Immigration in Anglo-Saxon England

[@historiansrevolt4333]

I've never understood why people have this idea that people in the past didn't move around. I love how science shows people just how wrong they are. Thanks for sharing!

[@elizabethmcglothlin5406]

Yes! There was much more trade than we mostly think. And somebody brought it.

[@chrisball3778]

Nationalism. They're very heavily invested in the idea that Nation States are a natural, inevitable and unchanging things that have always existed. Rather than things that people have made up as a convenient form of political organisation, and that we're free to adapt, change and redefine to meet our new needs as our world changes.

[@kathilisi3019]

​@@chrisball3778that's so crazy though, when you look at historical maps that show entire countries move halfway across Eurasia.

[@kathilisi3019]

Also, there's that English legend of juvenile Jesus travelling to England on a boat with his (step) dad, so Near Eastern trade is firmly part of English Christian folklore. "And did those feet in ancient times" and all that. The irony of xenophobes singing this reverently in church...

[@beth12svist]

I don't know how widely this applies but there were periods of history when the majority of people were peasants / serfs who could not move without the local nobility's permission. And I believe like many such things it's actually an Early Modern state of affairs - closer to recent memory. So that may be one of the reasons people think that: that state of affairs did create rather sedentary populations. (Obviously it still does not mean no one moved. Just that it did create people very tightly connected to the spot of land they and their ancestors were born in who would give rise to that perception.)

[@ulrike9978]

I wasn´t personally involved in this - a classmate was - but since you asked for more examples ... There is a fascinating series of studies about Bell Beaker people in the Lech valley in southern Bavaria (headed by Philipp Stockhammer). Basically, it turns out that the community there had close ties to groups in Bohemia, hundreds of kilometres away, and regurarly send their sons to grow up there with what was presumably their mothers´families (there was a fairly specific age cutoff point which I can´t really remember off the top of my head, but since a lot of it was based on isotopes in milkteeth vs second teeth, I think it was around seven or so?). Then the boys returned with wives from the Bohemian settlement groups, once they were adults, and the cycle started over. I know at least some of this was published in English and if you or anyone else wants me to dig up references, feel free to ask. I´m just not going to do it right now, because it´s after midnight and I can´t keep my eyes open anymore^^

[@ShainaMakesStuff]

This sounds interesting to me!

[@e8poo]

I love your videos, especially in this one, I could be sitting across from you in a pub having a chat, I think you’re an excellent communicator. The framing and audio are great and the subject is (as always) fascinating. Thank you.

[@RebelKatStitches]

Here's an easy merch. A coffee cup that says "Nuance". Maybe the logo. Also, always nice to see a new vid. The nerdy enthusiasm is contagious. Pernicious even.

[@machroi]

Oh yes, the people need “nuanced” merch! And definitely stuff yn cymraeg!

[@toriwilson6961]

I made my own request for a cup/mug but one with "nuance" is amazing!

[@laurabennettyoutube]

Enjoy a nice cup of nuance.

[@parhwy]

16:53 - 😂😂 "as much silk as you can eat" oh I love your turn of mind 😅

[@azteclady]

"See the Habsburgs" is perfection. And yes: for as long as people have traded, there has been migration; trade across entire continents is not only not new, it was never necessarily infrequent.

[@janetmackinnon3411]

So Jimmy is a professional KZbinr. Right---we need to feed the algorithm! If every reader left "like" and a comment, that would make a huge difference. Let's do it!

[@chrisball3778]

There's an Icelandic saga that talks about Anglo-Saxon refugees from the Norman Conquest sailing to Constantinople, becoming Varangian Guards and being rewarded with land on the coast of the Black Sea, which they called 'New England'. There's debate about the historicity of the story, but there were definitely plenty of Northern Europeans who made similar journeys. Or consider just the basic facts about the Vandal people. They came from somewhere in Scandinavia or Eastern Europe, entered the Roman empire via Poland and wandered all over the place. They settled in the Roman part of Germany, visited Gaul and maybe Italy and Britain and then moved to Iberia for a while until they were pushed out by the Visigoths. They then crossed into North Africa and wandered across modern Morocco and Algeria before founding a kingdom in what is now Tunisia. When they famously sacked Rome in 455, they invaded by sea from Carthage. A lot of these movements all happened within the space of just a few decades in the 5th century. The most interesting people are open minded and adventurous. I absolutely love that there have always been open minded and adventurous people from all over the world that wanted to see new places and meet new people, and set off to the ends of the Earth. I'd much rather be descended from a global assortment of the boldest and most curious than just a long line of people who never left home and married their second cousins for generations.

[@kathilisi3019]

I haven't heard of "New England" by the black sea, but I've seen pictures of Viking rune graffiti on the walls of old buildings in Istanbul.

[@chrisball3778]

@@kathilisi3019 I think one of the runic inscriptions is in Hagia Sofia. I even went there in 2023 and wanted to look for them, but the upstairs areas of the Mosque/ Church were closed for conservation work. It was still an amazing place to visit.

[@vickielittleton6373]

I was not expecting to be ambushed by Hapsburg glamour shots on this video.

[@euansmith3699]

"DON'T LOOK AT THE CHIN!!!!"

[@Bildgesmythe]

My daughter asked me if we had roads when I was a child. I told her we walked to school on the Roman roads.

[@io5644]

Fascinating indeed. I feel a sort of kindship to these people, you see I was born in Argentina in 1976 and was forced to flee the country with my mother when I was 2 because of the then dictatorship. I arived in England by way of France in 1982 and grew up in London. After my degree was done I came back to my country in 1998, where I have lived ever since. I feel very priveleged to have been brought up over there, England forged me, and as much as I love my country and am proud to be from here and my kids to have been born here, I am partly brittish, through upbringing and pertinance. The spirit of Britain is beautiful and unique, should be cherished and honoured. It is a deep soul with a timeless pulse Been visiting your channel for years, always a pleasure, tah.

[@richardmiller9883]

Far from an expert, but the reason the samples are taken from teeth is they are to only part of the body that can't be regenerated. The isotope ratios you incorporate in utero and as an infant are locked into the structure of your teeth and don't change over time while those in bone and soft tissue will more closely match what you've been ingesting more recently.

[@hockeygrrlmuse]

Ah, so that's why isotopes are able to be used to reconstruct cold case victims' lives - they still have soft tissues that formed later!

[@Kroiznacher]

It is really strange that some people think migration is a modern und thus "unnatural" phenomenon

[@TheEbrithil2]

We shouldn't forget that at the height of the Roman Empire, what is today England was part of the same "country" as what is today Morocco

[@canucknancy4257]

As always, you bring us amazing facts from the past. Thanks for another fascinating look at history, Jimmy. Take care.

[@TheWelshViking]

Thank you, Nancy!

[@tillysrad]

one of my favourite historical facts of all time is that one time moroccan coins minted by the abbasid caliph ended up circulating in the kingdom of mercia, and king offa was so impressed with them he figured hed ape the design. he didnt realise, though, that the cool squiggles he thought were so visually striking were actually words in arabic script, so while it is copied poorly by someone who clearly did not know that it was words, offa issued coins that said on them "there is no god but god and muhammad is the prophet of god" but yeah, for sure, everywhere before modern times was an isolated monoculture. that definitely holds up with even the smallest amount of research

[@Temujin1206]

Even better some of Offa's coins bearing the Shahada (the "There is no God except God and Muhammad (saws) is God's messenger" is called the Shahada and is the Islamic declaration of faith) were sent as gifts to the Pope. A Christian monarch accidentally gifted the Pope coinage inscribed with a core pillar of Islam because he thought Islamic coinage was cool and aesthetically pleasing. (edited for grammar)

[@julian5496]

I'm a final year geology student and oxygen isotope analysis comes up a lot. I never knew it could be used this way - so cool!

[@rosemarygilman8718]

What a rockin video! I agree with you that this is absolutely fascinanating as well as importnt infomation. Fabulous job Jimmy!

[@GoingGreenMom]

Love that you break in to correct yourself instead of just leaving it. ❤

[@Aerystha]

The different isotopes of oxygen being a means to determine where people grew up is awesome and so incredible fascinating to me. It tickles some chemistry class memories in the back of my brain. Can't wait to go down that rabbithole🤓

[@SaszaDerRoyt]

Since my favourite reenactment display to do is "foreign merchant with all the silk you can eat" (usually a Sephardi Radhanite) I absolutely love seeing more data and recognition of how much people moved back in the early medieval period! One of my favourite things is just how much Islamic coins and other shiny goodies ended up in the Viking world and were clearly prized and used in fancy jewellery and even just as regular currency, not to mention the accounts of travellers like ibn Yaqub and ibn Fadlan that you've discussed before

[@lordhank77]

I mean, I can't think of a bad Jimmy episode, but this one is a fantastic one. Very excited at the prospect of a podcast, as someone who drives a lot!

[@DAYBROK3]

funny how many people these days seem to think that there have always been these borders and everyone stayed home.

[@euansmith3699]

The Doggerlanders had a pressing reason to leave their traditional lands. 😄👍

[@judym7153]

Fascinating is right! Thank you for sharing. As an American historian with Britsh and Northern European roots, I loved this! In many ways human=migrant. The sooner we stop seeing this as threatening and find the cool factor in all this the better of we will be!

[@jasminv8653]

The isotope analyses and genetic mapping done from Sigtuna and Birka are also super interesting for late viking age Swedish immigration! A notable percentage of people living in the biggest viking cities in all of sweden were first or second generation immigrants! Some from as far as the black sea. There are also many in there who were baltic finns based on grave goods... Worth looking into, to see how people moved around!

[@MusingsofaCat10]

Merch idea: I would LOVE a shirt or even better a hoodie, that just says Nuance on it, maybe with the dragon on your intro card as a bonus :D

[@kryscat5481]

What about those pink mittens?

[@ibalrog]

Merch idea - patches/badges/pins. Because people on the move *love* patches, badges, and pins.

[@GraemeCampbellMusic]

I always think that its really cool, that just down the hill from my house where the Antonine Wall once stood there were hundreds of Syrian Archers stationed along it. I had read somewhere that its possible many intermarried with locals and stayed after reaching the end of their service. I think most went back down to Hadrians wall when the Antonine was abandoned, but there must have been a few still knocking about years later.

[@kristinamanion2236]

Merch: mugs/t shirts(one saying nuance seems to be on brand) would likely be good, if you have a way to do jewlery type stuff a small replica of an interesting archeological find or coin. But what I think would be fun would be small runs of fabric as a collaboration with artisan who could reproduce a facsimile of something that would be available in the viking era. Only available as a limited run thru your channel of course. Do be aware I have no idea how to do any of these or if they would be profitable. Also the science of oxygen isotopes is so interesting. Thank you for the reference paper. I think imigratigration/migration is fascinating as well. We are a very invasive species.

[@nickverbree]

*GASP* a Welsh Viking coin would be amazing!

[@Loweene_Ancalimon]

Isotopic oxygen testing is *SO* damn cool it's unreal. It's so precise we know that Ötzi grew up in the neighbouring valley, and then spent his adult life in the one his was found in. I often think about what my own dental isotopes would say about me.

[@janetmackinnon3411]

As a perk, "all the silk you can eat..."! Who could resist?

[@lindsaydrewe8219]

All the African origin Romans have shown that people have moved around forever, pretty well. Pilgrimage was a way for ordinary folk to move out of their regular area, up until the evil Henry put a spanner in those works.

[@keikodarling]

This is fascinating! Thanks for the video! My family comes from the Irish Moors that settled on the southern edge of Ireland. Unfortunately, all of the family that knew much about them are long since gone, so I don't have much more knowledge than this.

[@hive_indicator318]

The Venn diagram of people in the UK proud of their Anglo-Saxon heritage and those against immigration makes me realize how powerful cognitive dissonance is. Good work, Jimmy. (I don't know if that diagram exists, but I'm pretty sure the overlap is big)

[@Wildmoonweaver]

Excellent video. Last year my father had his DNA done and it shows him to have 28% Lebanon genetics. He is a Price and his grandfather is from Wales so we always wanted to find more about his DNA as he is darker skinned etc. it’s amazing to think my ancestors travelled so far … such a great video.

[@lynn858]

How to do merch - with no shipping required, that is more environmentally sustainable, and encourages DIY and can be pay what you're able. Sell the digital download designs for something related to channel, encouraging the purchaser to add it to an item in whatever way suits them. "Nuance" or "Question your sources" as a design image - that can be printed off, at the size one desires and used to cut out a stencil to put on a tshirt, or a hand embroidered patch, or painted on a mug - ceramic safe sharpie even... or printed on sticker paper, or glued to a magnet... Or just... printed. People get to do some making, it can be put on an item they already own, in whatever colour they prefer - maybe even covering advertising for some corporate garbage. The design and the message is an awesome conversation starter even if people don't know what it's from, but those who recognize it - amazing! And because every end result will be different, it's an awesome show and tell for social media. If you want people to be able to get an item professionally done at a shop local to them - including a Creative Commons license, of the flavor of your choosing, would allow for that.

[@adaddinsane]

Awesome.

[@TheWelshViking]

This is an incredible idea, Lynn, thank you. Consider me looking into it!

[@jessicafarrell-jobst4152]

This a brilliant idea! I want a ‘Nuance’ patch, or a ‘History needs nuance’ cross-stitch.

[@thisisjeff9845]

I recently traced my family tree back pretty far. I have Chinese ancestors that slowly moved west in China, then eventually had relations with people in Kazakhstan, Armenia, Türkiye, Greece, France, England, Wales, Scotland, and then Canada leading up to me.

[@lizzaturnbull]

I’ve always found the movement of humans fascinating! As a religious person - when you read the Bible, people were always moving about for many different reasons and it’s spoken about incidentally, so it must have been very normal!

[@robertrawley1115]

*Thanks Jimmy for putting migration into historical perspective.* Perhaps because I left home at 17, and moved across the country at 19 I've never really understood the fear of migration...or immigration. Seems to me many young people have moved around the world over the centuries usually seeking a better life. Now if this video gets shared about a million times, it might make a difference in the US and the right leaning, anti-immigration EU countries over the coming years.

[@KatieRae_AmidCrisis]

"... as much silk as you can eat" made me cackle! What a way with words you have, Jimmy 😊

[@epengelly2503]

Jimmy!!! We were in the same archaeology class on Liverpool!! This is brilliant.

[@daniellecastaneda2439]

I think a lot of this belief that people in the past didn’t go anywhere is because modern people tend to think that without modern technology like planes, trains, cars, and big ships, people were stuck. Just because it takes longer on horseback doesn’t mean you’re stuck where you’re at. There’s too many people underestimating our ancestors. They were way more capable than they are given credit for.

[@lucyj8204]

When people have merch that includes an embroidered logo, you can sell the logo on its own as a patch, or have it sewn on to a beanie. I think that would be very on brand. Lovely to see you so enthusiastic (the best videos are full of enthusiasm). Hope this joy continues to inspire you throughout 2025!

[@nickverbree]

The Victorian fisherman look really works for you!

[@euansmith3699]

I half expected Willem Dafoe and Robert Pattinson to come stomping in to the room behind Jimmy.

[@nanettebromley8843]

Thanks Jimmy. Very fascinating topic. Just what i needed. buried under the quilt trying to keep warm with minus figures mixing with the snow from sunday. Getting down to minus 10 in the harrogate area tonight (wednesday) so looks like I'm stuck inside till at least the weekend. So got plenty of time to read and make things. Subject of merch, I'm partial to t-shirts, mugs and stickers. Design wise I'm thinking your logo, the dragon and "nuance". Also "question your sauces" 🙃

[@jeansando6849]

Fascinating. Also, love the line “inbreeding is bad: See the Hapsburgs.” Is classic and should go on a shirt.

[@judithhope8970]

Not forgetting footpaths and ancient pilgrimage paths. I live on one and it is still walked regularly by enthusiasts.

[@johngusmano387]

I’m an American and hate how racist the majority of my country is. It really is quite appalling. I didn’t realize that the UK had a racism issue as well. Thank you for this video. More information, like what you’ve shared in this video, is desperately needed! Thanks again!!

[@silasbishop3055]

You should leave the US for a while to understand what racism and prejudice really are.

[@gwydionvennema9863]

I have written one version or another of this rant so many times, but yours is so much better.

[@cheerful_something_something]

Very cool :) I do love it when we see things that show that other people were so much more like us than some might expect. We doodled in the margins, hid the pots with food burnt deep into, and we moved with our families or moved to make new families in new countries, now, and then.👍

[@GoldenKaos]

It is interesting how it has often been noted that the Welsh people can present with a darker cast to their features compared to their neighbours on the other side of Offa's Dyke - darker hair, slightly more olive skin. One such person would be Catherine Zeta-Jones, who people often speculate is mixed race, which is only true is you're going to define that as mixing Welsh and Irish (Efnysien apologists enter chat) - and it is fascinating to know that we have hard archeological evidence that supports the explanation that this is because of migration from Spain and other Mediterreanean communities. Also: "as much silk as you can eat" made me snort.

[@KateHistoryMysteries]

Even the Romans said that those in southern Wales (Silures) looked like Spanish tribes they knew.

[@cob6259]

@@KateHistoryMysteries Yeah for people from the Mediterranean to single out the Silures as swarthy, it suggests that they really must have been notably dark.

[@jbolton3845]

Great video, thank you. If you sell shirts, please consider union made or fair trade, with 100 percent natural fibers. It is so hard to find brand new shirts that haven't been made in some awful sweat shop. And synthetics are difficult to recycle.

[@HosCreates]

Agreed

[@meredithhadaway5512]

Also agreed! (Teemill are rather a good more ethical Redbubble equivalent I note. Softer fabrics too.)

[@LetGaiaLive]

Hey Jimmy! Your knowledge, research, presentation and enthusiasm are absolutely second to none 😃👍🇦🇺🦘

[@gracewenzel]

5:50 Unusual chat up lines. "Hey babe, why don't you and I genetically diversify this population?"

[@BloodWolfXZ]

You mean that history isnt simple!? You mean... It's NUANCED!? cool.

[@johnkim791]

Yes on the merch! What about your friend who designed your opening dragon animation for cool something’s or others? Also YES! on the podcast!

[@karenradcliff9163]

Jimmy, I loved this. I'm usually a fly on the wall, but I really loved this. The only way to fight bigotry is to embrace joy and do science.

[@KateVeeoh]

Yeah my brain is now going "I AM UHTRED SON OF UHTRED". Love the video (and the footnotes and corrections, much appreciated!) 🤓. In the Plantijn-Moretus museum in Antwerp, there are 16th century travel dictionaries and numismatic travel guides (because if you travel somewhere, you need to know about the coinage so you're not being ripped off).

[@Rallarberg]

I mean, for merch, you could slap your channel logo and name onto anything with the text 'neuance' under it/on the opposite side of the item 🤷‍♂ I'd buy that coffee mug :D

[@maranutt775]

One of my top favorite videos of yours! So cool, so informative, and so simple!

[@KatieRae_AmidCrisis]

Yes! This one really was exceptional. Both in subject matter and in presentation. Jimmy, you are an absolute treasure ❤

[@theoldbear4213]

It's odd people think hard borders have always existed. The concept of punishing someone with banishment, and that punishment being a step down from execution, implies that the banished person would be able to travel freely beyond their homeland, go someplace else and not be sent back or killed.

[@zoes_story]

I fully CACKLED at *see the happsburgs for more information on this topic* 😂 Jimmy you legend

[@Forsthman64]

It's 'Habsburgs'.

[@katienewell7350]

Great video as ever! Am excited for your podcast! In terms for merch, sew-on patches and stickers would be fun! Maybe a magnet too?

[@machroi]

Hold my cuppa, I’m going to do a deep dive on those links! Absolutely fascinating stuff. Thanks Jimmy, you have given even more food for thought. Stay warm (you rock the VicFish look btw!)

[@hockeygrrlmuse]

You know it's a hell of a video when you gotta pause to just absorb all the info for a sec

[@luc9766]

I do that with all of his videos 🤣

[@hockeygrrlmuse]

@luc9766 Oh yeah! It's a rarity across KZbin/video content in general, not so much on Jimmy's channel

[@thebanditking8502]

i love your stuff! i’m about to start uni and you’re a huge inspiration to my studying history and archaeology. idk how feasible it would be to incorporate historical fashion into merch as i’m sure it’s standardised. and now that i think about it, it would be expensive, limited in quantity, and hard to size. OH WELL! i would totally buy a shirt anyway

[@RideorDinosaur]

"As much silk as you can eat!" What a deal! 😆

[@MrsCScraps]

I Could Listen To You All Day! I Love How You Light Up When Talking About All The Fascinating ‘Old News’ 😂 xo

[@mayanscaper]

I loved this episode and the proof that there was so much mixing of ethnicities in the Early Medieval period. I’d read in Peter Ackroyd’s book, Foundation about Hadrian and Saul but didn’t know that Bede wrote about them. The archaeology of Britain seems to turn up lots of cultural surprises. I love it that The Archer grave in Avesbury has been analyzed using the Isotope technology and found to have traveled back and forth from Gaul in the Neolithic.

[@HosCreates]

Thank you for bringing up that most people who couldn't get off work in the 1800s in cities. We moved from Arizona to Kansas in 2017. It was a very exspensive venture. Free people back then just grabbed their tents, their livestock, and just up and went. "Modern" society makes moving more hard

[@elisabethhidalgo-sawyer282]

simple merch idea if you have access to a printing service is a bookmark with your dragon on it

[@madinahagberg4942]

Ah, paid in “as much silk as you can eat”

[@virginiacardinal9563]

When you mentioned the Oxygen Isotope Analysis, I turned to my boyfriend and said "how the BEEP did someone figure that out?!" And thank you for leaving that pause to be amazed because that was a great moment and I am glad that my astonishment had somewhere to land.

[@j3tztbassman123]

Merch idea. Your Welsh Dragon one proper 12oz coffee mug, and yes it will work for tea, cider, or cocoa.

[@hannaaxelsson3687]

Podcast?! That is the best news I've heard today!

[@otterwench]

SO enjoy your channel. And yes, if you are not in a fairly large or important city public transport is very much borked in the States. And I love that high members of the church were not fish-belly white. (I am fish-belly white)

[@Bildgesmythe]

I glow in the dark 😊

[@tetchedistress]

Folks really got around. I told my daughter that she can't afford to be prejudiced, cause there are few places our ancestors aren't from. We do the best we can.

[@reggy_h]

That was really interesting. I always enjoy your videos. Most books on surnames say that the name Morris possibly derived from the person having a dark complexion i.e. Moorish.

[@tonin1641]

👍👍♥️♥️ of course people have always been moving around. Love watching when you are so excited about the topics! Really looking forward to the podcast 🎉

[@historianalex]

Thanks for the sources, Jimmy! Definitely gonna trawl through these in my free time. Some of these are from a while back; 2013, 2015 and 2016, so it would really interest me how the studies on this have changed over time, but I really appreciate the super new article from just a week ago this year! And thanks for the video essay! Super interesting, important topic. May you be left alone by the bigots. Happy New Year!

[@Oxtocoatl13]

Archaeology is so goddamn cool it keeps taking my breath away that we can actually know stuff like this. Thank you for this insight! It should be obvious to anyone with a modicum of education that of course pilgrims, missionaries, merchants, diplomats, nomads and mercenaries, to name a few, have always been traveling and accounting their travels.

[@karnoscircus]

Fascinating and insightful! This would make a fantastic BBC4 documentary. Dickie of Bishy Road

[@bajasmancer]

The big question is, how much silk CAN you eat?!

[@raggarex]

I'm half Chinese, half English, and the centuries old family history of migration on both sides of my family means that my genetics have travelled and settled, and eventually travelled again, across a huge swath of Eurasia within the past

[@AveCaesar2025]

But but, I'm constantly being told [when I point this out to people] that NOBODY in Britain had dark skin until last century {I've been called a liar for pointing out a girl I went to school with, Indian origins, her family first came to England back in the late 1600s/early 1700s when a relative saved the life of someone and was offered a job in England as his personal physician. They've been there ever since with new [and probably unlucky given the temperature differences] wives coming from India every generation. She is a doctor in NZ now but apparently it's impossible that her family ever actually existed in England because nobody from India was apparently living there until fairly recently] But there are books written with a character who is from north Africa, or the modern middle east or sometimes even further south and the writers point out they got the idea for their character from HISTORICAL WRITTEN EVIDENCE/mention in writings that people were in England as far back as the 11/12/1300s, just as people from England travelled to those countries to attend universities mainly or as diplomats in the same time period. Great video and I will point people to it when they try to tell me I'm lying.

[@xiluvOreox]

Your videos are awesome for inspiring research rabbit holes! Oxygen isotopes are mind-blowing as an archeological tool 🤯

[@gnomevoyeur]

There are a lot of modern ideas about air and ground travel but beyond about 200 years ago, sea travel was king. The British and Irish islands were not particularly isolated from anywhere in the Mediterranean world.

[@rosemarielee7775]

I wonder if any particular groups of people are more prone to seasickness, and so less likely to travel?

[@philowen6739]

Nobody grew out of the ground : ). Its interesting to read about the mass migration into Britain from the continent in the Bronze Age too - which potentially led to the introduction of Celtic language.

[@seashore961]

This was fascinating and so fun to watch! Thank you for sharing your knowledge 😊

[@dogmaticpyrrhonist543]

I mean, we know Africans, Near Eastern, and Mediterranean people were in the British isles since the Romans... but it may very well go back further than that. Especially due to that Tin. That was super valuable as a trade resource for a good long while before that ferrous metal stuff got so trendy. And the Celtic culture got there via non-magical means. As did the people before the Celtic influence, etc etc. And those Celts loved their trade and movement and such as well.

[@silasbishop3055]

Phoenician traders did have contact long before Rome.

[@johnbarham9991]

We tend to project our desires for the present onto the past. Those desires usually carry a very heavy political weight depending on whose voices are getting past algorithms in our modern world. So this kind of historical reality check is a very important!

[@davidmatthews9547]

Yes, always best to refer to the early medieval period without using the terms Wales or England, so that the period is viewed on its own terms and not through modern lenses, so that the present isn't projected into the early medieval period.

[@mbuhtz]

Excellent video! Let us know when the podcast starts, since that'll be an auto-sub!

[@EtchedInTimeLLC]

You look wonderful as a Victorian fisherman.

[@belagrolaub8746]

"as much silk as you can eat" lol

[@namewithay]

I recently read the book River Kings by Cat Jarman and it talks about the isotopes in teeth. It's fascinating.

[@KanonBlack13]

Great video, Jimmy, as always. I'm at the part whete what I assume is the kettle is whistling and was just waiting for you to cut and go get it and yet you stayed on topic! Such concentration powers! Could you pleaae tell editing Jimmy to leave the written messages for a couple of seconds longer on screen? Thank you so much!!!

[@phillipbernhardt-house6907]

Superb video (as always!)! I have always had a feeling that something like this was the case, but it's great to hear that we now have ways of verifying it. Talking of crap public transport in the U.S.: on my little island (which is actually quite large in certain respects!) northwest of Seattle, we have one of two free public transport systems in the U.S., and it's actually very good! It is possible to do a full loop onto the mainland (with the help of a ferry on the south end of the island, which is free for foot passengers going to the mainland!) and barely onto the smaller island that's also a part of our county, with two intermediary bus services that cost money (around $1-2) that would be about a 150-ish mile journey, the majority of which would be on the free buses...it would take about five hours, and for reasons that aren't "just seeing if it would work," I've nearly done the full circuit a few times. Fifteen years ago, one of the legs that would be on another paid bus service now wasn't an issue, because there was a free bus on that leg as well, but it was eliminated due to inter-county non-competition agreements, unfortunately. But in any case...!

[@breec]

Isotopic oxygen in teeth to track people is *incredibly* cool. "Pink and milk texture" is both an accurate and vaguely horrific way to describe skin. My mom's ancestry is pretty much all of northern europe and england while my dad's is the entire coast of the mediterranean and ireland. As such, I am that pink milk texture until I'm in the sun for 5 minutes and then I'm a tanned green olive 😂 I really dont understand why racists choose racism rather than wonder. The movement of people around the world is so cool. Different cultures embracing each other rather than exploiting each other would just be so, so much better

[@davidowens1425]

Another great video! My man Jimmy coming through in the crunch, as usual. Here in Alabama we're expecting a "blizzard" of 1/2" to a 1" inch of snow tonight and tomorrow, so everything from schools to businesses are shutting down and there's a run on groceries. At least it's been downgraded from the initial forecast of around 8" inches. It literally hasn't snowed that much down here since I was 12 years old and in 6th grade. There could be ice though, and that's what could actually cause a lot of legitimate problems. But, as long as we've got electricity and an internet connection, we're good to go. I'm about to binge watch some of my favorite pre-history, history, anthropology, film theory, and folklore YT channels over this long weekend. You, Story Crow, North _02, Stefan Milo, and a couple more are about to have some increased traffic!

[@fionaellem4379]

This is fascinating! Thank you so much. Glad you got to do some fun research😊