I'M BUILDING A (not so tiny) TINY HOUSE! // Part 1: Permits & Site Prep

[@craftedworkshop]

Catch up on the entire (Not So Tiny) House Build Series here : kzbin.info/aero/PLlG1IdP-XNnmVsgBODfKbtPu-LFi6F7bB 📹 SUBSCRIBE : goo.gl/V5gcNJ Purchase (Not So Tiny) Tiny House Building Plans : bit.ly/notsotiny

[@ScottWalshWoodworking]

This is great! Thanks Johnny!

[@dukelamode1993]

seths leg has magically healed

[@paintjunctionpanipat4291]

Good 👍👍

[@maximusmagni1]

I know this is the most important part of the process, but I would much rather watch the actual build. There is a reason that TV shows about lawyers always just show the courtrooms instead of them writing legal briefs, even though they actually spend 95% of their time writing those documents.

[@timothyschumann]

My main takeaway from this video is 'Never buy property where you're subject to an HOA.'

[@gtratnik]

As an architect it hurts so much that the HOA absolutely thwarted such a cool design for the generic proposal. No one should have that much say about the aesthetics of what you choose to build in you're backyard. Spatially the building looked incredible, and the clear construction language brought out by the design was very appealing. Shame it was scrapped. Looking forward to the series.

[@craftedworkshop]

My thoughts exactly.

[@gtratnik]

@@shiningstar5540 You bring up a fair point, there can be a benefit to HOAs with respect to making sure people's properties are maintained and development does not over-run the neighbourhood with oversized houses. I also understand that many enjoy a pristine and consistent colonial aesthetic throughout the neighbourhood. However I think there's space for an eclectic mix of styles in the neighbourhood. What some might consider weird, I think is what makes a neighbourhood interesting. Modern styles juxtaposed against traditional ones can be seen as an illustration of the growth and development of the neighborhood, as well as lending the neighbourhood its character, generating points of interest and limiting the "cookie cutter" aesthtic with diverse design languages. Criticisms of overall aesthtics limited to "to modern" as described in the video are subjective and vague, stifling creativity and individuality. They should really be read as "we dont like your style, therefore we won't let you build that because we said so." I feel what Johnny proposed what extremely reasonable given the context. It was not a white, modernist, clinical box smack in the middle of the front yard, but a contemporary form using traditional materials nestled in the trees to the rear. It speaks for itself while respecting the context within which it sits. The project had the potential to speak to the new owners and their tastes, where their requirement for additional vegetation could have been a good compromise, but the project was thwarted because people with no stake in the property itself are allowed to have an opinion on how it looks. The HOAs opinion beyond quantifiable restrictions of height and size should be limited, especially since the building is in the backyard, generating little to no street views (as best as I can tell ). I understand the HOA has final say regardless of what I preach from my soapbox, however I gotta say the power of the HOA in this context is a step to far.

[@daylen577]

HOAs are such a scam. As a European it makes no sense why any organization would have so much say in what you can and can't do. Here the municipal government would have some say in what you can build, but if it's in your backyard they can't say anything about how it looks (just height and surface area) if it meets the criteria to be a building (which this would). They can also say that you can't paint your house pink, but that only applies to anything on the street side. I've never read any situations where a HOA was good for the people living there, either. Just always ends up in a bunch of hassle nobody needs.

[@preluded]

@@shiningstar5540 I think the best looking neighborhoods are ones that are not homogenous and have a variety of architectural styles. I hope so the layers of multiple decades of building so looks sort of more lived in.... My neighborhood is everything from 1910 bungalows to extremely modern concrete buildings and they fit in and look great.

[@greg5494]

HOA’s are honestly so stupid. I’ve never ever had a good experience with one

[@SethsBikeHacks]

When you told me about this plan I never thought you would get through the HOA approval. Nicely done!

[@McFlysGarage]

Must be one of those decent HOAs or it looks like he may be in a neighborhood without it Nope nvm. HOA still sucks. Great designer pretty much made a shed..... Also permitting BS can stuff it

[@Sryously]

​@@McFlysGarage Didn't have to scroll down far to read exactly what I was thinking. From a modern design plan in the beginning, to getting torn to shreds over and over again by HOA till all that's left is basically just a shed.

[@gaberomero1740]

Hmmm, seems like something that would be perfect for Alex

[@brandensandler3494]

this is awsome

[@aprilgabrielrodriguez7158]

You never know til you try Seth 😉 hope you're feeling better

[@lifeanywhere]

“If it pleases the king, may I please add a structure to my own property by myself?” Lol

[@blawler]

crazy right?

[@hanwinogrond6397]

Enjoying this series. Just wanted to mention you can absolutely film in the permitting office. Those are public employees serving the public, filming them is not only legal but guaranteed by the first amendment. Having said that, these are little autocracies and inspectors have a lot of discretion in their inspections. If they did not appreciate being filmed it might make it harder to get through the permitting process. On the other hand it might make it easier b.c. they will 100% feel like they have to have a code reference for anything they don't approve since there are 189,000 people watching them.

[@Thejakegee]

Such a runaround racket. Love the roadblocks they set up and wonder why people don’t want to live in said counties. Keep it up.

[@dannyeugenewaits9486]

Another reason living in eastern Montana is great! buy,build and enjoy!

[@bs838]

As someone who also has to deal with an HOA, I feel your pain. Props to you for sticking with it and not giving up.

[@craftedworkshop]

Thanks! And yup, I wanted to do this project no matter what and we'll still end up with a nice building, especially on the inside where I can make it as modern as I want 😁

[@magicalfruitstudios4162]

I love how you calmly talk about all the sorry permits and stuff you have to deal with. I would be having a fit, having to pay other people to build stuff on my land, that they don't own.

[@MyFatherLoves]

After you mentioned Kazebee, I stalked his website and I'm in love. My heart is just broken... haha beautiful beautiful beautiful designs.

[@craftedworkshop]

He's so good!

[@ericw9655]

Great start, but crushing that the HOA turned a gorgeous structure into a mobile home. So sad. Loved that original design.

[@zimmejoc]

I didn't want to say the words' mobile home" or "trailer" in my comment, but agreed good sir. Stunning to simple with the stroke of a pen.

[@chaseweeks2708]

And that, good Sir, is why I will never purchase a house in a HOA neighborhood.

[@milkboi2386]

HOAs are basically where Karen's go to die of old age.

[@marcosmanuelvillarreal8823]

@Bilbo Faggins And somehow still aggressively American

[@AlainPilon]

What does HOA mean?

[@chaseweeks2708]

@@AlainPilon Home Owner's Association. The organization that attracts specifically the people that ruin them.

[@AlainPilon]

@@chaseweeks2708 Oh right, I see! I agree that often it attracts people who have an ego/power trip

[@baltimoreace]

Seems like you have learned a lesson about HOA’s. Good luck with everything. I’ll be watching this series for sure.

[@craftedworkshop]

Our neighborhood is awesome enough to make dealing with them worth it, but it was definitely a PITA. Thanks!

[@FHL-Devils]

@@craftedworkshop - What are the repercussions if you just go ahead with the original design? If it is physically your land, and the structure complies with municipal/state regulations - what actual LEGAL power do they have? Other than what they assign themselves, of course. Is compliance with an HOA actually legally binding (within common sense limits of course - for example, a 16' cap on additional structures to maintain visual lines makes sense. The siding you are allowed to use does not). This isn't a historically preserved neighborhood - I'm just really curious what they could actually do about it.

[@ZeoCyberG]

@@FHL-Devils Understand, when homeowners join a HOA community, they sign a contract that obligates them to follow all the stipulations. So violations of the contract gives them ground to issue fines... Revoke any benefits like access to common areas, such as the swimming pool or fitness center, etc... Take direct action against the property owner. For example, removing an unapproved fence... Suit the homeowner should they continue to disregard their violation notices. This could be in small claims court to avoid high legal fees or by more severe methods if the violation is especially significant... Charge the homeowner for any additional costs (on top of the original fine) association with the violation or actions taken by the board-such as those generated by removing the fence or fees for taking legal action... Place a lien on the homeowner’s property until all debts to the association are paid... That last one can be especially nasty as some really corrupt HOA's won't even tell you that you've been fined, let it accrue for years and you'll only find out when you try to sell the home and then have to pay off a possibly massive bill before you'll be allowed to sell the home... There was a case a few years ago where a guy put up a wind turbine to make his home more green and reduce his energy carbon footprint but the HOA took him to court to remove it... Made worse by the fact removing it would damage the foundation to his house and add further cost to him to fix and he was basically threatened with jail time if he refused the court order to comply... So they can do quite a bit... Never sign anything without reading the fine print, preferably with a lawyer at hand to translate the legalese and inform you of what rights you would be giving up and what you would be obligated to do... Like maintain the appearance of the home under penalty of fines, late fees for HOA dues, etc.

[@FHL-Devils]

@@ZeoCyberG ... sounds like getting involved in one of these will turn into a pile of shit... Unless your only intent is to buy a place, grow old, and die. Thank you for your extensive efforts in explaining the issue. What sort of legal counter-claim could be mounted, if the HOA were to either attempt to exceed their authority, or block a structure out of spite, such as by 'moving the goalposts'?

[@ZeoCyberG]

@@FHL-Devils Depends on the contract you sign, it's legally binding... But the HOA is also bound by the law... www.realtor.com/advice/buy/things-your-hoa-cant-do/

[@naterapp7881]

As a an architect and an (aspiring) woodworker, it's a killer that the HOA has that much control over your property. I'd like to see the design qualifications of the people that sit on the board. The first design was very clean and would have fit very well within the context your site. Well, at least you got through the process and I'm sure you'll find the details that make this version special, too. Good luck, and I look forward to the series!

[@増殖するG-f6n]

rejecting the design because that is too modern is the dumbest reason i hear for rejecting somebody design HOA SUCKS

[@AppalachianLife]

That's why you read HOA bylaws before you buy.

[@paulschreiber]

100X this

[@McFlysGarage]

Most HOAs will want any external building to match exiting structures.

[@easyco99]

HOA's are complete bullshit. why would anyone allow someone else dictate what you can or can't do with your own property? Crazy.

[@jabrwok]

@@easyco99 Property values. If you live in a community, your decisions will affect your neighbors and their property. Annoying, but understandable. No man is an island.

[@adamwaldroup]

as an engineer who works in Buncombe County...... I greatly feel your pain when dealing with the permitting agencies. I am excited to watch the build.

[@Bu5t3R]

Super excited to see this series progress. Love the idea of a tiny house for a guest house or air bnb... definitely don’t want to live in an area with a HOA after seeing this. I mean as an agent I knew this but had no idea what a pain they can be first hand.

[@craftedworkshop]

Thanks! If this build goes well, some kind of AirBNB specific build might be in my future. We'll see!

[@dillonbarclay8373]

Ten years of KZbin and this is the first subscribe I've turned "the bell" on for. I enjoyed this episode!

[@somethingoutdoors1412]

This is why I live in an unzoned area. I can build sheds, small cabins if I do choose. Without permits. The process you have gone through is crazy. Not only that... The starting design leading to the final design was so crazy. It was like trying to finance a Mercedes only to be able to finance a Honda Civic.

[@AnonEMuss-gw8fm]

Those wood chippers have many uses. In particular, they are very effective at clearing HOA roadblocks. Feed the review board chairman into the chipper, and just like magic, the rest of the board will immediately approve your project! 🤣

[@colby78hurley]

You remained WAY more calm through that design/hoa/permit process than I ever would have! Well done! 😂

[@netposerx]

So... from a rad contemporary design to a shed. Thanks HOA.

[@dubioushumor9243]

Video should be titled “let me show you how terrible HOA’s are”

[@legoman8960]

lol

[@harryl7946]

HOA’s will be the death of America. I’m just about convinced of this. They are for do-nothing people that hate do-people. I am a “do-people”. They hate me. 🤣 There’s an app for that, I hope! 😳

[@Re5ist_ance]

Exactly :)

[@Jayhadd21]

For real!!! if you’re able to afford a home, no one else should be able to tell you what you can do in said home or on said property.

[@AaaAaa-ek2kl]

Л

[@NicTaylorWoodworking]

Thanks for showing the permitting process. I think that’s the scariest part for most of us builders. Stoked for pt 2!

[@seanj-ski1352]

This is pure gold. Glad you thoroughly explained the approvals process. Real life!

[@Blfisher82]

Right on! The RC Jeep at the end brought a huge smile to my face!

[@johntherat339]

Johnny, I'm excited about this video series. It's really sad to see that the HOA neutered the original design. The first design was GREAT! Look forward to watching the rest.

[@ThoenWorks]

Should be a great series.. first lesson.. NEVER live in a place where there is an HOA.

[@jethromaris624]

I live in and around old Victorian buildings that are in old industrial Lancashire. The listings on our buildings meant we got told off when we had new Windows put in, we got told off because the frames where 15mm thinner than the old ones. It's a bastard!

[@blaatzak]

Yeah. They might start out well intentioned. But most devolve into busybody behaviour like with crafted's situation.

[@jethromaris624]

@@blaatzak totally. We had to fight for new Windows to have double glazing and to get them in a different type of wood, because instead of costing like 150 a window the way they wanted us to get them would have cost us 300-400 a window. Complete jobsworth

[@gurban333]

biggest scams and money grabs. so corrupt

[@mrrail99]

I lived in an HOA that was pretty cool. The biggest problem was people buying in a place with an HOA before they did their homework. I read EVERY rule and regulation prior to making an offer on the house. I found no rules or regulations that I was opposed to conforming to and so I made the offer and got the house. I followed all the guidelines and never had a project rejected. It's an HOA, you can't do anything you want if that doesn't agree with your sensibilities don't buy the house, but don't try to change the HOA because you made a bad choice to buy there. Now I totally understand that there are situations where maybe you ended up with an HOA property because of an unforeseen circumstance like the death of a relative, that can be a pain since you had no part of the process of buying that place. All that being said...I'll never live in an HOA again!!! Lol!

[@provynce]

(HOA's aside, we seem to agree on that) I'm just so excited and grateful to see a documented house start to finish. I'm starting my own home and seeing people like you doing this is inspiring during the hurdles~

[@craftedworkshop]

Thanks! That's my goal with this series, to provide details on the whole process start to finish. It was super overwhelming figuring this stuff out on my own and I'm hoping to help people trying to do the same thing.

[@provynce]

@@craftedworkshop your hardships won’t go to waste, i promise 💪🙏

[@aaronalquiza9680]

damn, the design drastically got downgraded because of bylaws...

[@red12287]

I know it!! So sad.

[@ericw9655]

Went from gorgeous modern guest house to a mobile home. So sad.

[@McFlysGarage]

@@ericw9655 Sweet shed

[@JDDupuy]

It got downgraded by people telling you what you can or cannot have. This is not America. Yes it would of been a great design but got downgraded to a plain jane box!

[@aaronalquiza9680]

@@JDDupuy would have*

[@SpencleyDesignCo]

DUDE THIS IS GONNA BE SO SICK!

[@rdg3288]

Really appreciate all of the detail. So many steps that aren't always clearly laid out when trying to plan these big projects.

[@Sfyre]

Man Johnny, you have some serious patience. Though I'm sure there was some expletives said off screen, you pushed through and got it done. Color me impressed!

[@WorldWideWillem-360]

he should not have "got it done", he should have moved out of an HOA .... WRONG decision

[@ChristophePlat]

As a European, I'm amazed when you say your huge house is barely enough for the 4 of you and your guests, when a typical apartment for a family of 4 would be the size of your "tiny house" :D I'm looking forward to watching the rest of the series, that looks super exciting!

[@mikef2504]

Great Video love that you included the paperwork and costs behind the build. Very helpful for those looking to do this in future as well.

[@donedworthy1021]

Enjoyed your first video. Found you through Perkins Brothers Builders. As a remodeler I have delt with HOA's on many occasions and must say they are a royal PITA. Hence I am another that would never live in a HOA controlled development. With that aside, looking forward to the rest of your build series.

[@tonxmodern4436]

They don’t approve the design because it’s too modern?! That design looked so slick!

[@sismikkk]

That's really infuriating to me honestly. Square footage and height, I get it. But the general style of a building that is not visible from the street ? wtf.

[@JR0405]

Time to run for HOA President

[@boothbusadventures6689]

I was wondering where you had been. Can’t wait to see the whole series.

[@JonnyDIY]

Gotta love HOAs 🤦‍♂️ Nice job Johnny. Will check out the series 🤙🏼

[@sjscreations2608]

Cool R.C car, and thanks for the in-depth info about the paperwork required etc...! Cheers, Sean

[@elragone4892]

Oh man... I really would love a Netflix-style, drop-the-seson-all-at-once release! I love these types of builds!

[@JKephartRE]

Great stuff. Sorry the initial design was rejected. Look forward to the series. As a fellow North Carolinian love your channel and builds. Would love to check out your shop one day. Cheers!

[@MemphisMechanic]

Man I love that all the permitting was covered after the fact efficiently, rarher than haviijg two videos in the series being full of it as it happened. Like most of youtube! This is why we sign up with that subscribe button.

[@mreggbird]

Just came here from your blog... As an arborist and guy who likes to design tiny houses for fun (and hopefully build one some day) I gotta say, this was an exciting video :p

[@NicholasDraughn]

Awesome video man! About to start the same process only 3 hours away from you, so the video was super helpful!

[@T.E.P.]

glad to follow you and thank you Perkins guys for letting us know ... rang the bell

[@bicross87]

Hahaha, Am-i the only that got excited when I saw Seth and Alex in the video ? :D That's because of your channel that i discover Seth's and Alex's ones, and went back into MTB ! Thanks for that :)

[@CovenGraphics]

just came from a Perkins brothers Instagram post, i subbed as i have an interest in construction pages. I'm going to enjoy this i think ;)

[@craftedworkshop]

Awesome! Thank you!

[@fintan3563]

I am happy you finally got approved. This is a real lesson in permitting and HOA. Personally I like the less modern more matching final plan, but I am more traditional in architecture. Either will/would be beautiful! 🎄🎄🎄

[@MrGrant440]

WOWm, what a process.. thanks for sharing. Excited to watch all of this unfold!!

[@MustardMade]

Man I gotta say, your videos are just masterfully edited. Project looks amazing. I just started my tiny house build on wheels, 330 sq ft. Excited to see the Perkins crew get in the mix!

[@b5thomas7]

Great video. Also highly recommend Seth's Bike Hacks - I was pretty confused when he showed up in the video.

[@40Figs]

So bummed the original design was denied! That looked gorgeous! Loved the modern roof style and clean, simple lines. Too bad! But I'm sure it's still going to look great!

[@jasoncoleman2940]

Thanks for sharing what can be one of the must frustrating and confusing part of dealing with any construction project.

[@derekjarman1638]

Sweet TRX 4! Oh and the house build is cool too!

[@brianscott9749]

I'm so sorry man, your designs were absolutely beautiful!! HOA's... suck. All of them.

[@EPortillo5000]

In my country you will never have a restriction about the architectural design, the issue here is that you must plant 10 trees for each one you cut and has to be in a lot that you legally own.

[@joshuac1364]

I had no idea you personally knew Seth with Berm Peak. I’ve been getting into mountain biking lately and stumbled upon his content. So cool!!

[@dopandasreadbooks6039]

"Tree Fellers" now that is a name.

[@craftedworkshop]

Pretty clever, huh?

[@zimmejoc]

It's as good as "Lawn & Order Landscaping"

[@corywadedavis]

The company is called Smart Fellers

[@mamashecrazy7423]

This is awesome. Love these type of build videos. Congratulations on your second pup!

[@bluecruiser3790]

Coooooooool!!! I'm pumped for this series!!

[@tammyfinch6735]

I will watch this entire build because you said 'girder' and not 'girts'. I don't know when or where that came from but, it shouldn't have done either. Love your work!

[@hazembata]

Really enjoyed this. Original plans looked really nice, although the final plan looks nice too.

[@S133S]

Super cool series! Got very pumped when you finally got your permit. Sucks you didn't get the approval for the initial design which was gorgeous. Can't wait to see the rest.

[@craftedworkshop]

Thanks, it was definitely an exciting moment!

[@lorenrickey5481]

Really enjoying this series. All the details are enlightening. Keep it up!

[@nhs70ham]

Keep it up!!! This was nerve racking and exciting.

[@SchysCraftCo.]

Awesome idea Johnny great videos can’t wait to see ur videos. Keep up the great craftsmanship and hard work

[@bigscreenbird8198]

Love the series! BTW, I hate any HOA and refuse to ever live in one. My land, my things.

[@joelhoeksema]

Excited about this series!

[@rickmartinez8383]

Love the video and can't wait for next week. I am at the beginning of a dyi remodel with a few small structural changes to my home and about to submit for permits. This video was right on time as I needed confirmation on a few things and it appears you will provide a lot of them along this process. Thanks, man!!

[@matthewscottdraper]

After going through the ordeal of building our own house I feel your pain on dealing with so much of that. Can't wait to see what all is in store for the next episode!

[@kucherajosh]

Stoked for this series!

[@pdpablo34]

And the New Belgium Brewery was built by Adolfson and Peterson's office in Denver, Colorado. New Belgium wanted to work with a local GC rather than one across the country. I know this because I was working for A&P at the time the project was starting.

[@njcamocutie7085]

Crazy question, i just bought land 1/2 acre , I want to slowly build and DIY, (yes i can do this) my question is when starting out after you prep the land do you start building the foundation or do you put well, electric etc first.

[@KellyJelly9976]

When I heard the word permits I winced. I was glad to see you didn't have to wait as long as Modustrial Maker.

[@jeremiejey3130]

I am feeling that this is gonna really cool

[@mtbpilipinas4923]

whaaaat??? im a mountain biker and a DIYer. I'm Seth's and Perkin's brothers subscriber. What a connection. I'm your subscriber now. And BTW, I'm an architect as well.

[@craftedworkshop]

Hah, small world! Thanks for subscribing!

[@winkinggerbil]

In the UK: you can build any structure in any style within your garden without planning permission if under 2 metres and takes up only 50% (or less) of garden area.

[@jonomoth2581]

Mostly correct but it is actually it's a maximum eaves height of 2.5 metres (8 feet) and maximum overall height of four metres (13½ feet) with a dual pitched roof or three metres (10 feet) for any other roof. I'm not sure what that means I just googled it because I knew it was more than 2m

[@TheMontwoodMakerCompany]

Ah! The endless joys of permits and "sign offs" and bureaucratic mumbo jumbo! Very informative stuff, great video! I hope to conquer a similar feat some day.

[@erickstiner1668]

Please keep them coming....Great video....

[@Mythix2]

we're little cramped for space pans to a giant house lol

[@mauriciomdea]

THIS!

[@debybrooke157]

Whoo whoo! So excited!

[@craftedworkshop]

😁

[@guillermofeliu667]

nice series!!! i will watch it for sure! already wanting to see the next video!

[@gkkent]

Awesome!! Looking forward to this series!!

[@Fixthisbuildthat]

This is going to be a killer series, dude! Hope I can make it out for some of the interior work...or maybe I'll just let you finish and try out that decanter when it's done 😜

[@quintenelijah6586]

Yeah i always didn’t like the idea of an HOA but you just completely murdered it for me

[@juanlopez8937]

This is going to be an amazing series!! Looking forward to the rest!!

[@Smedleydog1]

The RC rock crawling was so cool.

[@craftedworkshop]

Gotta love RC!

[@andyheilmann1656]

I am 10/10 excited for this. Unfortunately my dream of building a guest house is way in the future.

[@craftedworkshop]

This can be perfect for researching your projecT!

[@KevBotWorkshop]

why I never want to live an HOA, I dont want anyone telling me how I want MY house to look

[@kevinf3641]

Enjoy the process

[@JDDupuy]

I hate HOAs and glad I never moved into one. I like my space and no neighbors. Great job on getting to the point where you are today. It had to be a bunch of work to get to even starting to build. Congrats!

[@TheducksOrg]

America: Freedom! . . Also America: HOAs to stop you from doing whatever you want in your own property

[@CalebMichaelMartin]

Man seeing the aerials and your house really through me off I had no idea you lived so close, I ride my bike through your neighborhood all the time and ride the gravel roads. I also happen to be a professional structural engineer and could have hooked you up on the foundation design.

[@charsarsis]

Yeah, HOA's suck if you want to actually use your land as something other than eye candy :/ Congratulations on your son though, and I can't wait to see the rest of the series! It's really educational

[@craftedworkshop]

Thanks!

[@stRemyMartin]

I would have asked for the Mulch from the trees, great for making trails

[@mwils51]

I sold my home in an HOA years ago and moved rural where I own everything around me and need no permits.

[@pech0rin989]

Here from Perkins, looking forward to this 👍

[@craftedworkshop]

Welcome aboard!

[@pech0rin989]

@@craftedworkshop thank you, looking forward to it! Already envious of how much land you have, would cost millions for that here in the UK

[@lifewithus42]

Great video and editing. Red tape is the most stressful phase of these projects.