Intracranial Hemorrhage- Epidural/Subdural/Subarachnoid overview

Intracranial Hemorrhage- Epidural/Subdural/Subarachnoid overview
What are intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage, and hemorrhagic stroke?
An intracranial hemorrhage is a type of bleeding that occurs inside the skull (cranium).
Intracranial hemorrhage basically means hemorrhage within the cranium or skull. It is a broad term because hemorrhage can occur in different region within the skull.
Broadly we can divide it into extra-axial hemorrhage and intra-axial hemorrhage.
Extra axial- when bleeding occurs within the skull but outside the brain tissue
Intra-axial- when bleeding occurs within the brain tissue..
Extra-axial hemorrhage are of 3 types
1) epidural
2) subdural
3) sub arachnoid
Intra-axial hemorrhage are of 2 types
1) intracerebral
2) intraventricular
Bleeding caused by a blood vessel in the brain that has leaked or ruptured (torn) is called a hemorrhagic stroke. (All bleeding within the skull is referred to as intracranial hemorrhage.)
Hemorrhages that occur within the skull or brain generally happen suddenly, from either external or internal causes. A hemorrhage can rapidly cause brain damage and can be life-threatening.
Since the brain cannot store oxygen, it relies upon a series of blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients. When a hemorrhage occurs, oxygen may no longer be able to reach brain tissue supplied by leaky or broken blood vessels. Pooling of blood from an intracranial hemorrhage or cerebral hemorrhage also puts pressure on the brain and deprives it of oxygen.
When a hemorrhage or stroke interrupts blood flow around or inside the brain, depriving it of oxygen for more than three or four minutes, the brain cells die. The affected nerve cells and the related functions they control are damaged as well.
Who is affected by intracranial hemorrhage?
Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the fifth-leading cause of death in the United States. Intracranial hemorrhage accounts for approximately 10% of all strokes in the U.S.
Intracranial hemorrhage can strike people of any age, depending upon the cause. Although cerebral hemorrhage and hemorrhagic stroke are most commonly associated with older adults, they can also occur in children (pediatric stroke).
What are the causes of intracranial hemorrhage?
Intracranial hemorrhage has a number of causes, including:
Head trauma, such as that caused by a fall, car accident, sports accident, etc.
Hypertensive (high blood pressure) damage to blood vessel walls that causes the blood vessel to leak or break
Blockage of an artery in the brain by a blood clot that formed in the brain or traveled to the brain from another part of the body, with subsequent leakage from the damaged artery
Ruptured cerebral aneurysm (a weak spot in a blood vessel wall that balloons out and bursts)
Buildup of amyloid protein within the artery walls of the brain (cerebral amyloid angiopathy)
Leaking of malformed arteries or veins (arteriovenous malformation)
Treatment with anticoagulant therapy (blood thinners)
Bleeding tumors
Smoking, excessive alcohol use, or use of illegal drugs such as cocaine
Conditions related to pregnancy or childbirth, including eclampsia, postpartum vas culopathy, or neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage
What are the symptoms of intracranial hemorrhage?
Sudden tingling, weakness, numbness, or paralysis of the face, arm or leg, particularly on one side of the body
Sudden, severe headache
Difficulty with swallowing or vision
Loss of balance or coordination
Difficulty understanding, speaking (slurring nonsensical speech), reading, or writing
Change in level of consciousness or alertness, marked by stupor, lethargy, sleepiness, or coma
What are the effects of intracranial hemorrhage?
Besides depriving the brain of oxygen and killing brain cells, bleeding inside the brain also prevents nerve cells from communicating with the parts of the body and the functions they control. This results in a loss of memory, speech, or movement in the affected area.
Depending on the location of the hemorrhage and the extent of damage, the lasting effects of the intracranial hemorrhage can include:
Inability to move part of the body (paralysis)
Numbness or weakness in part of the body
Difficulty swallowing
Vision loss
Inability to speak or understand words (difficulty with communicating or comprehension)
Confusion, memory loss, or poor judgment
Personality change and/or emotional problems
How is intracranial hemorrhage diagnosed?
Diagnosis generally includes:
Evaluation of physical symptoms
A CT scan of the brain to determine if bleeding is present
An MRI to more clearly reveal the cause of bleeding
Other tests may include:
Electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, and/or urinalysis
Complete vascular study, complete blood count (CBC), and/or blood studies
Cerebrospinal fluid exam
In some cases, conventional angiography may be done to identify an aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (irregularly formed arteries or veins)

[@athenaathena77712]

wow you are AWESOME and really get to the point!! Thank you for being such a fast teacher and not wasting time, your explanations are vivid and succinct I wish every professor would be able to articulate as well as you do!

[@ck-pl4qg]

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[@ConsiderItHealth]

Great explanation of the different types of hemorrhage! Thank you!

[@genevieve_lucy]

This was really helpful, thank you!

[@A.MUSLIM.4.LIFE.]

Love it - fast and to the point - love the drawings I wish I can draw like this :)

[@nanakusi9793]

100 % on point, awesome job done

[@vipulsable8095]

The Best explaination

[@annabellee3609]

Good overview and drawing. It would be beneficial if you would pan out at the end and show all the types in one shot. Thanks for making this

[@drag2686]

Wow u explained it so simply..🙏🙏

[@bethfraser6358]

Just an FYI, for the subarachnoid hemorrhage, not all EDS patients are more prone to this type of aneurysm, only the vascular-EDS type (there’s 13 types of EDS) :)

[@NarendraKumar-hj7cj]

Very nice explation ....plz apload more explanation

[@MaryamHussain-xw3in]

great vid, really concise and easy to understand. thank you for your efforts

[@drvonyt8897]

This looks a lot like the @ArmandoHasundungan video on the same topic

[@saptarshibardhan2422]

Thank you for the write-ups in the description :-)

[@Medinaz]

my pleasure..:)

[@omidjalil8323]

Very good

[@beatami7183]

Thank you doctor

[@dragosionutbratosin3291]

thank you

[@doctorsid8283]

Well summarized👌

[@Medinaz]

thank you

[@satyaveermeena7371]

Good

[@RonaldColeman-ef2rc]

Thank you

[@ahealingplace7350]

Thank you ❤❤

[@the3d947]

Thanks 🙏

[@Andrew-yj1cx]

Wow,awesome video !! Can u tell your source ??

[@fariaashfaq7973]

Very nyc

[@tapasbhattacharya8766]

Plz plz plz this video Bengali version uplode.. very interesting video... plz upload Bengali version plz

[@ursulaahmad6210]

Do you have a pdf version of your drawings?

[@safnazackariya7831]

Well diagramatic explanation!!!

[@dr.manisuman]

👌👌

[@learning-and-fun]

Hi i had c section emergency 2months ago,i dodnt feel baby move for 48 hours until i went to hoapital baby still in nicu facing a lot of difficulties and has brain bleeding on brain and on front wenticlues an cysts that dint go away

[@ImranAiims]

no acrute intracranial abnormality seen iska kya matlab he impressione dikhaya ncct karane ke bad

[@ore6582]

can I ask a question? why epidural intracranial hemorrhage causes lucid interval but the others not do so? I mean what is that mechanism?

[@philipmontreal9135]

The "lucid interval" phenomenon unique to epidural hemorrhage refers to the patient's temporary loss of consciousness at the moment of head trauma but then awakening. Later, the nearby meningeal artery ruptures and bleeds due to skull fracture, and after the injury, Intracranial pressure rises rapidly within the next few hours, causing the patient to transition from consciousness to coma.

[@philipmontreal9135]

Blood fills the space, slowly separating dura from bone => after several hours: formation of large hematoma (50-60 mL) later on leads to the compression of brain => coma

[@ravibisht3852]

Sir can small subarachnoid hemorrhage is found in right frontal region it can be treated with medicine or not plzzzz reply

[@SantoshKumar-jv3fh]

very usefull your video please again hindi mix english

[@Medinaz]

I will try

[@poojapkt6449]

Kitta fast🙄

[@malliak1641]

Telugulo kavali

[@zulfiqaraliali5739]

translate to urdu

[@ATNye]

Thank you

[@Medinaz]

You're welcome