Introduction and Neurotransmitters Mnemonics (Memorable Psychopharmacology Lectures 1 & 2)

[@irmafouche3735]

I'm a 3rd year psychology student and in the past two years I'd run away if I saw the word "neurotransmitter"... This video just made it so crystal clear. Thank you for this!

[@dr.harleenquinzel1383]

NOTES: 3 RULES of Neurotransmission: 1. What goes up, must come down: Intoxication and Withdrawal 2. A neurotransmitter is not easily fooled: Up regulation (decrease amt. of neurotransmitter, synapse will make itself more sensitive) and Down regulation (increase the amount of neurotransmitter, synapse removes receptors, making it less sensitive to the drug), observed during drug tolerance and withdrawal, regulation of G protein and DNA 3. With great power comes great responsibility: More efficacy and More Severe side effects • full agonist mimics the effect of a neurotransmitter • a partial agonist mimics it but only to a certain lower point • an antagonist blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter • inverse agonist produces an opposite effect to the neurotransmitter Dopamine: Reward pathway located in VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA, Nucleus Accumbens is imp area - D: Drive (governs motivation and reward) - O: Psychosis (blockade mitigates some features like delusions and hallucinations) - P: Parkinsonism (decreased secretion linked to Parkinson's pathology) - A: Attention (boosting dopamine improves attention and concentration) - M: Motor (strongly linked to motor function, imbalances cause conditions like Parkinson's) - I: Inhibition of prolactin (crucial in regulating prolactin release) (prior name: Prolactin inhibiting factor) When dopamine is blocked, one side effect is milk release from the breasts. - N: Narcotics (release of dopamine plays a role in addiction) - E: Extrapyramidal (controls motor functions, blocking leads to significant motor side-effects) Serotonin: complex molecule with many roles, comes from the RAPHE NUCLEI Also known as 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) - Head: Depression, anxiety, social interaction (sociality), impulsivity, sex drive, migraines, satisfaction - Red: Platelet binding and adhesion, interfering with its function cause bleeding - Fed: GI tract motility (90% of all serotonin in GI tract), nausea (serotonin blocking medications effective) Serotonin Syndrome: 2 serotonergic drugs are taken at the same time Head: Headache, Agitation, Confusion Red: Flushed, warm skin (Hyperthermia, Hypertonia, Sweating, Tachycardia) Dead: Mortality 2 to 12% Norepinephrine: LOCUS COERULEUS origin, regulates Sympathetic nervous system - Fight-or-flight response - when active, Norepinephrine lots into the brain and epinephrine peripherally into the bloodstream - Sympathetic Innervation Central (Concentration, attention, vigilance, energy) Peripheral (Tachycardia, Hypertension, Glucose, Essential organs) Brain off and on switches: Gaba (off), Glutamate (on) GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid): - Inhibitory neurotransmitter - "Gaba" association with a boring lecturer inducing sleepiness - Relaxation (breathing and muscles), euphoria, no anxiety - Drugs that enhance GABA are often used to break a seizure. Glutamate: - Excitatory neurotransmitter - Association with mating for recall Histamine: The upper brain cortex depends upon a constant stream of histamine for activation, once supply is cut off, cortex shuts down - H for hay fever - I for itching - S for sleeping Antihistamine: Itching and hay fever disappears, patient gets sleep First generation anti-histamines: (diphenhydramine or benadryl) used for sedation as they work in both central and peripheral NS Newer antihistamines: (loratadine or claritin) works peripherally therefore advertised as non-drowsy Acetylcholine (ACh): opp of Norepinephrine, responsible for regulating Parasympathetic system - A: Autonomic functions (rest and digest functions: Bradycardia, GI motility, Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination and Sexual Arousal) - C: Contraction (neuromuscular junction) drugs that affect ACH peripherally are used against neuromuscular diseases like myasthenia gravis - H: Hippocampus (memory, learning, awakeness and attention), helps combat Alzheimer’s dementia, geriatric psychiatry Opioids: - Armed Chinese man association with the Opium Wars • A: Analgesia (pain relief) • R: Respiratory depression (opioids make the respiratory center in the brain insensitive carbon dioxide so death and opioid overdoses via Ondine's curse) • M: Meiosis/ Constriction of pupils (pinpoint pupils) • E: Euphoria • D: Drowsiness • C: Constipation

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Ok this needs an award. The mnemonics in this vid are so high yield I am high off it

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Your lectures helped me ace boards and a half decade later, I still go back and watch these. Thank you sir!

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What purple book?

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[@judithelin]

This is terrific. I'm a psychiatrist who, as a long-standing psychoanalyst/psychotherapist, needs a refresher course. Thanks so much.

[@MemorablePsych]

Thanks for watching! Let me know if you have any other feedback. =)

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Judith Hamilton pfft Analytical psychology all the way :) Jung is the best

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EW er

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[@Godivahair]

Your video is brilliant! I am a psychiatric nurse practitioner student and you video is a fun way to remember the actions of the neurotransmitters.

[@fz4298]

thanks so much for your videos - 100 times better than the lectures i get in med school

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Memorable psychology

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Thank you for linking these complicated names into easy to understand pictures and words.

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This should have millions of views just amazing. Thank you !

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YOur channel is my support system in passing Mental Health course. Thank you!

[@bodhidhoc]

Important historical point: the Opium Wars were not fought because people wanted more access to opium, as you suggest. The Chinese tried to ban British opium sales in China to protect their citizens from addiction. The British, not wanting to lose their massive profits, started a war and forced the Chinese government to set up protected trade ports allowing them to continue shipping opium into China. Otherwise, great mnemonics and info, thank you!

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This is amazing I'm so grateful. Way way easier to understand then a 2 hour lecture

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[@MemorablePsych]

Thank you! Glad it's been helpful!

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[@user-fp9jc3qw1h]

I don't comment on a lot of my medical lecture videos but this is a solid review with some very great ways of remembering what the neurotransmitters do. Thank you.

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[@glensworld2542]

Just an observation, in the Memorable Psychopharmacology book published back in 2017, the "DOPAMINE" Mnemonic is D rugs, O Psychosis, P rolactin, A ttention, M otivation, I nvoluntary Movement, N ausea, E nergy.

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Makes me want to learn more!

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4:25 Dopamin 6:24 Serotonin

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The mnemonics are too good

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[@ajmarr5671]

Neurotransmitter: A neurochemical emitted between the junction or synapse between neurons causing bio-electrical impulses to travel between neurons and increase synaptic efficiency (connectivity), and as an emergent property, comprises thinking. For cognitive and evolutionary psychologists, the bio is removed from the electrical, and the electrical metaphor is used, making the brain into a computer, neurons into circuitry, and neurotransmitters into the stuff that powers a light bulb, which metaphorically came on for the dim bulb psychologists who came up with the idea. from Dr. Mezmer’s Dictionary of Bad Psycholgy, at doctormezmer.com

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Disclaimers end at 1:40

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wow so good thank you for contributing in such a helpful way! helped a ton

[@MsMadamadamada]

You say everytime you give a drug to increase a neurotransmitter receptors for that neurotransmitter will downregulate..? I'm confused because SSRIs work by increasing serotonin in the synapse because there's lack of it. So per your sentence our body would downregulate receptors for serotonin... but that's bad because when we take away the drug we will be left with less receptors--> less serotonin binding--> unsolved issue. What am I missing?

[@MemorablePsych]

While the brain does down regulate serotonin receptors in response to increased serotonin in the synapse, there is a limit to how much it can do this! Eventually the brain won't down regulate any further, but the extra serotonin will still be there. It is thought that this, at least in part, may explain the delayed effect of antidepressants!

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Very helpful. Time and energy saving lecture!👌👌

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Excellent!

[@Still_Blooming]

Hi, I loved this video! Do you have anything that covers neurotransmission mechanisms (neurotransmitter transporters, G-proteins, enzymes, and ion channels) by which the current therapeutic agents work?

[@MemorablePsych]

Hi Adria. Nothing covering that at the moment, although I'll look into adding it in the future! I tried to keep this review very clinically applicable and the neurotransmission mechanisms didn't really fit into that, but could serve as a good supplemental lesson. Thanks!

[@KK-itiswell]

Great review content. Thanks

[@rebeccagonzalez4944]

Thank you so much! Amazing video!

[@chanllio]

Hello! Do you have videos on basic neurology and basic pharmacology? Great content :)))

[@MemorablePsych]

Hi, yes we do have videos on neurology! Check out the playlist Memorable Neurology on this channel. No pharmacology videos but maybe in the future!

[@Dr.Microglia]

Thank you😊. Its very useful 👍.

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Excellent !!!

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thanks a lot...useful video

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Wonderful. Thank you so much!

[@iamseebabhatia]

Is there a reason why ADHD patients are put on stimulants instead of depressants? like why should the intoxication be high?

[@iamseebabhatia]

A stimulant is methamphetamine and a depressant is benzodiazepine. So, essentially an agonist when bound to a receptor produces a certain effect and an antagonist blocks the natural effect of the receptor. So far, dopamine is for drive and reward, blocking delusions and hallucinations, increases concentration, used for motor function (and thus why Parkison's disease patients can't walk as well), and it also blocks the release of milk from breasts

[@sunflower5749]

Phenomenal lecture!!! Thanks. :-)

[@joeboxter3635]

What would it mean if both Gaba AND Glutamate are low? Both are high?

[@danielleerlank9433]

THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU!!!

[@etralin3dream983]

If one was dependent on a add stimulant and quit and took some sort of benzo a reducer of neurotransmitters could this speed up recovery??

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John Doe I really don’t thank it works that way maybe short term for 3-5 days

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Incredible.Thank you.

[@arimasson]

So engaging and fun. Thank you:)

[@PommePlumMoose]

Thanks so much! Your psychopharmacology lectures just got me through my pharm exam and I'll most likely re-watch later in the year while studying for Psych and Step 1. It seems like we might have similar learning styles... can I ask what other resources you used during your M2 year?

[@MemorablePsych]

I mostly used First Aid and USMLE World. I utilized a compilation of mnemonics meant to accompany First Aid called "Last Aid" as well, it's crude but very helpful: www.mediafire.com/download/q2c74zwvjy7r4jc/Final_mnemonic_database_complete.pdf

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What words can I use to praise you sir

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Please make more videos!!

[@MemorablePsych]

Working on it! =) Sorry it's been a little slow recently.

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this was awesome!!

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Great job!!

[@aishavariella295]

so helpful. Thanks!!