MONGOLIA | Turning Towards the West?

Is Mongolia moving away from Russia and China and towards the West? Over the past few years, Mongolia has received increased attention from the West, with strategic partnerships and high-level visits from U.S. and European officials. These developments raise questions about Mongolia’s ability to move away from its strong ties with the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China. But are we really seeing a fundamental shift in Mongolia’s strategic direction?
Mongolia is often regarded as a pivot state - a country with special significance in international relations due to its location or other economic or political factors. Having broken away from China in the early twentieth century, Mongolia became closely aligned with the USSR and was a key Soviet ally during the Cold War, especially after the Sino-Soviet split in the early 1960s. However, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, its foreign relationships fundamentally changed. While it built a particularly strong relationship with China, it remained wary of relying too much on either Moscow or Beijing. This led to the creation of the so-called “Third Neighbour” policy. However, this delicate balance has been disturbed by the Ukraine War. As Russia and China move closer, Mongolia appears squeezed. But as it strengthens its ties to the United States and the EU, is this really a sign that it is decisively shifting towards the West in general?
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VIDEO CHAPTERS
00:00 Introduction and Titles
00:37 Pivot States in International Relations
01:47 Mongolia: Location, Population and Economy
02:28 The Emergence of Mongolia
04:04 The Recognition of Mongolian Independence
05:19 Mongolia between the USSR and China
06:35 Mongolia after the Cold War
08:28 Mongolia and its Three Neighbours
10:14 The Ukraine War and Mongolian Foreign Policy
12:08 Why is Mongolian Foreign Policy Changing?
13:16 Is Mongolia Pivoting Towards the West?
SOURCES AND FURTHER READING
President of Mongoliapresident.mn/en/
News Mongolia | MNB World | KZbin
/ @mnbworld
Mongolia | US State Department
www.state.gov/countries-areas...
European Union Delegation to Mongolia
www.eeas.europa.eu/delegation...
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#Mongolia #Russia #China #UnitedStates

[@EdMcF1]

Mongolia turning towards the West? That would be a big steppe.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Haha! Well played, sir. Well played.

[@nntflow7058]

Mongolia is one of the most successful democracy in the world. The communist party actually abandoned their position and started adopting social democracy instead. And unlike other former communist country. Other non-leftist political parties actually won elections and allowed to govern without interference from the old regime.

[@blackwatertv7018]

Khan they achieve it though that’s the question.

[@objectdefiance4027]

​@@blackwatertv7018I khan't be sure but it's certainly possible.

[@maple-leafs13]

Dont get the Steppe reference. Can someone could educate me? Thank you. I went to school in america.

[@Shimra8888]

They have no choice, they are sandwiched between Russia and China. It’s like asking if the Navajo Nation in the American Southwest has a choice turning towards China or Russia.

[@darren5597]

Yeah, this is really silly. Haha

[@FF-le3ps]

Yeah or id even say mongolia has as much choice as mexico does on which "bloc" to choose

[@lagrangewei]

@@FF-le3ps Mexico has a sizable population, Mongolia does not. so I would say Mexico actually have a much better chance of joining BRICS+

[@FF-le3ps]

@@lagrangewei this is true, perhaps andorra or austria might be better comparisons that mexico

[@biggpicture2930]

They turn west, that is Russia. They turn east, that is China.

[@professorquarter]

Mongolia isn't talked about too much, but I am always impressed by their presidential guard's drip.

[@christianbolisca1493]

Outside of its old empire and occasionally its communist years.

[@wadeday8706]

@@professorquarter Mongolia has a population of 3.3 million. It’s landlocked and borders major powers such as Russia and China. It is also heavily reliant on China. It’s not a major player in any way shape or form. That is probably why it’s not talked about often.

[@RUTHLESSambition5]

​@@wadeday8706They got to far west China and Russia will just annex them and NOBODY could do a thing about it. Completely surrounded. This is a nothing story

[@enzoh7763]

@@wadeday8706 ,, well , as world history play itself out , Mongolia empire , Roman empire , Spanish empire, Portuguese empire , Greece empire, All empires , It would take several hundred years , maybe even thousands , just to Resurrect itself . The Mongolian wishing to return to empire days or anything of Importance , Slow down , take a deep breath , Go back to reading KARMA consequences. They were brutal in killing human life , Their karma is heavy .

[@ponuni]

@@enzoh7763 the difference is that back in the day they had advantages from being nomads, but today, they are just a bunch of backwards people still living in tents.

[@tng2057]

The best tell tell sign. Mongolia is one of the few mainland East Asian countries helping N Korean escapees going straight to S Korea.

[@dantakeoff]

Same with Thailand, who are defo Global South

[@Speederzzz]

I once read an article about Mongolia's relation to N Korea. They have a relatively large amount of north koreans living there as a consequence of helping N. Korea with orphans during the korean war. Mongolia is also seen as an inspiration for N. Korean reformists who study Mongolia's peaceful path away from a communist dictatorship.

[@finncloison]

​@@SpeederzzzMongolia is pretty free and democratic compared to neighbouring Russia and China. Mongolia as an Eastern democracy with good relations with the West will fortunately become an inspiration for the North Korean reforms.

[@richardkong4387]

@@finncloison Have you ever been to any of those countries?

[@seokoking6956]

Do you know where is Mongolia?

[@tahseen812]

I was in Mongolia 🇲🇳 exactly 2 weeks ago. It was my first visit to this mysterious, remote, and beautiful country. I noticed a contrast there; some places including the airport and the center of Ulaanbaatar are incredibly modern while many other places are truly under developed. From the small size of the airport, albeit modern, you can tell that not many people go there. It's a gorgeous country but the tourism infrastructure there maybe has a room to grow. About switching sides, I don't think the geography of Mongolia will allow them to move away from Russia and China. There're deep historical ties between them and Russia and China, especially Russia. Many Mongolians still speak Russian to this day even thougu the Soviet Union was dissolved more than 30 years ago. In my opinion, I think it's wise for smaller countries surrounded by super powers such as Mongolia, Ukraine, or Central Asian republics to remain neutral and to keep good relations with their immediate neighbours first and the rest of the world second. Simply put, you can't escape geography :-)

[@DSAK55]

Ukraine is not surrounded by Ruzzia

[@prodannedev5657]

It sort of is, as the sitreps might call it, it's in operational encirclement. Why does Mongolia have to ally with anyone? How about doing their own thing and remaining friendly with its neighbors and other countries? Before you call me a troll or a bot, I'm using my real name and I am a citizen of two NATO countries, and I live in South America. I am against all wars around the world.

[@miamor5929]

Logic not found 🤣😂 obviously the country can’t move. It’s the politics that’s moving west

[@tahseen812]

@DSAK55 would you mind opening the world Atlas and checking the borders of Ukraine before you post such a comment?

[@papabear90]

Neutral? The US would disagree

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Did you know that today is election day in Mongolia? Chances are you didn’t. It doesn’t get much attention. However, while the country is largely ignored by the international media, behind the scenes, policymakers from Russia, China, and the West are engaged in a battle to strengthen their ties to the strategically vital country. So, do you think that it is shifting towards the West? More to the point, if relations sour between Russia and China, which side would it take? As always, I look forward to your thoughts and comments.

[@suhasu8560]

@@JamesKerLindsay the only reason I knew they had an election was coz of their Counter Strike teams Twitter handle 🤣. On a serious note, I highly doubt that Mongolia can ever form very close ties to the West (if it ever desires), since it's sandwiched between 2 powers who wouldn't want their "enemy" to be near their border (maybe similar to what US felt in Cuba?)

[@blackwatertv7018]

I definitely think Mongolia will definitely go more towards China in such split. Unless Putin decides to go on a charm offensive in Mongolia.. Now if an East-west world war where to break out.. Part of me feels like Mongolia could be duly invaded by both Russia and China to prevent Mongolia from siding with the west.

[@theoneandonlysoslappy]

I only found out it was election day earlier today in another video on YT!

[@jacobdavison93]

Mongolia should do what’s best for Mongolia’s interests. And that means aligning with the favorable winds! They are masters at statecraft in their short existence to this point imo

[@lakevon]

even a non landlocked country like Mexico has to be weary of how close they get to China or Russia because of the empire next door breathing down their neck, talk less of Mongolia a landlocked unproductive, country that only a few months of china closing their mutual border, saw price of goods, food, medicine, etc etc etc skyrocket to hyperinflation levels.

[@IrrationalCharm]

Everybody gangsta until Mongolia starts making “historical claims”

[@ironmantis25]

The days of horse archery are over. They have 0 power to do anything about getting back their historical claims.

[@IrrationalCharm]

@@ironmantis25 you don’t say

[@edwardsnowden8821]

please please please let them make historical claims its just the excuse someone needs to unalive them with more recent historical claims and the weapons to back it up. Find out.

[@ricardomarin487]

@@ironmantis25 the days of the west having a technological advantage are over. see how similar both are.

[@Siranoxz]

I don´t know bro, those are quite tribalism behavior of the last era.

[@rms7999]

I could never imagine that Mongolia would be discussed on current geopolitics channels. Great job, Professor!

[@mintcake2668]

How exactly does Mongolia turn? It's literally stuck.

[@professorquarter]

It's hedging. He never mentioned that they were rejecting Moscow or Beijing outright (in fact, he explicitly says the opposite the final section). Mongolia will never be able to fully reject them both as a simple consequence of being landlocked between the two. China tends to be more scrupulous in upholding international agreements it is party to in general compared with Russia (very relevant for a landlocked state reliant on transit rights and agreements) and Russia has made itself into an international pariah. Mongolia wants to place what subtle pressure on Moscow that it can while leaning into new western relationships as well as with Beijing, though there is some amount of residual hostility towards China in Mongolia which influences its behavior in this.

[@edwardsnowden8821]

​@@professorquarterAny hostility towards china in Mongolia was planted by the Soviets during the bitter sino Soviet split with the Soviets spending billions in a social engineering propaganda in Mongolia to turn the population against anything china or Chinese which stuck even after the fall of the USSR. this was done in part to have Mongolia more reliant on Russia who the Soviets always portraid as the savior of Mongolia, in effect keeping them firmly in the Russian sphere of influence.

[@biggpicture2930]

They turn west, that is Russia. They turn east, that is China.

[@biggpicture2930]

Or do it upside down .They turn west, that is China. They turn east, that is Russia.

[@biggpicture2930]

Mongolia got no choice, if Russia and china co joint. The are block by land and air space., and they don't have any access to a sea

[@aaronjones8905]

Mongolia is going to have to follow the Swiss model. Neutrality, essential products/services, and a defense policy that doesn't make it worth it to touch them.

[@johnclay5499]

For mongolia to become like the swiss is like asking a dog to be like a bear, you are massively underestimating the swiss and massively overestimating mongolia

[@ovay241]

Switzerland is fake neutral country.During WWII,hey help nazi Germany in order to avoid invasion 😅

[@Siranoxz]

That´s up to Mongolia. Mongolia rather needs economic aid from the west to grow its economy and building industries.

[@feerlemon1181]

@@johnclay5499 elaborate

[@qZbGmYjS4QusYqv5]

Didn't work with Ukraine or any other country neighboring Russia. Swiss model works only for Switzerland

[@behroozkhaleghirad]

I couldn't agree with you more, dear professor. Mongolia has to diversify its foreign allies and economic ties and has every right to pursue policies that lead to not over-relying on either Russia or China. But at the same time, it has to be very very cautious not to piss off either one of these powers that literally encircle Mongolia. One move by Russia or China and Mongolia is gone for good. Mongolia is not Ukraine.

[@EM-dw2yv]

whst the G7 can offer.? people don't eat ammo and guns

[@andonelv8058]

@@behroozkhaleghirad I'm mongolian If you look at history russia and china always tried to invade Mongolia but they still couldnt.Its true that Mongolian population is small but Mongolian power and influence is not small. Mongolian tribes such as Buryatia Tuva Inner Mongolians are surrounding Mongolia. If russia or china try to attack Mongolia other Mongolian tribed dont sit without fighting

[@jonaafr]

Your meaning is that Mongolia have to find alliance with the West, notably the hypocritical USA? No way, friends of the USA always end up abuse or destroyed by the USA. Take a look at all countries aligned to the West, all ended badly if not horribly. USA and EU have lost all credibility in the eyes of all nations. France have to return everything they have stolen from Africa, the USA have to make reparation for all the wars it waged on so many countries, especially Irak, Syria, Afghanistan BUT especially Vietnam where the USA committed genocide. The USA is the most destructive country of the 20thC.

[@user-cj5lg3rt5t]

@@andonelv8058 То је наивно размишљање монголски брате. Држите се строге неутралности, водите политику немешања у послове других земаља, одржавајте најбоље могуће односе са Русијом и Кином, и бићете срећна и напредна земља. У Кини живи 6 714 604 припадника разних монголских народа што чини 0.47 % од укупног становништва те државе. Зато немојте да оптужујете Кинезе или Русе да су жељели да заузму Монголију, јер они то могу да ураде кад год хоће. Обије земље инсистирају на поштовању међународног права и никада неће учинити корак који би довео до окупације или заузимања Монголије. Запад вас наводи да уђете у сукоб са својим суседима што никако не треба да чините. Држите се своје независности, демократије, развоја и своје монголске ћирилице.

[@Dandelion274]

​@@andonelv8058 True. People underestimate just how many Mongol AND Mongol-adjacent Asians there are surrounding Mongolia. The Turks (especially the Tuvans) are in solidarity. The official Mongolia has lived through Russian involvement and emerged anew (but lost Mongolian territories such as Buryatia and Tuva), while southern Mongolia that is currently stuck under Chinese control are in shambles. No one wants to be a neighbor of Russia and China. But Mongolia will seize any opportunity that arises when either is weak for solidarity-building.

[@tselmegenkhtor988]

As a Mongolian, this guy's analysis is right on the money. We'd like to be more friendly with the west but the simple reality is we will always have to play this balancing act between Russia and China. And the circumstance is getting harder as they're becoming increasingly close to one another in the last 10 years.

[@alexlazar4738]

Soon you might be forced to choose to live with mommy or daddy.

[@nikot4410]

@@alexlazar4738the future is a mystery. Russia by itself is already misbalanced and in a dangerous position. It might be that there is simply no more Russia in the future.

[@fargr5926]

Mongolia doesn’t have any space to balance, its role has to align with the two powers’.

[@tselmegenkhtor988]

@@alexlazar4738 that's slightly immature coming from who I'm assuming to be an adult

[@tselmegenkhtor988]

@@fargr5926 well we had space but the space is getting narrower is what I'm trying to say and to an extent what the video talked about as well

[@historyking9984]

This is what I love about your channel. You cover place all around the world and countries and issues that don’t normally get global attention. I never see anything about Mongolia in the news

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks so much! :-) I’ve been thinking about doing this for a while. It’s such an interesting country, and yet it gets so little (if any) international attention.

[@thomasmun7596]

Overall excellent analysis on the current geopolitical situation in Mongolia. The main concern Mongolia has to worry about getting too close to the west is the propensity of the western bloc trying to use Mongolia into another proxy to fight Russia and China. Don’t be surprised to see a future color revolution attempt fomented by western NGOs and intelligence to create chaos and instability as Mongolia tries to act in their own interest.

[@StevenFullmer1]

I just got back from visiting Mongolia last week. Beautiful country and people.

[@Matt_The_Hugenot]

IIRC the Stalin and Krushchev repeatedly turned down Mongolian offers to become a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, they didn't want to risk conflict with Japan and China and preferred a buffer state. It was the Soviets that secured western recognition of Mongolian independence from China and that wasn't until Yalta, it was one of Stalin's conditions. Mongolia is in an unenviable position geographically and economically. Its dependence on resource extraction means exports rely on friendly rail transport through either Russia or China. And that means it's tgemird neighbour policy will always struggle. As to Sino-Russian relations I wouldn't categorise them as getting closer, in many ways they are moving apart commercially. What we are seeing is a rebalancing as China seeks to exploit Russian weakness as I said would happen when the current unpleasantness started.

[@JCSY1]

As like most countries, Mongolia don't want to go into unnecessary direct conflict with the US or the west but they won't side with the US nor the west. They will still work with the US and the west whenever it's beneficial for both. It is a grand wishful thinking that they will side with the US. It simply just won't happen. Same goes for most countries.

[@PaulVanWezemael]

The World is North, East, South and West. So, don't choose sides. You choose one side and you loose 3 other sides. Steer your own course

[@user-ri1ti6go7s]

It's a country very proud of its history and culture. It looks lovely and unique. I'd like to visit

[@timor64]

Absolutely brilliant video. This is why I am subscribed and support the channel. I had no idea about Mongolia and its "Third Neighbour" policy, information in the press is just fragmentary, you bring everything together and make it coherent. Thank you.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you so much! And you’ve always been a truly fantastic supporter and commenter. 😀 It’s really and truly appreciated - especially at the moment.🙏🏻

[@edwardsnowden8821]

Mongolia is in all aspects but name a Dependent of Russia and China. Majority of thier exports go to China, majority of their energy and imports come from Russia. Mongolia in real politic only exists as a buffer between China and Russia, the last thing they want is to make CHINA and Russian interest align in seeing Mongolia as a threat, which would mean a change in government CIA coup/regime change style very quickly.

[@meis]

Mongolia cannot even import or export shet without Russia and PRC's ports, land routes and air space.

[@user-cj5lg3rt5t]

@@meis Не може ни Швајцарска, Лихтенштајн, Луксембург, Андора, Сан Марино, Аустрија, Чешка, Словачка, Белорусија, Мађарска, Србија, Република Српска, Северна Македонија, Казахстан, Узбекистан, Киргистан, Туркменистан, Таџикистан, Авганистан, Јерменија, Азербејџан, Лаос, Непал, Бутан, Етиопија, Јужни Судан, Уганда, Руанда, Бурунди, Малави, Замбија, Зимбабве, Боцвана, Лесото, Есватини, Централноафричка Република, Чад, Нигер, Мали, Буркина Фасо, Парагвај и Боливија. Све те земље као и Монголија немају излаз на море а ипак тргују са остатком света.

[@Aussie-Mocha]

I imagine Mongolia knows the future of the Russian Federation is too uncertain for economic and business prospects so they have rightfully chosen more reliable partners. Great work ! 👍🏻🙏

[@user-cj5lg3rt5t]

Ако будућност Русије буде неизвесна, неће бити извесна ни будућност Запада, а можда ни целог човечанства.

[@Aussie-Mocha]

@@user-cj5lg3rt5t Maybe. But the west didn’t fall apart or suffer from the fall of the Soviet Union.

[@SiRasputin]

State visits do not signify a change in foreign policy stance vis-a-vis any other country. Mongolia is free to have relations with whomever they want. This is very normal. I think both the Russians and Chinese are grown up enough to know that they aren't the only 2 countries in the world. Only a western, zero sum perspective would come to the conclusion that mongolia engaging with the west represents a shift in foreign policy. The same zero sum thinking is applied to Vietnam. But I think you'll find that mongolia, just like Vietnam, just wants to have good relations with all countries. And that it would be a terrible miscalculation to attempt to pit these countries against Russia and China.

[@tekinfomedi]

Agree. My understanding of the Vietnamese people (those in Vietnam, not grandkids of Saigon exiles in California) is that they want to be friends with everyone but allies with no one. 😊😊

[@SiRasputin]

@tekinfomedi this is vietnams stance for sure. Friends to all, enemies of none. The west, especially the US govt, still harbours illusions of turning countries like VN against China. We are witnessing lack of statecraft in the West due to the multipolar emergence.

[@erf3176]

Mongolia would like to hear more about Putin’s theories that countries can just claim territory that used to be part of a historical empire.

[@facebookmary7502]

Mauritius claims the chagos islands which the USA and Britain illegally occupied according to UN ruling, Israel occupies the West Bank illegally by UN ruling etc France illegally brings European colonists to dilute the kanak population of New calidonia so as to undo their independence calls etc not saying Russia is Right but if international law can't hold the west accountable then let's not pretend it works on others the west don't like.

[@tekinfomedi]

By that reasoning, China would also have a chance to reclaim all of Mongolia and Shoiguland Tuva. 😁😁 Not so sure if Mongolia would really want to hear more.

[@MarcHarder]

@@tekinfomedi China already does that. They claim Taiwan despite the current people's republic having never controlled it, just because an earlier Chinese empire controlled it.

[@tekinfomedi]

@@MarcHarder The current PRC position is Qing >> ROC >> PRC. So anything that is officially under Qing or ROC is PRC unless it has been officially given up. This is why PRC does not claim Lake Balkash, Shoiguland Tuva, Mongolia, Stanovoy Mountains and Sakhalin. Meanwhile the TW position is that Qing >> ROC. From known history, ROC-TW claims more of the mainland than PRC-controlled territory. 😊😊 Both PRC and ROC maintain TW is a part of 1 China but both claim to be the 1 China and exclude the other. Not that long ago, the CCP was still referred as Communist Bandits. Once read about how then-TW media reported on Mao's passing. It sort of went something like this: Communist Bandit Chief Mao dead in Beiping (Yes, Beiping, not Beijing). An accompanying commentary was said to have urged mainlanders to rise up. 😁😁 I know there are lots of Kremlin-lovers who want to de-link PRC from Qing and ROC. If the de-link is succesful, that will set a precedent for de-linking Ukraine from Ukraine SSR, which gives Russia the right to annex more of Ukraine. 🙄🙄

[@Orwellian-Purple-Grapes-1984]

​@@tekinfomedi Or Mongolia would have a claim over all of China, though I'm not sure how intact they will remain after reclaiming the😮 whole of China with only 2-3 million people versus 1.4 billion. Also, never forget that there are more Mongolians living inside China than in Mongolia - and these Inner Mongolians are the ones who still use their own Mongolian script whereas the Outer Mongolians use the Cyrillic alphabet.

[@vinniechan]

I'm sure Mongolia just wants to be left alone lol

[@notdpanda9525]

There are more mongols in Chinese Inner Mongolia than in the country of Mongolia, which is pretty funny.

[@edwardsnowden8821]

are there more texans in New Mexico and Los Angeles

[@jokjok12hj]

There are more Chinese in Communist China than in Taiwan which is "pretty funny". Your sense of humour is just absent.

[@ChunWang-vb7yu]

@@jokjok12hj 喀尔喀蒙古不应该占有蒙古这个称号，就像北马其顿被迫改为北马其顿一样

[@Muesto123]

@@ChunWang-vb7yu china should change its name to west taiwan or 3rd world china

[@Dandelion274]

Correction: China stole the part of Mongolia with the most Mongolians* and unalived a quarter of the entire Mongolian population in the next few decades to essentially make Mongolian solidarity obsolete. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia_incident

[@JeanPaulMueller]

Explains why I've been seeing Mongolia commercials on CNN International

[@azurejester1520]

I always really appreciate the videos! Thanks 🤙

[@yatharthvats4902]

That was informative!

[@davidk6269]

Mongolia is basically surrounded by China and Russia, and is landlocked. It would be suicide for Mongolia to align itself with the West in confrontation with China and Russia.

[@andonelv8058]

Why suicide In our history Mongolia had wars many times with russia and china but We still exist as nation

[@shakiMiki]

An excellent deep dive in to an interesting country & its approach.

[@balazszentai3364]

It is a logical decision that Mongolia would like to become less vulnerable to Russia and China these days. However, the plan may fail precisely because of the new cold war and geopolitical confrontation. Mongolia's value lies in its mineral resources. However, which large Western company will be willing to invest billions of dollars in Mongolia, if afterwards it depends on the goodwill of Russia and China whether they can deliver the mined mineral resources to the world market and, if so, at what price (transit fees can easily change at any time).

[@user-cj5lg3rt5t]

Западне компаније улажу само тамо где могу да пљачкају ресурсе неразвијених земаља по бизарним ценама трошкова експлоатације.

[@CroatiaCOUNTRYballs36]

Great video!😄😄😄

[@luxembourgishempire2826]

Oh James I thought you had finally done a video on Mongolia's path to independence! Anyways, great video!

[@harryofbc9942]

Are you a Luxembourger as well? Interested to hear your opinion on Mongolia.

[@GababoGuyo]

thank you prof lindsay i lean alot from you

[@oldgreybeard2507]

Many thanks

[@robcameron9096]

For Mongolia, economics probably matters more than geopolitics. According to the Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity, more than 80% of Mongolia's exports go to China. Imports are about 35% from China, 30% from Russia. In any case, turning away from China would be economic suicide. Turning away from Russia would be abandoning the major counterbalance to China.

[@leahcasey2678]

Finally ... thank you for posting actual verifiable facts. In 2022, over 78% of Mongolia's exports went to China ... only a mere 0.18% went to the USA. Switzerland (a non-NATO country) is the only western country that has any significant trade with Mongolia. If the US was to become a close "ally" of Mongolia, they'd be selling weapons and encouraging Mongolia to go to war with China or Russia ... or both!

[@user-cj5lg3rt5t]

Пустите ви са Запада Монголију Монголима.

[@augustaj3952]

Thank you☆

[@user-ty7se7ns9y]

It is difficult for a country without a sea outlet to develop

[@katewoolf6059]

❤ this video. Thank you

[@DuckDodgersWannabe]

Mongolia is truly cursed by geography. Having as its only neighbours two nuclear powers, lead by authoritarian and expansionist regimes, is certainly a recipe for disaster. Adding to that the fact it is a post-communist society and lacking any neighbouring democratic nations and organisations akin to NATO and EU that could help its transition, and you would think Mongolia would have become another dictatorship/oligarchy. And yet they managed, against all odds, to be by far one of the most democratic countries in continental Asia (Looking at the V-Dem or Freedom House maps and stats makes it all the more clear). It is quite a miracle and honestly an amazing feat. A case study on how to be a democratic island in a sea of authoritarianism.

[@the0ne809]

to a lesser extend, Armenia is also cursed by Geography. They want to get closer to the west but Turkey is literally part of NATO and Russia is to its north.

[@DK-ev9dg]

Those neighbors were slaughtered and attacked by Mongol forefathers but these neighbors still helping Mongolia

[@biggpicture2930]

It was democratic from time immemorial, but they do select a chief. However, it remained a lesser corrupted Democratic precisely because it is sandwiched by two giant nations. No matter what , it does, it has to please these two nations. A measure of true democracy is the disparity in wealth. A highly corrupted democracy will have high disparity, like india.

[@johnclay5499]

Such freedom has given us only piss and shit, nothing more

[@nasseemmuttur778]

Thank God they don't have neighbours like EU and Nato. That's why the country is stable.

[@hansweissmann_xviii6754]

Funny, when you look at the geological location of Mongolia, this question asked here is hilarious! The strategic error made by Murica is to believe they can stick it to the Russians and Chinese in Mongolia.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Did you in fact watch the video?

[@hansweissmann_xviii6754]

@@JamesKerLindsay Yes, enough to see the ridiculousness of the question……

[@DinoMan_6]

Great and informative.

[@rejvaik00]

I'm pretty sure Mongolia has already turned to the West multiple times in recent decades Mongolia has had a policy of what they call "the third neighbor" where Mongolian government recognizes that they consider the US as if it was a bordering nation of Mongolia proper

[@ianshaver8954]

The US Air force is so powerful and long range that this is actually a reasonable policy.

[@lakevon]

​@@ianshaver8954powerful and long range, my God the some people are so naive.

[@DK-ev9dg]

​@@ianshaver8954😂😂😂😂😂😂

[@geoff9858]

​@@ianshaver8954😂😂😂😂😂😂

[@geoff9858]

​@@ianshaver8954🤡🤡🤡🤡🤡

[@tekinfomedi]

Good day, Prof. Of course MN probably wants better $$$ relations with the West. But so-called geostrategic aligning with the West? Probably not. Why should MN antagonize its neighbors?

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks. This is pretty much the conclusion I reached as well. :-)

[@tuvshinbayrlhagvasuren1083]

Hello. I am from Mongolia and now study a korean language at Seoul. Yesterday our country had parliament election. Ruling party is hold a majority. I am generation Z and i am no bad view as to russia or china and western nations. I studied as business law in mongolia. now i want to study at master's degree . in my opinion my close and my generations view as west is good russia and china is bad. but my maternal grandpa is studied USSR as engineer. my cousin is studied beijing Tsinghua university. now i want to study in korea. kind of fresh feeling or i don't know how to express. In this video 1635 year chinese are not attacked us they are Manchus they are kind similliar us but they are kind of half nomadic half urban style. they are fishers. At korea i study with chinese, central asians(Former USSR states), vietnam, Ukraine, Russians, French, Georgian, yeah international students who are interested in korean language and culture. Central asians are view the Russian-Ukrainian war as some are bad view and some are it's must because they are speak russian too. In my humble opinion west pushed russia and china they acted their interests are threadend and they must protect their interests. If usa bordered by communist mexico, or ally of russia or china how do guys feel it. is it ok ?. Americans are talk about Monroe doctrine but how about their interest. George orwell- animal farm all animals are equal but pigs are more equal . so great powers are try to dominate their geopolitical interests, when russian's and china, iran, N.Koreans are doing something they are evil. but western countries are ok? double standard???

[@tekinfomedi]

Hello. Nice to know someone who is really from the relevant nation and not some descendant of an emigre group living in the West. Because of the historical nomadic nature of Mongols, their history will always overlap across several nations. To the best of my knowledge, both Russia and China want to keep the status quo. The only people excited about re-creating the Mongol Empire are some globalist Westerners supported by some pro-globalist non-Westerners living in the West. Some of these people do not understand the historical heritage of their ancestral nations. As a comparison, an example consists of grandkids of Saigon exiles who think Vietnam will join a US alliance against mainland China. Much of the globalist fascination with Chinggis Khagan is a weird sexual fantasy where Mongol khans have lots of sexual partners and having many descendants. China and Russia are not really rising to rule the world. They are largely behaving normally. It's the globalist-minded portion of Westerners and some of their non-Western supporters that are mentally declining.

[@user-cj5lg3rt5t]

Тако је монголски брате. У праву си...

[@user-cj5lg3rt5t]

@@tekinfomedi Браво!

[@izajahmed8863]

Mongolia can be independent and do what it's best for their countries. One of the key requirement to join BRICS is adopting unilateral sanctions without UN consent. This has been brought forward by Russia and all of the members in BRICS agrees to it. Also, Russia-China released a joined statement stating no sanctions policy or something.. I do not remember the exact words... China or Russia won't choke Mongolia economically or militarily. The problem with people who argue this is that they are from west and literally think rest of the world will also think like them... Again, Russia has demonstrated they do not care which country side with their enemy or ally. The best example is Armenia. Armenia left CSTO, asked Russian troops to withdraw after ceding the villages to Azerbaijan. moving towards west and, Russia does not flinch and put sanctions on them or something. They obliged and troops came home already. Philippines placing US troops, Intermediate range missiles, weapons facing China but China did not do anything other than warning and request to take their security interest into account. Please do not say only US can put sanctions... China is a trading partner of 120 countries and capable enough to run their economy domestically for years.. Philippines top trading partner is China and, you do not see China stopping their supplies and choking them economically. Do you? Somehow Russia, China are imperialists... Idk those who say this eats something different than humans. Now, I am still waiting for the US troops to leave Syria, Iraq where the people and head of state asked to get out years and months ago respectively. Turkey bought weapons from Russia, sanctions on Turkey, a key NATO ally. India imported oil and diamonds from Russia, sanctions on some Indian companies. Russians used UAE, Kazakhstan, Turkey for their business transaction and sanction on these country banks... Somehow US is democracy and free world. Well, this is how democracy look and works like then it's not going anywhere except to the path of destruction...

[@jayvaldez9295]

As a Korean, I consider us close cousins of the Mongolians ,and apparently they do too as I see a lot of Korean soft power influence in Mongolia. South Korea is a vassal of the US pretty much and I guess Mongolia is going that way too. It might be good in terms of development but it too will come under the influence of the US empire.

[@Kingkirkc563]

Ok USA could just let North Korea take your country with the help of China I mean if you consider ever country that likes the USA vassals then I think South Korea should be left on there own

[@Wbliss]

Mongolia is already threading on very thin ice in its relations with both China & Russia as it’s like a salami sandwich. This country has very deep historical relationships with both sides & any expansion of its foreign relations to any western powers, may trigger a landslide from both powerful neighbours, meaning that any hostile move from Mongolia in realigning its relations with both neighbours, would signal its very end as a nation.

[@andonelv8058]

In our history we had too many wars with Russia and China but We are still exist as nation and developing I can proudly say that russia or china NEVER ever can invade Mongolia. They tried many times but failed Mongolia is not small country as you think there are more than 10 million people have mongolian blood in russia and china

[@Dandelion274]

After Mongolia invaded Russia and China, Mongolian DNA spread throughout both nations. Mongolia has always fought with China in the past 2,000 years and won major battles with a relatively high victory rate. Battles with Russia have not happened in recent centuries with the main one being Battle of Kulikovo where Russia finally broke free from Mongolian yoke.

[@Wbliss]

It’s true that Mongolia is a vast country with its independence, firmly held by the wisdom of its leadership to this day, despite of some territorial conflicts mainly with its two neighbors in its history. However, in today’s political climate, any one of these two neighbors, would be a towering factor to deal with its relationship as both larger neighbors are rather sensitive & watchful as to what Mongolia does in its foreign relations with other countries, esp. those countries deemed as adversaries by the two neighbors. Any erratic move for closer relations, economically or militarily by the current Mongolian govt. towards any western powers with hostile intentions , would be considered as undermining the national security of the two neighbors which in turn, would act swiftly to checkmate such a dangerous position undertaken by Mongolia. As mentioned earlier, Mongolia is indeed in a vulnerable position not to agitate the bigger guys next door as it could be squashed without hesitation. Russia & China are in no mood to compromise in such a situation esp. so under the present geopolitical climate.!

[@mrweisu]

Can Mongolia export anything w/o going thru Russia or China? I mean if they produce precious metals, can they take an airplane to go up 30k feet and avoid going through the two big brothers?

[@JamesKerLindsay]

And that’s exactly the problem! But you can also understand why Mongolia also feels so nervous.

[@berndhofmann752]

I knw the country, and my son lived there for some time He found the country is beautiful! Politics there has been balancing between these two powers. And they do it quite good! They tend more to Russia, because they wsnt to decrease the huge chinese influence. And the Turks have a big influence there as well!

[@OPEN-qg2ui]

Stay Neutral and enjoy your beautiful Country. Choose one side and everything will turn upside down.

[@EnginAtik]

Mongolia has rich mineral resources but its greatest riches are their cultural heritage and history and they should do everything to protect it.

[@williambeeson435]

Thanks!

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thank you so much William. That really is incredibly kind of you. I appreciate it enormously. Have a really great week, James

[@AdenMike]

If you look at the map very well, you will see that Mongolia can only turn 360.

[@lt419]

Моngolia has been dealing with its two giant neighbours for centuries if not milleniums since the Hunnic time. Hence it has become a master craftsman in its state affairs. Mongolia will survive these difficult times and will prosper further with its peaceful diplomacies as it has always done.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

In many ways, it is amazing that it even exists as an independent state!

[@lt419]

@JamesKerLindsay Mongolia has a unique history, culture, landscape and a unique identity which vastly separates it from its neighbours. That is the reason why Mongolia would never successfully be absorbed by either Russia or China.

[@mibold9037]

Монгол 2 херштэйгее хамт явна. Манай №1 херш бол Хойд Херш!

[@MrNeversweat]

Aligning with the West... Not every country sees things that way Many countries see the world as one and every country as the right to choose which country to trade with No aligning with any block so they can impose you who to trade with

[@leefster1]

In that case, China and Russia just have to close their air space and land route to Mongolia. Good luck to their rocketry or tunnel digging technology

[@inuwooddog3027]

I see the situation as "Mongolia's reform and opening up." Basically having open economic ties to all as a normal country should be. It happened to all "stan" countries too since the war in Ukraine.

[@SuperGreatSphinx]

WAR IS A RACKET Smedley Darlington Butler

[@tabithan2978]

Smart people, Diversify your alliances. Over dependence on any one relationship is bad news.

[@rpgbb]

If one has a look at Mongolia’s location; there’s no way Mongolia can’t abandon its ties with Russia and China

[@CedarHunt]

I doubt Mongolia will be allowed to make any kind of meaningful move toward the West. They're stuck between the two empires left in the world, China and Russia will never allow Mongolia to have self-determination.

[@parkerburrus289]

They do what the hell they want

[@edwardsnowden8821]

the two empires "left" in the world. what a joke. I hope they don't find weapons of mass destruction in Mongolia next

[@NikolaHD]

@@parkerburrus289 Tell me you have no clue how the world works without telling me

[@lakevon]

lest we forget who has more military bases around the world. and is literally an empire of super power proportions.

[@merocaine]

I didn't realise Russia and China are empires.

[@bilic8094]

I remember going to wwf wrestling as a kid and they had a wrestler called the mongolian giant killer khan.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Haha! Mongolia has a worldwide reputation for wrestling. Its last president was a wrestling champion!

[@peterkops6431]

Thanks as always Prof! 👍🏻🇦🇺👍🏻

[@EarnestBunbury]

Maybe Mongolia has taken a look at the US’s Strategic ambiguity towards Taiwan and found the concept useful to its own case

[@Vuosta]

I wish they could, but they can't. The one thing stopping Mongolia from being invaded like Ukraine did is them allowing the chinese and russians mine their country for dirt cheap so both have a vested interest in the country being independent.

[@user-cj5lg3rt5t]

Кинези и Руси нису Запад да јефтино искорићавају ресурсе Монголије. То је својствено западним компанијама иза којих стоје њихове империјалистичке агресивне државе.

[@horaceleung8646]

In my opinion, Mongolia can turn to whomever it wants, but the question is, what's the point? Mongolia's only role for the West is to drive a nail between China and Russia. I feel that the West is learning from China, just like Serbia. But there are nine countries around Serbia, and there are many options to open up Serbia. But Mongolia is surrounded by only China and Russia. Once they close their airspace and borders to Mongolia, Mongolia can't even transport a needle out. What else can Mongolia do? Can Mongolia go to war with these two countries? Are you kidding me?

[@jokjok12hj]

If China close it Russia wont, If Russia close it China wont. Russia fear and hate China more than the West and Mongolian independence is crucial for Russia.I'm saying it as a Russian. Also both countries if any hostile actions against Mongolia will face unrest in their Mongolic populated areas.

[@jokjok12hj]

Why do Chinese in both Chinese states hate other East Asian countries especially Korea, Japan and Mongolia? As a Russian I don't understand. Russia and the West, doesn't like China because it is of an alien race and very different culturally. But what is the point of China hating its neighours? Solely of their form of governance?

[@snowlee-ml7rr]

@@jokjok12hj Russians hate Chinese? I think Chinese have more reason to hate Russians. The countries that have done the most harm to China in modern times are Russia and Japan. And Russia is the country that has robbed the most Chinese territory! No doubt about it! The Chinese who still have feelings for Russia are those who studied in Russia in the last century, and they are all retired. As for the Chinese's current gratitude to Russia, the only reason is that the Soviet Union helped China complete the construction of heavy industry. At present, most Chinese people are wary of Russia, not like it. This is the valuable experience of the Chinese in dealing with Russia in the past few hundred years. It may also be the valuable experience of all Russia's neighbors in dealing with Russia.

[@snowlee-ml7rr]

@@jokjok12hj No matter if Putin glorifies his war actions. In the eyes of the majority of Chinese people, Russia's invasion of Ukraine is aggression! However, the Chinese are facing the same situation as Russia and can understand Russia's invasion. After all, the United States is too aggressive, deploying troops and weapons of mass destruction at the doorsteps of China and Russia. But the Chinese are very clear about the nature of Russia's military actions: invasion!

[@user-cj5lg3rt5t]

Зашто би Руси или Кинези спречавали Монголију да тргује било с ким? Србија је опкољена од непријатељски расположених НАТО земаља. НАТО не дозвољава мир на Балкану.

[@54032Zepol]

"Soon all of China will know you are here!" Beta Chinese Scout "Good!" Chad Mongolian Horse Archer 🐎 🏹

[@nicolasrasiulis8797]

N.b. The Qing Empire was a Manchu-led Manchu-Mongolian condominium, not ‘China.’ Granted, sinofication occurred over time. P.s. Thanks for the video.

[@JamesKerLindsay]

Thanks. Indeed.

[@erazmuz]

What matters is if their citizenry stands with them, and that they are serving their interests. Aside that, it's another puppet-serving escapade.

[@tx9ju]

There is no point in talking about 6 million people who do not have access to air, sea, land and live between two superpowers. Even the china province of Inner Mongolia is more influential with a population of 30 million people and their per capita income is many times higher

[@dieppeboon9627]

Yes.. the Chinese cancelled the Siberian Power 2 because Mongolia is looking West

[@Dandelion274]

Good!

[@rekt3619]

Actually China dont want SP2 from Russia not Mongolia

[@VladTevez]

Could 1979 West German eurovsion song be the new national anthem of Mongolia please?

[@faketrump3605]

if you agree with prof John Mearsheimer's realism theory, it is apparent that Mongolia must be kept checked by both Russia and China all the time.

[@KonradAdenauerJr]

I will be forever grateful to Mongolia for helping us in Iraq and Afghanistan.

[@edwardsnowden8821]

you mean the empires illegal destruction of more than a million souls in Iraq and Afghanistan

[@facebookmary7502]

Mongolia is definitely packing. to help the the USA in two immoral empire expeditions must bring back memories

[@KonradAdenauerJr]

@@facebookmary7502 Trolls with blank YT profiles need to go easy on the anti-American Kool-Aid (and learn to write coherent sentences).

[@KonradAdenauerJr]

​@@facebookmary7502 Trolls with blank profile pages need to go easy on the anti-American Kool-Aid (and learn to write coherent sentences).

[@edwardsnowden8821]

​@@KonradAdenauerJr English teacher on KZbin comments, no way.

[@Ranaimuye]

If true Mongolia will be like firefighters who,while everyone run away from the burning object, they run towards it. Most countries are seeking to join BRICS Mongolia is seeking to join the declining West. Ehhhh?

[@Dandelion274]

Both Mongolia and China decolonized from Manchuria. Manchuria is closer to Mongolia in terms of culture than China and it absorbed both countries to instill power in the region. Both Chinese and Mongolians suffered because of Manchurians but on paper, Manchuria was renamed to "Qing Dynasty" to describe its territorial expansion.

[@georgiossgk7384]

Mongolia didn't even bother to attend the recent peace summit in Switzerland for Ukraine. The idea that it will somehow shift and become a western ally or proxy is laughable given the current geography (and i don't see neither Russia nor China vanish from the map anytime soon). But hey let's make a video where in the end we will state the obvious.

[@jokjok12hj]

Were there Tuvalu and Maldives though? What small Mongolia has to do with Ukraine to attend the conference?

[@georgiossgk7384]

@@jokjok12hj Because Mongolia and Tuvalu or Maldives have the same size... Mongolia has repeatedly refused to condemn the war, its absence is an indicator that it has not shifted against its neighbours. Nor will it happen anytime soon. For the moment it is just a wishful thought.

[@louischau7982]

Most countries are turning east . Why Mongolia will turn west ? They are deadlocked between two superpower

[@jacobdavison93]

Mongolia has done a master craft of managing to stay in the middle between 3 Great/Super Powers (US, China, Russia/Soviet Union). That’s a testament to their statecraft!!

[@facebookmary7502]

Mongolia has done non of that. what Mongolia has done is playing the fine line between Russia and China as that is the only thing that matters. all other relationships is just filler.

[@DK-ev9dg]

They have nothing of value. If they would be neighbors of greedy USA, there would've been annexed. China and Russia are helping to survive this country.

[@jacobdavison93]

@@facebookmary7502 but that’s my point. They’ve played that fine line with their surrounding powers and have retained their autonomy for the most part

[@edwardsnowden8821]

​@@jacobdavison93if you call being reliant on china for more than 70% of your export revenue, on Russia for most of your food and fuel etc while they both look away because they get everything they want from you at a discount while not having to deal with a potentially problematic population if they just invaded and having you rely on thier airspace and ports for all your connection to the outside world. if you call that autonomy then i guess it is. hence why in a conflict with the west Mongolia would never go against Russia or China.

[@jacobdavison93]

@@edwardsnowden8821 I will concede that they are absolutely reliant on China and Russia. I’m not advocating for Mongolia to align with the West. That would be suicide in their situation. But the fact they were never annexed into Soviet Union or Communist China should garner some respect at the minimum

[@im2b1234]

🎉🎉🎉

[@MaroonedInDub]

East vs West with the bits in the middle on the fence being pulled from both sides. Humpty Dumpty?

[@roddychristodoulou9111]

Highly unlikely , yes Mongolia may aspire for higher living standards like everyone else but being sandwiched between Russia and China speaks volumes . The problem Mongolia has is it's too intertwined with Russia and china especially Russia . They have this barter system whereby they swap goods of the same value in return for oil and gas from Russia . Mongolia also understands that in 10/12 years time China will become the largest economy overtaking America . Beside the Mongolian people have seen major infrastructure projects installed which has vastly improved their quality of life . My personnel take on this is that the government of Mongolia is dangling the carrot and stick approach to the west in order to get the best of both worlds .

[@mibold9037]

Бид 2 л херштэй

[@redjacc7581]

cool

[@desjaff]

Mongolia will never split from Russia and China.. It's stuck between two great powers..

[@andrewsarantakes639]

Interesting topic. Mongolia it seems, due to its political geography, is a shrimp caught between two whales. Due to this fact, Mongolia will be a vassal/client state of either Russia or the PRC. Because of this factor, plus the draconian political structures of Mongolia's two neighbors, we can assess it will never, as a nation, be able to chart its own political course. A great topic to have on the podcast to examine other states which are dominated by external more powerful neighbors.

[@luishernandezblonde]

Mongolia's geography, I fear, will not allow it. Sandwiched by Russia and China, its survival is put to doubt.

[@user-cj5lg3rt5t]

Био опстанак Монголије доведен у питање да се та земља налази између Америке и Канаде. Овако имају срећу да се граниче са двије моћне пријатељске земље Русијом и Кином које штите Монголију од западних агресора, окупатора, експлоататора и пљачкаша.

[@luishernandezblonde]

@@user-cj5lg3rt5t Tak, ponieważ jesteś Serbem. Połóż się na naszym miejscu i zobacz, jak otwierają się oczy.

[@franciscoguzman5675]

Eso sería desconocer su esencia étnica y cultural.

[@odgiiv1]

Even though Mongolia is surrounded by China and Russia. If you look closely, its immediate neighbours are also mongols; inner mongolia in china, and buryats and tuvans in russia. So it also serves as a kind of buffer between these three nations. In total there are around 10 millions of mongols living in this region.

[@edwardsnowden8821]

just like Texas, new mexico, Oklahoma and California former Mexican territory acts as buffer with the USA, except it doesn't. what the hell are you going on about

[@goramvach1767]

Your coverage of the Armenian Genocide has brought me back to watch every single one of your videos! Thanks for what you do sir!

[@rheinhardtgrafvonthiesenha8185]

I really enjoy this channel even though I generally have differnt views from the host. I wouldn’t know allot of the things going on are actually going on without watching. I don’t personally think Mongolia is sounding out option 3 at all. I believe it’s us „the west“ who is teaching out to them. And we’re doing it for precisely one reason and that’s their geography. Let’s be real Mongolia has nothing g to offer. Their mineral resources are moderate at best and if it weren’t for the cheap labor China and Russia would just mine it themselves as they have an abundance of them. In fact those are the only minerals China does have. And you’re not gonna ship coal from Mongolia to France. The offer nothing but geography. This is the west being pains in the asses like we always are . I’d do it too, Russia funded Cadtro and has Cuba for the very same reason. They offer nothing but geography and possibly cigars. Does anyone think the west really gives a shit about Mongolia for any economic reason.,,,,

[@qZbGmYjS4QusYqv5]

Mongolia is steadily moving to the West since 1989 when Gorbachev dumped it alongside the other Warsaw Pact countries

[@BPchadlite]

<a href="#" class="seekto" data-time="208">3:28</a> we see you dodging that Kyakhta pronunciation doc!

[@azdbuk]

Nice people, super multi lingual, vodka and mares milk-it's whats for breakfast, good cashmere, growing education and military sectors, world class Taiman fishing....noodles and mutton though, that was tough.

[@ometriaslong3069]

👍

[@user-ff5rl7eu1m]

Да!? Приятно будет видеть в будущем Монголию " Восточной Швейцарией "!?

[@Pentagathusosaurus]

How would Mongolia recieve any real assistance from the west? Unless the central Asian nations all form a strong independent block I can't see Mongolia has any choice except being relatively friendly with both Russia and China considering their geographic position.

[@tabithan2978]

Mongolia may not have ‘Russia’ on its border for much longer.

[@HakanOzen-yo5nq]

great moğol nation deserves better future.