Introduction to Cancer Biology (Part 4): Angiogenesis

As the tumor grows, it eventually reaches a size where it requires additional vasculature in order to sustain continued growth. To achieve this, tumor cells excrete certain proteins that stimulate blood vessel growth into and around the tumor - a process called angiogenesis. This animation is the fourth and final part of the series "An Introduction to Cancer Biology".
REFERENCES:
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2. Herbst RS. Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;59(2 Suppl):21-6.
3. Gerharz CD, Ramp U, Reinecke P, et al. Analysis of growth factor-dependent signalling in human epithelioid sarcoma cell lines. Clues to the role of autocrine, juxtacrine and paracrine interactions in epithelioid sarcoma. Eur J Cancer. 2000 Jun;36(9):1171-9.
4. Potapova O, Fakhrai H, Mercola D. Growth factor PDGF-B/v-sis confers a tumorigenic phenotype to human tumor cells bearing PDGF receptors but not to cells devoid of receptors: evidence for an autocrine, but not a paracrine, mechanism. Int J Cancer. 1996 May 29;66(5):669-77.
5. Andl CD, Mizushima T, Nakagawa H, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor mediates increased cell proliferation, migration, and aggregation in esophageal keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jan 17;278(3):1824-30.
6. Di Fiore PP, Pierce JH, Kraus MH, Segatto O, King CR, Aaronson SA. erbB-2 is a potent oncogene when overexpressed in NIH/3T3 cells. Science. 1987 Jul 10;237(4811):178-82.
7. Batra SK, Castelino-Prabhu S, Wikstrand CJ, et al. Epidermal growth factor ligand-independent, unregulated, cell-transforming potential of a naturally occurring human mutant EGFRvIII gene. Cell Growth Differ. 1995 Oct;6(10):1251-9.
8. Egeblad M, Mortensen OH, Jaattela M. Truncated ErbB2 receptor enhances ErbB1 signaling and induces reversible, ERK-independent loss of epithelial morphology. Int J Cancer. 2001 Oct 15;94(2):185-91.
9. Lage A, Crombet T, González G. Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor signaling: early results and future trends in oncology. Ann Med. 2003; 35(5):327-36.
10. Adjei AA, Hidalgo M. Intracellular signal transduction pathway proteins as targets for cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Aug 10;23(23):5386-403.
11. Beeram M, Patnaik A, Rowinsky EK. Raf: a strategic target for therapeutic development against cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep 20;23(27):6771-90.
12. Schmelzle T, Hall MN. TOR, a central controller of cell growth. Cell. 2000 Oct 13;103(2):253-62.
13. Yarden Y, Sliwkowski MX. Untangling the ErbB signalling network. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Feb;2(2):127-37.
14. Igney FH, Krammer PH. Death and anti-death: tumour resistance to apoptosis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002 Apr; 2(4):277-88.
15. Delhalle S, Duvoix A, Schnekenburger M, Morceau F, Dicato M, Diederich M. An introduction to the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Dec;1010:1-8.
16. Veiby OP, Read MA. Chemoresistance: impact of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB inhibition by small interfering RNA. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 May 15;10(10):3333-41.
17. Foo P. Metastasis: The journey of mobile cancer cells. Harvard Science Review. Spring 2002;30-2.
18. Hicklin DJ, Ellis LM. Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 10;23(5):1011-27.
19. Ellis LM. Epidermal growth factor receptor in tumor angiogenesis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2004 Oct; 18(5):1007-21.
20. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, et al. Bevacizumab plus Irinotecan, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 3;350(23):2335-42.
21. Motzer RJ, Michaelson MD, Redman BG, et al. Activity of SU11248, a multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 1;24(1):16-24.

[@TamptheChamp2]

I never truly realized how insidious cancer cells are. They produce all the different kinds of proteins they need to, at exactly all the right times, in order to make the body play directly into their hand.

[@liutasx]

Cancer cells is body cells that have same genes as other body cells. So they have arsenal of genes, that enable to do that they do: - Immune system is recruited to defend cancer cells (e.g. Treg cells), which repress and kills cytotoxic CD8+, which if let will kill cancer cells. Cancer cells this achieve by expressing genes that create inflammatory environment like HIF-1, TNF-alpha and etc. Inflammatory environment is caused by low oxygen and nutrient environment in tumor, which cause angiogenesis - They have genes that enable them to migrate (metastasize) to other parts of body - Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial%E2%80%93mesenchymal_transition). - Antiapoptic protein over-expression, like XIAP, Bcl-2 and etc. - Other genes who is in other body cells, but not active. How to reduce risk of cancer? Fasting is one, because fasting deprive cancerous cells of growth factors and enable immune system to reach and kill cancer cells. How long to fast? I would suggest 5 day water twice a year, if your body weight isn't very low. I will try now 5 day fast with tea and coffee. Reason is that these drinks have polyphenols like (EGCG - www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509513/), which kills cancer cells, but not normal cells. During fasting cancer cells become weaker and then you hit them with polyphenols - it's like chemotherapy, without killing normal cells. Drinking tea and coffee doesn't break fast because they have only 2-3 calories. Second time restricted feeding - eat in less than 12 hours window, this include coffee, tea, alcohol. If you drink coffee in the morning your eating window starts. I'm practicing 8/16 eating regime. Eat different kind of vegetables and fruits, in my opinion most valuable broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, berries, luteolin containing foods like celery, onion leaves, turmeric, tea coffee and etc. Exercise, control weight, use sauna and sleep enough.

[@LayZeeBro]

Watched all 4, very clear and informative

[@karaokeclicks]

The best animation by far.. Thanks!!

[@qw737]

Very clear description and animation of angiogenesis.

[@bsbk6065]

Hve wtched all 4 nd very clear information it was.. Thank you soo much..

[@mdsifuddin7466]

excellent. thanks a lot sir

[@juliennemauyao9056]

What do pro angiogenic plant extracts do then? Does it mean they are only used for plants?

[@kiss77468]

Fascinating and gives hope

[@aishavariella295]

thanks, so helpful

[@chloejane900]

Hello Can you please state the site/books used? I want to use the information here for our research project PLEASE PLEASE thank you!!

[@MechanismsInMedicine]

Hicklin DJ, and Ellis LM. Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J. Clin. Oncology. 2005; 23:1011-1027. Ellis LM. Epidermal growth factor receptor in tumor angiogenesis. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 2004; 18:1007-1021.

[@shairabacor4069]

@@MechanismsInMedicine THANKYOU

[@maswwevideo]

informative video

[@mrscpc1918]

Not a SINGLE MENTION OF THE ROLE OF NUTRITION!

[@ikaivlakamberi4412]

How do I reference you guys?

[@UnitedPebbles]

If he have a hold of tumor cells then combined with skin cell chemicals said from Allergen/cosmetic people, he could cause a direct infectious skin tumor??

[@yogitrathod4942]

JAL

[@medicine2017]

impressive

[@UnitedPebbles]

What if he combined/spray it into people food???

[@llawliet2310]

+UnitedPebbles Because then you're killing a whole new host of cells not to mention at some point, the cancer tumours will become resistant (faster).

[@shairabacor4069]

THANKYOUUU SOM UCHH

[@patoloco508]

How could we train our antibodies, like us marines

[@girishchandraarya9802]

Sir I want these all digram

[@gabrielperalta8378]

This is so sad :C

[@Pyramid132420]

Ohhhhh, that was so gross! Tumor angiogenesis is disgusting!!!

[@lilychavez1428]

Por favor en español