the cylinder and the head. Put a gasket in there. Also print your cylinder small and polish to the proper dimension. Just a thought.

[@rolltrack9234]

1) ignition timing = each fuel has a different burn rate The timing will be out ie With the above factors in play, the ignition must be timed so the spark begins the fuel burn sometime before top dead center, or BTDC in engine parlance. This is measured in degrees of rotation. Most engines set ignition timing somewhere between zero and 20 degrees before top dead center. This is called base timing. When set, the ignition system and engine are timed so the fuel in a cylinder is at its peak burn just as the piston compresses the fuel vapors into the smallest amount of space.

[@robinson4470]

I have to admit that I have been spamming the make a rocket comment and trying to win a 3d printer with it, and I know you are probably guilty too

[@christiancoding]

While I did not do that, you still have my respect. This May not be fair but i get why you did that.

[@XeroFucksGiven]

Hi Joel Hunter again, Another reason why the engine is doing only one power stroke per eight strokes could be that the Hall effect switch/sensor might not be registering some of the strokes because of how fast the engine is running. Kind regards Hunter

[@XxBanziixX1]

With the heat wave hitting the world you should try to make a jet powered desk fan to "cool" you while you are editing.

[@sharpfang]

Suspicion as to reason for lower RPM: overcompression. The mix with gasoline creates pressure significantly higher than needed to move the piston by a full stroke and actively resists the piston on the exhaust stroke. Weaker fuels create pressure low enough opening the exhaust valve releases most of the pressure before the exhaust stroke really starts, and so it doesn't present much resistance. Also not all exhaust is drained in the exhaust stroke, so next cycle very little air-fuel mix gets sucked in. Only after two exhaust cycles the cyllinder is empty enough to refill with the mix.

[@GrandpaJeffrey]

Choose a lower octane gasoline fuel: Instead of 95 use 80 or 85. Octane reduces the ability of the fuel to ignite, even though once ignited the octane enriched fuel retains the same amount of calories of energy per KG. Higher octane is for higher compression engines only, and prevents “pre-ignition”. Pre-ignition means the fuel ignites too early on the upstroke. When you used 95 my first thought, even before you started the engine, was, “how will he get enough compression with that short stroke, with a silicone o-ring for a piston ring?” . Great video! I loved it!

[@Luwi28]

Maybe during the exhaust stroke the combustion chamber doesnt get emptied properly due to the short exhaust. So there are remaing exhaust gases which prevent the ignition. Maybe a longer exhaust would help to empty the combustion chamber completely?

[@hayden3928]

"Engines tend to be made out of metal, and metal tends to be opaque." Not many understant this pain.

[@randybobandy9208]

Towards the end of the radial engine/propeller age, aircraft engines began using a power recovery turbine, which recovered some of the waste exhaust gas energy through a turbine that mechanically connected to the propshaft to add power. Pretty neat what they came up with at the absolute limit of radial engine development

[@Athiril]

Less energy in the fuel doesn’t mean less power or efficiency. For example propane has a very high octane and lower energy content, but that higher octane can withstand a lot more compression (more efficiency) and/or much higher boost from forced induction (more power). Additionally with propane you can put the tank upside down and feed from the bottom to inject liquid propane into the carb or injector. The liquid to gas phase change as it heats up and expands will drastically cool the charge, allowing even more pressures. You can increase efficiency by raising the compression ratio very high, to optimise for premium gasoline, water+methanol injection through the intake at about 10% the fuel usage rate and is said to add around 10 points on the octane scale, allowing even more pressure from either compression (thus greater efficiency) or forced induction. Then propane can take that further as a fuel, and of course you can run the injection with propane as well to optimise for an extreme. There is an engine in Mazdas that runs at 16:1 compression ratio with a supercharger and fuel ratio of like 28:1 or so etc.. very lean, they’re fuel efficient and supposedly run around 40%+ efficiency. This runs just off gasoline. Optimising that for any of the aforementioned fuels you could push that even further. And if you combine that with Atkinson cycle to reduce pumping losses it raises the efficiency further. Then there is another thing, called freevalve, basically electromagnetic valve timings or compressed air valve timings… remove the need for a camshaft reduces the rotational mass and improves efficiency further from that reduction but also allows any “cam” timing you want and can run both Otto and Atkinson cycles in different situations.

[@rafaelrosa9543]

Regarding the speed on alcohol versus the speed on gasoline, although it really stores more energy, it doesn't burn completely on the Otto cycle. The alcohol performs better because it's power density is better used, burning almost completely. Regardless, much of the fuel actually vanishes on the exhaustion cycle.

[@spacyim2910]

Actual power is measured under a load. I would like to see you make a ram thrust rocket engine with clear combustion and exhaust chambers.

[@AAaa-jc5sk]

The volatility of the fuel (how much it wants to detonate) . Gasoline is less powerful than diesel, but is easy to boom. Gasoline can ignite from a spark but diesel won’t.

[@fimishaqua4849]

When using the Nitromethane RC Car Fuel, instead of the standard spark plug, use a GLOW PLUG that is used in RC Engines which will retain the combursion and produce tons of higher trust..

[@aleatza]

Use a constant load to speeddown the motor, you should be able to see a consistent 4-stroke cycle with all 4 fuels. Is also possible that the problem is the air/fuel balance (carburation). Maybe there is not enough oxygen to properly ignite.

[@noahbliler1148]

Power of the fuel isn't just the energy produced but also the amount of expansion of gases as the fuel burns

[@eugy2008]

I love boats! How about making a boat with underwater wings with the boat and engine (any propulsion method of your choosing) all in 3D-print. The challenge: make the boat stand on its underwater wings for at least 10 seconds as it moves.

[@faroironandcustoms6577]

Integza, it takes more alcohol than gasoline to run an engine. If you notice when a lawn mower runs out of fuel and the carburetor goes lean the engine will speed up. This is why the methanol runs faster. My guess is that as small as the engine is it will not run efficiently on gasoline.

[@enricotesta3968]

The difference in speeds depends on the speed of combustion of different fuels: with a high-speed combustion fuel, the engine will run with higher rpm but probably with lower torque (low torque is due to the fact that combustion ends much before the piston reaches the bottom dead center; there will be a preak of power at the beginning of the stroke but will last for a very short time). With a low-speed of combustion fuel, there will be lower rpm but higher torque, because the resistance load will be opposed by the explosion during almost the whole stroke of the piston. Hope what i wrote is understandable😅

[@foxertttt5358]

You should have a sort of engine off where you put all the engines you’ve made against each other and have pull a banana (the best way to test an engine) and see which is the best

[@Laqota]

You could try connecting the exhaust back in to the intake to reuse unused fumes, which will improve performance.

[@beambreaker5907]

it will make it run like garbage, by adding co2/monoxide back in the cylinder it takes up room for the oxygen, making it run extremely lean.

[@armaggedon4christ]

Hey Integza car enthusiast here. We prefer ethanol and methanol for its cooling benefits. So if our car makes 500hp on gasoline, when you switch to alcohol fuels, you have to increase the fuel by 30% to achieve the same power, HOWEVER....its MUCH harder to get it to ignite, meaning you can delay ignition until much further in the compression stroke, meaning a more violent power stroke....all while cooling the temperature of your intake air AND cooling the engine itself....now if you add boost on top of these benefits, you now added compression...FURTHER enhancing the power stroke, so while you need 30% more fuel to make the same power, you can make usually 30% more power on a boosted application because of ethonals natural thermal efficiency...

[@anthonyvolkman2338]

You are in correct about the ignition timing, I would you a much powerful ignition system or alter the same spark plug's gap.

[@KorkwiN7]

You need to play with the jet to adjust the fuel, and also the spark timing. Each of those fuels will likely have different ideal fuel and timing "tuning". I bet you could get all those fuels to fire every power stroke.

[@70ruRandoMan]

Well, different fuels require different ignition timing. The reason is each fuel have it's own combustion speed. The faster it combusts, the less angle for ignition advance you need, else it will produce higher back pressure before TDC. So if you just changed fuel without tuning angle, you changed combustion process a lot. Have you ever tuned distributer by ear? Usually you shift it to earlier direction, and as soon as RPMs are start going down (too early ignition starts producing back pressure), you slightly shift it forward. That's your not perfect, but reasonable ignition timing. To make it perfect you need to check if you have detonations under load and shift forward until they disappeared. But it's not your case )

[@lukejones6922]

The reason is due to the gas expansion speed along with how well the fuel is atomized from the carburetor methanol produces more power and speed in both full injected and carburetor engines but because methanol is technically a higher power it takes more for it to combust so most people will “gap” their spark plugs to make the arc longer to help ignite more of the fuel but in order to run it reliably you need a higher compression in the engine by getting a rod that might be at most 3,000ths of an inch taller there’s a lot more to it but this is the short version

[@tavinanderson7077]

Hey Integza, you should make a video describing how a carburetor works. It would help with understanding different fuel types and help in understanding the reasons for some fuels running better than others.

[@Atomy111]

Smarter every day did a really good video about that

[@champgamer4394]

Make a movie like explosion. Big fireball and big smoke. But resin print this and make it rocket powered so it becomes a firework.

[@Wolfci]

Imagine floating a bowling ball in mid air , the Hutchison effect , you gotta try it . It’s with frequencies

[@tomking8597]

Mixture and timing are things you didn’t talk about. Basic tuning. But this is way cool. Try a diesel it could be fun to see that.

[@Omlet221]

I think your theory about the ignition timing sounds good, maybe it needs a more advanced timing.

[@djspidey7235]

Love 4 stroke engines!

[@yukiiwao5967]

Joel maybe you can explain and show how vertical take off and landing jets work?

[@madoxb9555]

The 25% nitro methane may be igniting prematurely due to the compression itself, not the spark plug. This would knock the engine out of its designed cycle and lower the speed, while giving the illusion of running smoothly. It would also lower the intake of fuel over time due to it being out of rhythm.

[@MarcStollmeyer]

You likely are running lean, or have a weak spark. Reduce the plug gap and try tuning the carb for each fuel. You could also try running a small load, as without a load its basically guaranteed to run at zero % efficiency. Maybe 3D print a small waterpump to use as a “dyno”.

[@cardre]

The air/fuel mixture ratio needs to be adjusted for different types of fuels. Our model plane engines had a small adjustment screw in the jet to vary this for the different fuels (even air temp/humidity). After starting the motor, you adjusted this to get the air fuel mixture almost (but not quite) to peak rpm. I see you just had this as wide open throttle and its best to get it to idle first, adjust, then open it full throttle and tweak. You were then good to fly. A four stroke also requires the spark plug timing to also be set correctly, but (while important) this was secondary to getting the air fuel ratio correct for maximum power.

[@sur_shrimpster]

Future video idea: make a liquid cooled rocket engine with liquid oxidizers at a very small scale. The engine can be printed from resin like most of your videos, and could maybe be attached to a model rocker with a flight computer and various sensors.

[@nfg_fpv]

Video Idea: you should try to 3d print an air powered version of the omega 1 rotary engine, its crazy just how much power it can make for its size.

[@tedshred8436]

I've been watching an enjoying a lot of your videos. This comment is more about your issues with making metal parts. Have you ever considered trying some "lost wax casting." You are able to print very precise parts out of resin that you could invest in either sand or other high resolution investiture, use your kiln to melt/ burn the resin out of the mold then pour hot liquid metal into the mold. Its a very old technique, but can produce some great results and you would probable enjoy it! It's also not very expensive. It would be a great way to get metal parts from your 3D printing capabilities.

[@Zzzlaldkfjrowpq]

Can't wait to start seeing 3d printed turbine engines on here

[@timparker7086]

Revisit the clear cylinder engine but print a TPU head gasket. Nitro-methane requires a higher compression ratio similar to a Diesel engine in order for it to burn efficiently.

[@tk5782]

How about exploring different types of propellor and their efficiency? for example a model aircraft brushless motor with prop, an EDF and could you 3d print a high torque motor so the impellor is driven from the circumference instead of the centre, so see if the additional air flow improved efficiency?

[@tylermaguire616]

So you need to check the Air fuel mixture and ignition timing remember that naturally aspirated engines also can suffer from pre ignition which is why we use methanol and ethanol for the reduced ignition propensity running on different fuels means having to vary AFR and ignition timing accordingly However this was a valuable test ad I have not seen the result of running without compensating for these fuel differences

[@peervanleeuwen9830]

Maybe just make a pizzaoven with the engine and use the momentum from the engine to power a fan or something and the heat of the engine to warm the oven up

[@900brandonf]

Try and reduce your spark plugs gap. A larger gap will tend to make a "faster spark" and slow burning fuels take longer to ignite so reducing your gap will increase the spark duration. This is done in cars running E85.

[@Ayelis]

If I was the kind of person to make complete conjecture based on very slim evidence, which I absolutely am, I would suggest that the 'engine' is perhaps underperforming due to speed fluctuation in the four stroke cycle, which you get since it is only a single cylinder engine (as compared with 4+ cylinders which, in firing more regularly, would create a more uniform speed throughout the cycle). With more cylinders, I also believe each cylinder becomes more fuel efficient.

[@АлексейКастевич]

Nitromethane burns slowly, that's why you see that flames coming off the exaust when top fuel dragsters launch.

[@benjaminsteakley]

I mean the air injected valve floated engine that just came out is pretty nice

[@ermakers1297]

Minor recommendation would be to use electric ignitors from model rockets to set off your balloons. Not as flashy as using the torch but you get to keep your hair...

[@douglasryker9711]

My guess for the difference in running would have to be the tune of the carburetor like you said in the video with the nitromethane it can combust more gas because of the mixture amount but it was still running on the original tune. And another thing could be internal balancing issues since there is more power pushing out with the higher power fuels it could be making issues causing parasitic loss to correct the momentum on the piston. As well as i believe loss of compression and cylinder temperature is causing to run out of cycle. Most carbureted engines need warmed up to tempuratures to make the metal expand evenly and increase the compression together correctly to get the correct mix due to the plastic cylinder the thermal expansion might be acting wierd. Maybe adding a couple piston rings made of the same material as the cylinder and some kind of head gasket to contain that extra pressure would help with that! Those would be my guesses for the issues

[@statusvip8418]

I don’t know where you got that shirt man but I absolutely love it from the sponsor you and also passed you lol