Growing "Mini-Brains" in a Lab: Human Brain Organoids

Introduction to human cerebral organoids, also known as brain organoids or "mini-brains". What are they?
Note: The first line of this video was removed, "Scientists are growing tiny brains", because it may be misleading. Organoids are not real brains, "tiny" or otherwise. The term "mini-brain" has been criticized for implying human characteristics. This channel strives for objectivity, clarity, and accuracy much of the time, so difficult editorial decisions must be made.
Support the channel: / ihmcurious
Twitter: / ihmcurious
Chapters:
0:00 Intro
0:43 Growing Organoids
2:57 Minibrains in Science & Medicine
4:46 Giving Minibrains Psychedelics
5:26 Minibrains With Eyes
6:30 Can Minibrains Feel?
7:22 Looking For Consciousness
9:03 The Future of Minibrain Research
10:47 Human Minibrains Grafted Onto Mice
12:10 What's Next?
Music
Destiny Day by Kevin MacLeod
creativecommons.org/licenses/...
incompetech.com/music/royalty-...
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Academic Articles
Velasco et al., 2019, Nature: Individual brain organoids reproducibly form cell diversity of the human cerebral cortex www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Linkous & Fine, 2020, STAR Protocols: Generating Patient-Derived Gliomas within Cerebral Organoids www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Linkous et al., 2019, Cell Reports: Modeling Patient-Derived Glioblastoma with Cerebral Organoids doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019...
Farahany et al., 2018, Nature: The ethics of experimenting with human brain tissue
law.stanford.edu/wp-content/u...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Di Lullo & Kriegstein, 2017, Nature Reviews Neuroscience: The use of brain organoids to investigate neural development and disease www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Aguilera-Castrejon et al., 2021, Nature: Ex utero mouse embryogenesis from pre-gastrulation to late organogenesis www.nature.com/articles/s4158...
Gabriel et al., 2021, Cell Stem Cell: Human brain organoids assemble functionally integrated bilateral optic vesicles www.biorxiv.org/content/10.11...
Trujillo et al., 2019, Cell Stem Cell: Complex Oscillatory Waves Emerging from Cortical Organoids Model Early Human Brain Network Development doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2019.0...
Cho et al., 2021, Nature Communications: Microfluidic device with brain extracellular matrix promotes structural and functional maturation of human brain organoids www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Lancaster & Knoblich, 2014, Nature Protocols: Generation of Cerebral Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Clevers, 2016, Cell: Modeling Development and Disease with Organoids doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.0...
van der Valk et al., 2021, Cell Death & Differentiation: Building inner ears: recent advances and future challenges for in vitro organoid systems www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Lancaster et al., 2013, Nature: Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Quadrato et al., 2017, Nature: Cell diversity and network dynamics in photosensitive human brain organoids www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Armin & Pasca, 2018, Neuron: Building Models of Brain Disorders with Three-Dimensional Organoids doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018...
Qian et al., 2018, Nature Protocols: Generation of human brain region-specific organoids using a miniaturized spinning bioreactor www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Dong et al., 2020, Molecular Psychiatry: Human cerebral organoids establish subcortical projections in the mouse brain after transplantation www.nature.com/articles/s4138...
Samarasinghe et al., 2021, Nature Neuroscience: Identification of neural oscillations and epileptiform changes in human brain organoids www.biorxiv.org/content/10.11...
Nature Biotechnology, 2021: Green funds for lab-made breast milk www.nature.com/articles/s4158...
Most other papers can be found for free on PubMed using the citations in the video. For further information, I can be reached at [e-mail]
Other
NASA grows organoids in space: www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/st...

[@ghostagent3552]

watching this video is like watching the beginning of a scifi movie and will be followed by some conscious tumors invasion

[@ihmcurious]

lol sounds kinda cute

[@ghostagent3552]

@@ihmcurious is it really cute if it's more like the THING or something along the lines of flesh monsters from Gemini Home Entertainment?

[@ihmcurious]

I was picturing little meatwads from aqua teen hunger force. Maybe the alternatives aren't so cute...

[@dogchaser520]

Thanks for taking the time to break down the research for non-specialists. This stuff is pretty challenging to synthesize all together. Really enjoying what you've put out so far.

[@Ossian-dr1vr]

Wait I just checked and somehow you only have 1650 subscriber!? I thought this channel for sure had AT LEAST 500 000 because of the cheer video quality and interesting subject. Why youtube doesn't recommend this to more people really is beyond me. Good luck man and keep it up!

[@andrewthorpe3377]

He's at 6.27k now. The channel only has 7 videos. I'm sure it will continue growing as he makes more.

[@acsilver2777]

@@andrewthorpe3377 6.4 now looks like the algorithm is doing its job for once. So glad I found this channel

[@deweytann]

8.9k now it's growing like a Organoid!

[@Anaesify]

I just stumbled upon you as a creator and you are DELIGHTFUL! I love your deadpan joke delivery and the facts and info in your vids are top notch

[@andreas7812]

This is very interesting and your videos holds very good quality. I hope this channel will grow because it deserves it. 😀

[@byebisontv]

I agree!

[@Quazex]

I'm usually more into cybernetics but this stuff is cool as hell. Awesome that we're able to do this.

[@subspanner]

@Invisibility Lock That's what I thought, along with the possibility to replace parts of our brain or even advance them.

[@tehdawson]

@@Invisibilitylock I think it will be in our lifetimes.

[@kaorudragneel8498]

That's terrifying I love it but has some place for good

[@Gounesh]

How come this videos not discovered?! This is awesome!

[@just1it1moko]

Imagine a future where you could just get a new organ transplant. Either growing them or replacing them with synthetic organs I'm 100% convinced it'll become commonplace in my lifetime. I know temporary organs exist right now a friend of mine lived 2 months with a synthetic heart which was the size of a small cupboard next to his hospital bed. And some things like heartvalves are already being made in labs to replace those that show dysfunction. Just imagine. you start getting older your organs start to get worse and worse and you just get a new one in increasing your life expectancy by years! at that point I think the brain is gonna be the toughest nut to crack and I don't see us being able to heal/replace them partially or fully. Also that would just create the philosophical debate of the "brain of Theseus".

[@INHIAF]

Damn this editing next level🔥🔥

[@adram3lech]

Hey man happy to find your channel! Can't believe I've never heard of any of this

[@KickCaesar]

man, I'm happy I got this channel recommended this is the type of research I like!!

[@proxicat123]

This channel is the perfect mixture of humour and science bro, love it

[@ryansmith4213]

Great video! I hope all these recent comments means you caught the algorithm, because this is really entertaining and informative!

[@BettersonMcgee]

Glad i found this channel! Exactly the kind of stuff i love! You present the info very well without compromising on the information. Love it!

[@llammapajama4824]

Cool videos. Glad I got recommended them. Definitely subbed

[@vaneplane]

I love how your videos are funny and easy to understand, keep up the great work!

[@CanineWolf]

Wow, very good quality content!!!

[@ekeredtv]

Your deadpan humour is really well delivered.

[@sexymeal2427]

This channel goes over such dope studies

[@RobotischeHilfe]

U got my sub, great channel very Interesting and very entertaining easy to understand. Please keep that quality

[@oxlip]

This channel is so good bro you deserve way more subscribers than you have

[@dogwithsocks]

KZbin did something right this time. I’ve always wondered about this topic. You got me dude!

[@amitvashishtha8713]

Every line is just a wow!! 😮

[@radiofrog]

What an incredibly interesting and terrifying concept. I’m surprised you don’t have more subscribers, this is really high quality stuff. Great work!

[@prakamyakhare7505]

This channel is a gem :).

[@localwan]

very engaging and high quality video.

[@LukeRiedler]

Wow, a good video; it’s been awhile.

[@anthonymetcalf660]

Fantastic presentation, jokes on point and highly informative an insightful

[@ibowman_UCLA_BRAIN]

You have an incredible ability to distill the most relevant neurobio/neurology/neurowhatever (also bioengineering) topics into a concise and interesting presentation. Please keep it up.

[@kellynolen498]

i want some extra brain matter in my head

[@metamind095]

It should be the 1#scientific endevour humans should strive and allocate financial resources to this pressing need yet we spend billions on roads and airports and so little on revolutionary brain research....its appaling!

[@soberman1520]

Finally my brain cells could be replaced

[@metamind095]

You really digged deep here. From IPS cell reprogramming, lab cultured meat, disease modifying aspects of custom brain organoids, plasticity change with plastinogens also analogies you presented here like snow-flake structure change of organoids, larger coneectivity status hinting to higher "consiousness" etc. all neatly wrapped with some philosophical explorations and ofc your on-point humour just keeps me engaged in the topic. Hardly have seen anything quite like it with that amount of papers linked (LOVE THIS ASPECT!) in an easy to consume presentation. I really hope you stick to this formular and dont kneel in to youtubes quantity over quality algorithm (at least thats what it feels for me). Patreoned btw.

[@izenlonghurst4589]

Fantastic video, can't wait to see your video on psychedelics in medicine

[@amitvashishtha8713]

Very deep knowledge 🙏👏... Please upload regular content.. U should be a success youtuber... ❤

[@fasaipuengudom5412]

New sub. 🎉 Watched til the end. Twice. Thank for creating great contents.

[@quintennobbe]

This is amazing!!! I love your content! wow this guys needs more subs

[@quintennobbe]

you have my sub and like and share

[@Sunneyred]

Funny asf and informal, earned my sub!

[@Premo-412]

This vid is awesome man!

[@cadechristopher6456]

I love this channel. 👍

[@mortyrickerson6322]

Sorry for blowing up your inbox 😅 just binging your vids. Gotta leave a comment for the algorithm Gods. Cheers

[@khade12345]

This is so good

[@ctoasa]

Wao que increíble. Gracias por la información.

[@lexflow2319]

Dope channel

[@dkt5679]

Great video! Subscribed :)

[@daevastafford]

... 💀 This channel is so underrated... Wtf, this is my new favourite place bruh 😭✋

[@Luchoedge]

People fucking around with human neurons and mice should really watch a particular episode of full metal alchemist. Just saying...

[@bnichoo]

It only took me a couple minutes to subscribe to the channel, incredible stuffs all over

[@Usakumi]

nice vid

[@tristanmisja]

I saw that subliminal message! Great video, you deserve way more than 2k subs.

[@unikracoon1913]

What was typed out. I didn't bother pausing haha

[@tristanmisja]

@@unikracoon1913 "It's not subliminal if you read it"

[@unikracoon1913]

@@tristanmisja thx haha

[@johnr3936]

You are genuinely hilarious!

[@maxpowers802]

they should try putting human brain tissue in an animal that can talk, like a parrot. That way it could tell us what it's like.

[@maneki360nekodude5]

Add some human vocal cords as well while we are at it .

[@20ZZ20]

parrots don't really talk in that way, and don't use language the same as a human although they mimic

[@maxpowers802]

@@20ZZ20 Only because they don't have enough human brain tissue

[@Faunarr]

parrots are a terrible idea. Because they don't process language in the same way we do and said sounds to them are essentially just things they could mimic and attract mates with. If you really want to go that route how about corvids? corvids are much more intelligent and have the capability of learning a language to a limited extent and can communicate with it to a limited extent. a corvid such as a crow or raven would be far more suitable for your idea.

[@20ZZ20]

@@maxpowers802 not really.... parrots replicate human voices the same way in the wild they try to replicate other sounds, they won't suddenly understand grammar etc. and start speaking procedurally with some extra brain

[@Sxzye]

Leaving this comment for the algorithm, this content is definitely deserving of millions of views

[@ginger_jake]

Had to pause half way through this vid to subscribe and comment ok omw back to learning about mini eyes on a dish brain wish me luck weeew

[@facelessdrone]

For those wondering what the image flashed at 7:38 says, it says "It's not subliminal if you read it!"

[@XcaliburZeRo]

This is amazing, everyone.. but isn't there a slight dystopian hint to all of this at the same time? What a time to be alive. They even dosed those mini-brains with 5-MeO-DMT... interesting.

[@MrCrunch808]

If this tech gets advanced enough that it becomes possible to send data and have it process that data and coherently output what we want, I wouldn't be surprised if some companies decide to create consciousnesses that think and feel and then enslave them without a care in the world to power their AI (which is really just a bunch of people at that point.).

[@matasvitkauskas7541]

amazing

[@Neon-ws8er]

wouldn’t it be cool to grow a baby brain and have it control your toaster for you

[@The_Carmine]

paved with good intentions.

[@BeyondBorders00]

I would love to hear more about brain organoids and in vitro neurons used for calculation. For example, Dishbrain from Cortical Labs in Australia. There are a number of university research groups also using neurons either in organoid form or in vitro to perform calculations and solve problems. Please cover this topic

[@boratbruno4947]

How doesn’t this have millions of views?

[@gemerpyros]

wow wtf this video is amazing. I had to share it

[@VEVOJavier]

Please make more videos!

[@bartlomiejkowalczyk4673]

8:07 lol its pentagram

[@Bigzthegreat]

so interesting

[@masonjohn4433]

This guy is hilarious!

[@ArranBringerSterloidDoogan]

Man i cant wait for the medical science advancements this will bring with the help of a few brilliant minds.

[@weeferooni]

to all the brains out there in test tubes wondering why the fuck its so dark all of the time and why youre so bored: i just want you to know i feel you.

[@khmf1]

13:04 Lol Mouse overloards lol.. right on

[@PedanticNo1]

I have engaged, and am therefore become the engagement.

[@LukeRiedler]

Would love this for my non profit college for vets.

[@wormius51]

"It's not subliminal if you read it!" Dam it took me long to capture that.

[@JoBot__]

This is awesome and horrifying at the same time. I love it. 😃

[@smellthel]

I swear I probably had fever dreams about this

[@pepeshackleford4577]

Expected this video to have at least a million views. I'm so confused

[@saijeetdogra9360]

"The authors were disappointed that they started dying after 60 days" Poor authors rip 🙏

[@whatisthis839]

This channel has tons of potential, apparently the algorithm agrees. Awesome video. Actually funny host. Interesting subject. Profound philosophical questions. Existential dread. Excellent.

[@jaykay639]

GO BIG MODE

[@tuckersabath2099]

Of all the places that brain cells could grow, where most of us find ourselves isnt that bad.

[@tuckersabath2099]

... and 11:50 was obviously dark humor, right?

[@BladeTrain3r]

Pinky and the Brain may be less fictional than we thought soon enough...

[@lamaman5080]

from what i Think of science can't go too Far since it's a Process of Discovery, it's how you use that Discorvery

[@f-149]

everybody gangsta till the mouse starts saying its name is john

[@TheRealityWarper08]

This is horrifying... Give me more...

[@ToastFrogy]

Yooooo Brain DLC just dropped

[@khmf1]

07:37 saw that .. wow

[@ZER0x1337]

ok guys i think we are flying a littttleeee too close to the sun rn.

[@Charvak-Atheist]

Ohh my god, what if I am one of those brain growing on petridish.

[@damianbouras]

I don't see conciousness as a nescesity for this to be imhumane. who's to say we don't excedentally create a minibrain that's just 99 percent suffering. considering most emotions, especially primal ones like fear or pain, are primarily processed by relatively small parts of the brain, it's not really that far fetched to think that one of these things might just excedentally be isolated human fear. I think that's maybe even worse than consciousness.

[@martinwinther6013]

algo-jazz, cus YT. and this channel needs 7.6m subscribers. yesterday

[@sisisisi1111]

"and probably start listening to Billie Eilish"...that caught me off guard lol

[@3mi3mi]

One thing I’m hopeful for out of all of this, is that Alzheimer’s disease might be eradicated within this century; just grow some more neurons and plant them in the brain. I’ve heard about research with stem cells being grown with the purpose of healing hearing loss, so tinnitus and partial deafness may be something of the past as well.

[@MatiEP09]

Ok so basically in some time we will have cores from portal 2

[@JohnDoe-rp8xn]

dude cool content

[@ThankyouDeer029]

do you think it would be possible to create an organoid that you could put into your brain that allows you to control every single part of your body even the itty bitty parts like cells?

[@iaimboti]

Maybe, depends on how much the brain controls, but I assume that would be a really bad idea unless you really knew what you were doing.

[@David-fi9yu]

You could probably teach it language through its eyes if it does grow some, but to be honest that would take a long time and also would be very very hard to do.

[@abandonedmuse]

Welcome to Oryx & Crake

[@MrCrunch808]

Ah, the beginnings of man-made horrors fully within my comprehension.

[@harshad3767]

10:53..... "Breaking News (2210) : Scientist Are Testing on sentient suit which looks like VENOM "

[@Warhawk76]

"...can't explain why he's still so annoying." Classic humor, I love it!

[@user-qf6kb4vl6d]

pleasplease tell me this can they hfeel huan emotions if the text is weird i have bad internet so it updates slowly so i dont know what im typing

[@curiousresearcher308]

the hannibal lecter referance made me freeze