Instrument Ground School 06: PBN, RNP, LNAV, VNAV, VOR Explained

Welcome to one of the most popular Instrument Ground School lessons on KZbin! If you're a student pilot working toward your instrument rating, this video is a MUST-WATCH! Today, I'll break down some critical concepts-PBN, RNP, LNAV, VNAV, and VOR-making them easy to understand and directly applicable to your everyday flying needs. This lesson has already helped countless pilots master these essential navigation tools, and now it's your turn. Let's get started and take your instrument knowledge to the next level! Check out the links below.
2020 AIM References:
VOR: 1-1-3 (figure 1-1-1), GPS: 1-1-17, WAAS: 1-1-18, GBAS: 1-1-19, RNAV General: 1-2-1, RNP: 1-2-2
Also, check out Rod Machado's Instrument Training: rodmachado.com?aff=504nstrument
Previous Free Instrument Training Videos:
Free Instrument Training 01: Spatial Disorientation - • Instrument Ground Scho...
Free Instrument Training 02: How the 6 Pack Works - • Instrument Ground Scho...
Free Instrument Training 03: Airspeed Altitude Types - • Instrument Ground Scho...
Free Instrument Training 04: Privileges & Limitations - • Instrument Ground Scho...
Free Instrument Training 05: Low IFR Charts - • Instrument Ground Scho...
Free Instrument Training 07: Approach Plates Explained - • Instrument Ground Scho...
Free Instrument Training 08: STARS SIDS OPDs Explained - • Instrument Ground Scho...
Free Instrument Training 09: Holding Patterns - • Instrument Ground Scho...
Free Instrument Training 10: Procedure Turns - • Instrument Ground Scho...
Free Instrument Training 11: Lost Comms - • Instrument Ground Scho...
Free Instrument Training 12: Compass Errors (DVMONA) - • Instrument Ground Scho...
Free Instrument Training 13: PAR ASR LDA SDF Explained - • Instrument Ground Scho...
Free Instrument Training 14: IFR Flight Planning - • Instrument Ground Scho...
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/ aeronerd
Thanks so much for your support!
-AeroNerd

[@jadziadax8658]

Awesome presentation! Slight correction: GPS receivers do not transmit signals :) The satellites basically say when they are at what time.

[@TonyP9279]

Correct! GPS receivers are receive-only. The GPS receiver derives the time and position from the satellites' almanac data.

[@meennakshi344]

Hey Ty.. Meenakshi here. I am very lucky to be one of your Instruments student. I am now preparing for airlines interview with the help of your videos. 😀😀... thank you for this wonderful lesson.

[@fabiohenao3935]

I'm an old atp,ii,mei.started flying in the 70's taught at flight safety intl I've seen a lot of cfi's.but you are fricken AWSOME!!!!! I JUST LOVE THE WAY YOU TEACH

[@AeroNerd]

Thank you! That means a lot :)

[@fabiohenao3935]

You're really in love with aviation and that's real contagious and just keep it up man as soon as the airlines pick up you're going to get right in there I guarantee it

[@fabiohenao3935]

@@AeroNerd I'm sorry I'm not real sharp with all this textual information how do I get a hold of you in case I want to take some lessons from you

[@londonmoren9611]

reviewing all of these videos AGAIN! they have been so helpful and I think this will be the last time because I have my oral check ride tomorrow and flight the day after so long I pass.

[@AeroNerd]

@@londonmoren9611 sweeet! How did you do?

[@londonmoren9611]

@@AeroNerd I PASSED MAN, oral and flight, you genuinely helped me so much.

[@AeroNerd]

@ sweet! Congrats!! I’m so glad the videos helped a little. Makes me so happy! Thanks for the awesomtastic news!!!!!!!! 😁😁🥳

[@rinzler9775]

Wow - the information density in this video is intense - which is a good thing.

[@xNYCMarc]

@8:04 FYI: GPS equipment is receive only. The satellites continuously send out a signal that says "The time is now X and I'm located at such and such a point in my orbital trajectory". When your GPS receiver gets this information from at least 3 satellites at the same time, it can calculate where on the planet it is. The time information is used to determine your altitude since the satellites are at a fixed height. If the signal reaches you quicker, it must mean you are closer to the satellite and the only way you can be closer to it is if you are at a higher altitude, either in the air or driving up a mountain.

[@_Breakdown]

xNYCMarc - - Are u sure...? (1) Isn’t altitude measured from sea level (not satellite orbit)? (2) Wouldn’t the signal have to be reflected back to the satellite?

[@xNYCMarc]

@@_Breakdown Yes I’m sure. The sea has absolutely nothing to do with how GPS measures altitude. Altitude on GPS is determined by how long it takes the signal to reach the receiver. The satellite sends a time stamped signal out. When a receiver receives it, the time will always be later than what the stamp says since it takes time for the signal to travel to where you are. It’s a blink of an eye, but it’s still a measurable amount of time. If it’s “quicker”, then you must be closer to the satellite, meaning you are at a higher altitude. If it takes longer for the signal to reach the receiver, then you’re lower.

[@_Breakdown]

@@xNYCMarc i fully understand what u r saying the concept is/how it works... But does the GPS give u an EXACT altitude? (When u say higher or lower, do u mean generally higher or lower, or does it give an EXACT measurement of an aircraft's altitude?). And is that the same GPS that's used for ADS-B?

[@xNYCMarc]

@@_Breakdown Exact? No. But aviation gps has an accuracy of 6 feet (2-ish meters). If WAAS is active, then it’s accurate to a few centimeters. ADS-B altitude is always barometric or IRS altitude, whichever one your aircraft is using. As far as I’m aware, it never uses the gps altitude. Only the location is gps derived.

[@jorgecorona6783]

GPS receivers are passive. They synchronize the internal clock of the device by downloading first an almanac from one of the satellites. Thats why it took many minutes to initialize a GPS unit on the old days. Now, the almanacs are downloaded via internet on the phones, thats why the required time to initialize a GPS unit is very quick. GPS receiver units never transmit to the satellites.

[@blueskies8834]

Correct, GPS receivers are listening devices, they do not “talk” to satellites.

[@blueskies8834]

Correct, GPS receivers are listening devices, they do not “talk” to satellites.

[@nicholashartzler2205]

This is easy to understand. Consider how much more work it would be for a satellite to actively talk to hundreds of thousands of devices at the same time. It would be like DME equipment that can only handle a small number of devices at the same time (although not precisely, I’m probably comparing an analog to digital signal) it would be overwhelmed. Nice info though about why phones are faster.

[@johnyoung3462]

The CDI indications drawn on the whiteboard on the approach to the runway are incorrect. It is stated in the example that the aircraft is approaching the runway and it is to the right of centre line. In which case the CDI needle should be out to the left not out to the right as drawn. If the aircraft is out to the right then a move to the left is required to recapture centre line.

[@AeroNerd]

👏🙌👏

[@jalenmjohnson94]

I'm taking my IR check ride on Monday and this video was a really good review 👌

[@AeroNerd]

Thanks and good luck to you!! 😁

[@haydeneaton5113]

Thanks for this awesome vid! Came in clutch for me to review this before my oral 🙏

[@crazyc99]

Broham!!!! You explain things EXACTLY the way I need to learn them, your brain works just like mine! THANK YOU SOOO MUCH! This is incredible, everyone else is giving bits and pieces and I had to cut and paste and try to make sense out of the whole system, YOU MY FELLOW ANALYTICAL MIND, ON THE OTHER HAND!!! NAILED IT BROTHER! 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏💯💯💯💯💯

[@chrispierdo]

First of all thank you for taking the time to record this only to helps others, this video helped me the most out of plenty I’ve seen about this topic, the way you teach is very clear and to the point I’m glad I can watch more to prepare for the checkride man thanks for the help brother!

[@stevesanacore7459]

You are a very generous and excellent teacher! Wish I had all this info when I was studying for my tests years ago! Only issue I have is your GPS explanation is incorrect. Unlike a transponder, I believe the GPS unit only receives signals, and basically figures out it's exact position from the known location of each satellite at that moment. Keep up the great work and thank you.

[@AeroNerd]

Thanks for your input and you are correct, the explanation I presented for the GPS is incorrect, and I'm working on an update and an apology for the inaccurate information. I'll have an updated video soon. thanks again!

[@stevesanacore7459]

@@AeroNerd Instructors with your attitude and talent are rare. You're providing a great service to the community.

[@colbymatthews2253]

Simplest explanation of PBN, RNP, WAAS, and RAIM I’ve seen. Information about VOR service volumes has been updated since this video was posted though.

[@wongbilly2662]

Just flippin awesome man!! Don’t know how else to describe this channel !!

[@michi795]

Thanks, very nice summary, exactly what i was looking for. First real RNP approach is planned for Monday :) Just some correction: the GPS receiver does not send anything ever, that would be like DME. It only receives the information of the satellites. WAAS is just one version of SBAS, here in europe we have EGNOS as an example.

[@joedowning1434]

Great vid and ur teaching style is awesome! Stay strong!

[@thejswaroup]

Dude . U r amazing Never understood Rnp this easy . Kudos to your work . Live long . Cheers

[@vishalsinghlive]

Thank you so much.....it really helped me. Love from all the way from India🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳

[@juanparra3459]

VOR service volumes have changed by the way. Thanks for the video.

[@rabiizahir2885]

Thank you for the video. I'd like to say that aircraft never send signals to satellits because these last ones are just signal senders and have no receivers.

[@ramin1422]

That's correct. The GPS devices on our airplanes don't send any signals, they are only receivers. By the way I like the way he teaches.

[@shyammohabir8283]

Dude .. You're FANTASTIC !!! A HUGE THANKS for sharing your knowledge!!!

[@mattysmith2005]

Amazing Job! with current COVID I can't find a CFI job, so I haven't got any experience teaching. I am taking my CFI-I soon so these videos are making it so easy for me to learn how to teach my (hopefully) future students and it's helping me brush up on all the info! keep them coming!

[@AeroNerd]

I'm glad these can be of help! You will learn a LOT more once you start instructing!

[@ahmadtheaviationlover1937]

@@AeroNerd your videos are awesome man! Keep them up and has motivated me to work hard on this section in particular because RNP, PBN AND LNAV concepts are some what confusing to get your head around but you my friend has explained in a way that there is nothing to worry about these terms and that it will come naturally as you said which is great to hear for someone like myself who adores aviation from as young as young as 4

[@BinitaGurung-wt3mk]

Love your tie

[@AeroNerd]

Thanks!

[@richardperry21]

Flown the 767-300 & 737-400 glass, but now have Glasair Turbo w/GTN750xi, G3X's, G5, 507 autopilot All Glass. Your Video helps...lol

[@glendavis1266]

As a rusty pilot more explanation of the different approaches would be helpful!

[@AeroNerd]

Post your questions here :) www.patreon.com/AeroNerd

[@walterbarahonareinosa432]

Holy Shit! Where were you when I was getting my Instrument Rating? You're a genius!

[@AeroNerd]

Thanks!

[@chemistcontrol]

I really needed a refresher prep for Dispatch thank you so much for keeping this real down to earth and understandable! Alot of vids I have seen have really made me more confused than I was, the way you put this was the best!! I'll be surfing for your other vids.

[@uwamahorogracegakuba5420]

Please do more …you are helping a lot 🤝thanks

[@AeroNerd]

We are at aeronerdaviation.com 😁

[@dianaparra3736]

Appreciate your explanation, make me comprehend a lot. Thank you very much:)

[@AeroNerd]

I’m glad you liked it! I’ll have newer videos posted here in a few weeks!

[@johnnybartlett928]

Man great video ! And I love the passion you have for aviation as well as instructing !

[@blueskies8834]

Cone of confusion on a VOR has to do with the shape of the radiated signal. The VOR transmitter is not designed to radiate a signal directly abound the VOR ground antenna. When you fly directly over a VOR ground antenna your receiver is confused because there is no signal there.

[@hellosiri1483]

best best and best love from bangladesh 🇧🇩

[@LeRoyWhiteMD]

Thanks. This makes it much clearer.

[@AeroNerd]

Thanks for the comment!

[@Juliette_4]

Excellent explanation!!!

[@CaptainCam]

Awesome video bro! Keep pushing 💪🏽

[@godfather4047]

Thanks man, I love you ❤️

[@SpeedAutosport]

Nice tie !

[@yuriys3164]

Thank you for the VOR test memory aid, that is super helpful!

[@arazali4002]

Very good explanation.

[@andresong3509]

Hey aero nerd ur vids r fantastic for us as aviation students wanna learn more, however Idk why only few comments and likes. I’ll recommend these brilliant series to all me ifr class mates lol

[@AeroNerd]

Awesometastic! And thank you! :)

[@timmoles9259]

@@AeroNerd satellites are passive. The GPS unit receives different signals at a given time and calculates time in space from that. The GPS unit is not active. It does not send a signal up. It's like old school Loran. look into it...

[@andresaguilar264]

you got me with the 4K! 😂

[@AeroNerd]

@@andresaguilar264 😆

[@elenacolon3880]

thank you captain , totally well explained and understood

[@staggsted]

Great presentation highly recommended

[@tryfonpanagopoulos5999]

Really good job 👍

[@saffaraz]

Fantastic!! All the best buddy! Great presentation.

[@wenxyzkaos]

Well done sir. Very helpful

[@Hedgeflexlfz]

Thank you for these IFR vids

[@wallywally8282]

You’ve got the CDI indications wrong compared to where you where showing on the whiteboard the A/C’s position!

[@danieluyanguren]

I immediately noticed it too lmao but overall it was a clear instructional video with great use of diagrams

[@Echo_Lima]

thank you very much (atpl student)

[@michaeljohn8905]

Liked subbed. Thank you. Great info and vid . 👍

[@byronmauricio2780]

Really good.

[@emodevil55]

Very useful, well done. I like your tie btw 😅.

[@careersteer6497]

Awesome way to explain all of this. Keep up the great videos!!

[@Harshitab154]

Awesome, thanks Ty!

[@jeanledroit9714]

Great video, however 3 satellites gives you a 3D position, a 4th gives you 3d +time. A 5th adds fault detection, A 6th you get fault detection and exclusion

[@williambeatty7781]

What a great job of instruction !! Keep it up !!

[@jakew9887]

Great Video. Thanks

[@keenanpatience2763]

Jedi Lives! Really good videos dude.

[@jeanpaulboutique1640]

Amaizing video. Thanks.

[@hkim2472]

You are amazing

[@morrisdyer9560]

Excellent 👍

[@kateahlberg3217]

What an awesome video! Can you repost the other videos?!

[@AeroNerd]

They are all on my website www.aeronerdaviation.com

[@simbasbestie]

Tie game is strong 👍🏽

[@daleramsey8140]

Really good job with your videos. You are presenting nav systems in a way that's very easy to understand. I would add a little constructive help though. GPS receivers are completely passive, they're not sending signals out. The GPS constellation sits about 12,500 NM above the earth's surface...that's about 0.067 sec for a satellite that is directly overhead, and the ones you are receiving are very close to this. I'd take another look at WAAS.... one of the most misunderstood pieces of aviation tools. What is it? Where did it come from? When and why? Answer those and it'll all make a lot more sense. Think Diff GPS, Selective Availability, GNSS and why these things happened in the late 90's. WAAS is taught very poorly because so many instructors don't understand it also. Sorry for the ramble. I really like your videos and want you to keep it up!

[@AeroNerd]

Thanks! And yes this GPS thing has been already addressed many many many many many many times in previous comments and responses and newer videos I made already haha!!! The reason I haven’t deleted this video is that it still has lots of useful info that my pilots have used to help pass their check rides. I am, however, currently in the works of deciding of remaking this video, but if I do, it may not be found due to the way the KZbin algorithm is, which is why I may or may not remake this vid. :) I think as long as everyone is cool with my honest mistake, I may just leave it as is. I don’t know what do you think! Make new video with the GPS correction?

[@Marcob1490]

Didn't know Jamie Foxx was such a good instructor 👍

[@AeroNerd]

That’s a first 😆

[@markcardwell]

Thank you!

[@Ed-hz2um]

Thanks, Ty. This helped a lot.

[@JGaviriaO]

VERY GOOD

[@mahmoodalrahbi4437]

I can only see one problem here. There’s no SUPERLIKE button!

[@artueo1]

Dude, you rock!

[@deanblair8888]

Great presentation! Do you have anything for the RVSM LOAs?

[@aciautobodyshopinc8211]

nice video

in which case would you not have baro info ? in other words, when will you fall in the RAIM only case ?

[@mbmarcell1]

Pure talent!

[@janinemarish4419]

Thank you so much! This is extremely helpful!

[@lariza9659]

Hey Aero Nerd.. What took you so long man? Good Video. God Bless you.

[@badgerfishinski6857]

Does LPV scale down to 700 feet lateral guidance? 350 feet each side ?

[@AeroNerd]

The sensitivity for LPV derived from WAAS is precise to the point of the centerline. Doesn’t stop at 700 feet. The closer you get to the runway, the more sensitive it gets. We use LPV approaches in the CRJ (those equipped with VNAV) and it’s fun hand flying those in because the CDI will dance left and right if you aren’t careful. 😊

[@badgerfishinski6857]

@@AeroNerd cool. Thanks!

[@magueyguate]

THANK YOU TEACHEEER

[@Dave5500]

Fantastic helpful video!!! I like your laid back teaching style...makes it fun!

[@AeroNerd]

Plenty more at www.aeronerdaviation.com

[@nijatkhudaverdiyev3751]

So basically GPS work like DME we have a signal which return from some reference and count a time of travel?

[@thomasliu7692]

great vid cheers

[@SvilenMaximov]

Very helpful (apart from the GPS)! Thanks!

[@leotheboy4744]

Damn, Nice PC

[@GhastlyGrapes]

At what distances from the threshold does it switch from enroute, to terminal, and then approach?

[@tawiwutcharuwat8999]

Legendary

[@taxidermydavid]

What the world is the drum in the background? I wanted to hang but can't do it.

[@kylebeatty3466]

Good stuff

a GPS receiver SENDS a signal ??? i thought it only received signals !?

[@davidricca7428]

He says “without further a-do” and then commences further a-do

[@rustypotato1884]

VOR service areas changed at the beginning of 2021.

[@gigibostan]

Isn't it LP, instead of LNAV, where you voiced over the LNAV/VNAV?

[@cdrrahuldev]

Are we sure that aircraft sends out signal to satellites and gets return a signal from each satellite ??????

[@TheGreatRepeller]

Do you sell the tie?

[@martynbrooke9464]

Worth watching just for the tie……

[@AeroNerd]

😆🤣

[@USA2041]

Good jop captain

[@ml1186]

Thank you, very informative! :)

[@PomskyBlessing92]

👏

[@AeroNerd]

🤙🏽

[@renscience]

Remember the LORAN B and C days?

[@hellosiri1483]

why you private other videos?