Jennifer Doudna (UC Berkeley / HHMI): Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9

www.ibiology.org/genetics-and...
Talk Overview:
Jennifer Doudna tells the story of how studying the way bacteria fight viral infection turned into a genomic engineering technology that has transformed molecular biology research. In 2013, Doudna and her colleagues developed the CRISPR-Cas9 gene expression system that, when introduced into animal cells, makes site-specific changes to intact genomes. CRISPR-Cas9 is more precise, more efficient, and less expensive than other genome editing tools and, as a result, has facilitated a wide range of studies that were previously unachievable.
Speaker Biography:
Jennifer Doudna is Professor of the Departments of Chemistry and of Molecular and Cell Biology at University of California, Berkeley, and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Early in her career, she studied the structure and mechanism of ribozymes (enzymatic RNA molecules) and RNA-protein complexes, such as the signal recognition particle. Now her research focuses on understanding how RNA molecules control gene expression in bacteria, through the CRISPR-Cas9 system, and eukaryotic cells, through RNA interference and microRNA-mediated translational control. For her outstanding scientific contributions, she was elected into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2002 and the National Academy of Sciences in 2003, and was awarded the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in the Life Sciences. In 2020, Dr. Doudna received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her contribution to the development of CRISPR-Cas technology as a method for genome editing.

[@maythesciencebewithyou]

Your team deserves the Nobel prize.

[@lf3man05]

they won/.

[@chemeowkine]

Ahaaa they woonn

[@u.lmeenafuturesias743]

They won

[@MJ-ye7dd]

And they surely did.

[@sunilthapa1539]

What are the odds!! may be very likely BUT still what a remark!!!

[@maykecuba]

CRISPR system explained by its discoverer! Potential is endless.

[@federicogarciacriado2684]

The discoverer is Francis Mojica

[@CharlesCarlsonC3]

This is the best explanation I've seen of the Crispr approach to genetic engineering. I thought her talk was very understandable (i.e. without lots of mumbo jumbo jargon) and much better at answering some of the numerous questionsI had after reading various articles about the technique. I particularly liked that it was well grounded in the basic biology of organisms and clearly built upon other research, as well. Good going, and thank you.

[@ianmatthewkline8279]

Should be the best explanation, right? Her team basically invented it hahah I had some trouble understanding it from other videos but this was great

[@leny672001]

thank you, scientists, for working tirelessly to bring the best for our health

[@MsLilyJones]

I have to perform CRISPR technology in my project and I have found that this video has explained CRISPR beautifully! Thank you for your time in creating and uploading this.

[@kimanipatrick]

This is a great discovery. I wrote a specific aims page and actually used the CRISPR Cas 9 system. Its humbling to know I can interact with the minds behind the discovery of this technology... Its simple, specific and profound.

[@ronnideam]

Loved the Radiolab episode! Thanks for posting, very informative.

[@whatlunaticever]

Such an awesome technique! This will create so many breakthroughs in vaaarious research disciplines!

[@DennisMathias]

Time to say you are an inspiration. Very well done.

[@pedrobakster]

A very clear explanation straight from the source.

[@alexanderf5497]

As clear as mud can be!

[@TugbaNurUyguc]

Fascinating ! I wish I was Jennifer Doudna . Enchanted.

[@marypecar9364]

Thanks Jennifer for sharing. This has helped me immensely with my studies in Biotechnology . Excellent presentation!

[@georgegray2712]

Great work Jennifer et al!

[@donross7820]

Marvelous presentation of a fascinating topic. I would vote for you to get the Nobel prize considering the massive importance of your discovery. Glad to see my old alma mater is nurturing such famous people. I studied there in Physiology and took Organic Chemistry with Melvin Calvin. I'm a retired doctor and doing animations of CRISP Cas9 in Cinema 4D. What an exciting field you are in and what great work! Thank you for what you have done.

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services ......

[@ClaridgesSeven]

Fyi, both UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute of MIT discovered and developed CRISPR genetic editing technology.😇

[@sunilpbiradar3859]

well explained.....continue the same work....all the best

[@beckyzdilla2867]

Congratulations on the Nobel prize. We are learning about your research in my genetics class!

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services

[@lerandrice]

So incredible! This will change everything.

[@StewartChaimson]

Amazing level of understanding.

[@20yearsofBoredom]

Jennifer you are my hero!!

[@esully666]

This is great. Amazing work.

[@mdoeller7493]

I'm gonna try this at home.

[@effortless35]

+m doeller Don't try this at home.

[@jjjjjj192]

they do move in herds

[@mustafakarabicici3009]

+m doeller for what, and with who, I hope,you dont have any pet :D ...and if its work write me ok :)

[@DaveWhoa]

you _can_ try this at home! (well, at your lab) there are very cheap CRISPR kits

[@TripleIProductions]

Instructions unclear. Accidentally made a sabre-toothed tiger.

[@muhammadzubair8062]

great work and exciting to open up new gate of research in molecular biology.

[@kaustshroff381]

I just got introduced to CRISPR-Cas 9 system, and I am genuinely amazed at how simple yet intricate this system is. Hats off to you and your team for finding this breakthrough. I think you have firmly carved your name into the history books of biological research.

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services ...

[@GuillermoValleCosmos]

lol her surname ends in dna

[@flyingeyefpv]

+Guillermo Valle Do U DNA?

[@albertwillems6413]

very keen observation. I wonder, if she ever noticed that herself. I have a hard enough time following her to the point of getting the drift, but what mind can actually come up with the solutions, let alone understanding the problem?

[@imagination7710]

Do u even DNA bro

[@imagination7710]

Do u even DNA bro

[@crod1290]

More like, "Do u, DNA!" (Encouraging DNA)

[@marcusrashfordisanamazingp982]

Congratulations on the Nobel prize Jennifer and Emmanuelle

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services

[@YYYoldguy]

In 50 or 100 years...our descendants may look back and identify this as the point when man really took control of the genome. On a par with control of fire and domestication of animals and plants.

[@bighands69]

Dave Balding Now combine what you are saying with information technology with the likes of IBM Watson and this may have occurred in 15 years times.

[@sshankarn]

May not even take that long. Check this partnership announcement around IBM Watson for Genomics & Illumina : www.illumina.com/company/news-center/press-releases/press-release-details.html?newsid=2234854 "By adding Watson for Genomics to Illumina’s next-generation sequencing platform, researchers who use Illumina’s cancer genome sequencing panel will have rapid access to information to help interpret the broad array of variant data produced by TruSight Tumor 170. Illumina’s TruSight® Tumor 170 is a solid tumor profiling panel designed to detect a comprehensive set of variants across 170 genes. In a matter of minutes, Watson for Genomics will read the genetic alteration files produced by TruSight Tumor 170, comb professional guidelines, medical literature, clinical trials compendia, and other sources of knowledge to provide information for each genomic alteration, and produce a report for use by researchers -- a process that typically takes scientists more than one week to complete. Watson for Genomics ingests data from approximately 10,000 scientific articles and 100 new clinical trials every month."

[@alexanderf5497]

Who's to say that unlocking the source code of life won't bring as much risk as unlocking the mechanism of nuclear energy has?

[@yoyoyee2922]

very interesting and clearly explained! excellent supplement to my lecture notes!

[@AnkeetKumar]

I am the one who watched this video before 7th October as well. But now it seems more interesting to me. Congratulations Jennifer 🎉🎉

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services

[@muneerabbas2581]

Very helpful and well explained. Thank you!!

[@davidcunningham2984]

awesome. very exciting. a quantum leap forward.

[@elizabetharenas7983]

Cant believe I am listenning an explanation from a nobel prize!!

[@dongwookkim1244]

Thanks! This video helped me a lot!

[@louispetrillo3038]

Good luck securing the patent ... really ... you deserve the rewards of your transformative work.

[@oboirex]

You all are my heroes!

[@salvadorhirth1641]

I believe that when a cell is engineered to produce a "foreign" protein, the end product might be different from the intended peptide or protein, if the enzyme to cleave the signal peptide is not present in the endoplasmic reticulum of that cell. What a powerful tool, have been found, let's hope that it will be used for healing people! Congrats to all involved in this major breakthrough!

[@marcoglara2012]

Heroes. Too few people recognize how important these people are to us all.

[@JaiLakshman]

Thank you for the post!

[@zacharysbrennan5376]

who else is here 5.15.24 and waiting for this technology to become mainstream. 9 years ago and the the application has barely budged...

[@Freddychao]

knowledgeable and useful! most important, clever and beautiful!

[@birgit2322]

Congratulations to you and Emmanuelle Charpentier for winning the Nobel Prize this year 2020!

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services

[@ginwingchan8725]

What a great job she and her team did

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services ......

[@j.milleraabamsc9400]

We love you, Jennifer!

[@bguddafool]

What a time to be alive 😀🍎❤️

[@zid-ziddy-zid6821]

Nah i would want to live in the future :'( when this is all sorted

[@themadcapkolla]

+Zahid khan if you where there when it was already sorted out then you wouldn't value it as much, like computers and phones.

[@zid-ziddy-zid6821]

DEDZ I'd appreciate AI's and robots

[@phill6159]

What a good comment, I have nothing to add.

[@ENGHASSANDARWISH]

Congratulations Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna for wining the Nobel prize you deserve it And I am so proud to see 2 smart ladies doing this achievement ,,, you will inspire alot of girls around the world to have confidence of them self and to believe that they can change the world like you do

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services

[@prakharawasthi7062]

Thank you so much @ibiomagzine. just one question what is PAM sequence prior to cleavge site? Is it necessary for specific cleavge?

[@missfluffybuns7759]

and this is ladies and jents, is how you win a nobel!

[@biovision6005]

thanks a lot for references to papers!

[@user-wd8de7ir2h]

По настоящему удивительно, послушать рассказ об этой технологии от человека, непосредственно принимавшего участие в понимании её работы.)

[@RenataB503]

This is excellent! Thank you!

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services ...

[@richiemodad1259]

Super important things right here

[@trangdo6229]

thank you so much!!! it is so amazing!

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services ...

[@PenglamKhuak]

Congratulations Jennifer for winning Noble Prize 2020!

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services

[@danjbro]

Brilliant! Well done Jennifer! 👏🏽

[@9013099345]

Do u DNA??

[@EDUARDO12348]

I can see this technique being applied to cure allergies and some of types of cancer for sure.

[@subhodipchakraborty9140]

Really very well explanation ♥️

[@bogcom]

Great and very informative video. However I can't help but wonder how does CRISPR avoid self targeting?

[@snoopyhazarika6674]

Well it uses the incorporated viral DNA in between the bacteria's palindromic dna sequence which when transcribed in rna guides the Cas9 to the newly injected viral DNA which is cleaved

[@genghislad6195]

I realy can't understand how the gRNA binds to the cas9, I mean when have the CAS9 and the gRNA that we have just synthesized,which are both two separate macromolecules,what should we do to bind the two together properly .

[@sunilthapa1539]

to get a better picture of the topic in a youtube video by the PERSON HERSELF is awesome!!

[@rositaig]

Thanks!

[@genomicstechnology7]

Fantastic work Jennifer, very informative.

[@natashachan7465]

I would like to know if one day this can lead to cure for people with autism.

The first real cut and paste tool for our "software". Let's hope "genome software developers" don't create nastier bugs when trying to solve "old bugs". Debugging tools for this type of coding will create many moral problems. Responsible "developers" are hard to find. Hopefully the complexity of the "whole system" will prevent "small inconvenient bugs" from creating drastic consequences.

[@BigManJay69]

+Vítor Antãoin other words, it is quite scary shit lol... but yes i agree with all you said

[@Tobbast]

+Vítor Antão "Responsible "developers" are hard to find." Then you haven´t been looking at all. It´s sad when grown men get there notion of "evil scientists" from browsing random cartoons.

[@BigManJay69]

Tobias Kindervall i certainly agree most scientists only have good intentions.. but, governments will PAY good money for what they want, and the world evolves around greed unfortunately. So, dangers are very possible. Let's hope not

[@jaidakenana]

Perhaps it irresponsible developers won't be a threat because I would imagine that this type of knowledge and the tools to carry out genetic engineering would need licensed professionals who go through a certain amount of schooling. Similar how you don't see brain surgeons messing up with people's brains purposefully during surgery, a genetic engineer wouldn't great genetic "software bugs". Or I could be totally wrong, I'm no fortune teller haha.

[@jenwyman-clemons8322]

And don't overlook the DOD funding. No doubt some (entirely preventable) ugliness to come.

[@Hiphop101ize]

i didn;t understand this, is there a better video where they explain how it works step by step in a story with animation and less jargon? Plz send link

[@user-zd7ns9ij5g]

I have a question. How do bacteria respond to the viruses (bacteriophages) that are infecting for the first time? Do bacteria use the same CRISPR-Cas9 system for it or they switch to other system, since there is not any viral sequence present in the CRISPR Sequence of bacteria.

[@mrphysh]

The plasmid has a known sequence. The CRISPR guide RNA is made with a sequence matching the known plasmid sequence. (let’s look at lane one; GFP1) The location is picked because of the GG, so it is somewhat but not completely arbitrary. The plasmid is incubated with GFP1 and a regular restriction endonuclease. The circular plasmid is now two pieces and the sizes, according to gel electrophoresis, match the expected sizes. The cut occurred where predicted. Is that right?

[@venhari6365]

Thank you for explaining this system. Ivworked. In this same dept at Stanley hall in the lab across the phage lab, fifty years ago, exciting to see the advances in science and technology and how far we have come.

[@MOL17zwz]

Extraordinary findings are always out of answering basic questions. Just like this, the unknown repeating genes in bacteria, what are their function?

[@walterdoege7059]

Great work!

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services ...

[@zonaali1324]

hi!can u plz suggest me any amazing recent research in field of genetics and biochemistry ......like crispr cas

[@takudzwajumo1020]

You observed that the CRISPR knock-out of protein X either promotes or represses RNA polymerase II transcription, depending on the gene. Which experiments would you carry out to reveal the mechanism for this differential activity?

[@elpidiocastillo3342]

Awesome.Bravo!

[@edwinhillaryv5918]

Nice presentation....How this CRISPR technology would helpful for Genetic disorder diseases.

[@ronaldbarrett1506]

Fantastic intelligent scientists…. doing wonderful work. Congratulations

[@AJwenta]

The Doudna lab's basic research was clearly instrumental to this technology, but I did laugh a bit at the slide presented at 12:30 (and 13:40)... it screams "give me a Nobel Prize!" it's so humble, and yet so passive aggressive. I love it. Nonetheless, it was a very informative presentation.

[@drrakeebahmad8736]

Thanks for very nice and well demonstrated video lecture on CRSIPR Cas-9 mechanism and its novel applications. Once a Bacterium is infected by a Bacteriophage, what type of enzymes cleave the viral genome within bacterium, to be remembered by Bacterial genome for recognition in future by CRISPR-Cas9 complex. I mean a detailed mechanism of Adaptive immune system adapted by Bacteria.

[@drrakeebahmad8736]

@@lanarey4944 Do you think this is appropriate reply

[@azizcam6004]

Thank you

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services

[@yiweiliu6326]

I don't understand the PAM sequence. I assume there isn't necessarily a PAM seq where we want to cut the strand. but it's required for the cleavage to happen...how???

[@rowan729]

An NGG (any letter, GG PAM) sequence directly following your protospacer is a secondary measure to make sure the Cas9 is cutting in the right spot. There may be another 20 base sequence in the genome thats similar to where you want to target but the PAM with its specific (any letter)GG will make sure the cas9 only cuts at the targeted one.

[@tromboneJTS]

does Cas9 cleavage and subsequent repair cause frame shift errors?

[@ak50398]

God bless you. You make the world a better place for all of us. May you live forever. #respect

[@waltermarlin1730]

Transcribed? What is the sequence?

[@mmnleleso61]

This is amazing!!!! I hope she get her derserved PATENT...

[@ClaridgesSeven]

I hope not because she wasn't the inventor. She was one of the 3 scientists involved in the early developments of this technology, however, Feng Zhang was the inventor of CRISPR technology and the use of guide RNA, they're in legal dispute in September 2020. This has become highly politicized, in part thanks to the Nobel organization for rewarding the Nobel Prize to Doudna and the other scientist and intentionally overlooked Zhang.🙏

[@markjeffries9376]

Much love

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services ......

[@hp1565]

Does anybody know if i can study in the field of human gene therapy if i choose Biotechnology as a major this year? if not, do you have a better idea? i live already in germany

[@Problems-qp2ud]

Go for it and GL

[@stormystars1087]

I believe in this. And I would be willing to try this. One Doctor a specialist, already suggested this for me but I don't know why I have not received it yet. 😞

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services ......

[@googledev566]

Great ma'am

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services ......

[@YawnGod]

Why is Chlamydomonas listed as a fungi?

[@jnb1303]

+YawnGod haha i saw that, also im pretty sure that Cas9 is toxic to Chlamydomonas and theyre searching for other effectors? Not sure if it should be listed here haha

[@ismaelforcadabagant9983]

Powerful information that could be use to repair wrong parts of the DNA chain !!!

[@MrAgility888]

Jinnie made me watch this!

[@kimanipatrick]

So I just have one quick question, If the bacteria incorporates the sequences of repeats of viruses and uses them to recruit the Cas 9 endonuclease, which mechanism does it use to avoid deleting its own crispr sites since they also have the viral dna segments...?. If there are those sequences at the 5' and 3' of CRISPR Cas 9 that prevents it from recruiting the Cas 9 in CRISPR site, does it mean if the virus inserts its DNA in that region can evade this high profile immune system?. or the length of the viral DNA also matters?.

[@wellwhatsgoingonhere]

Patrick Kimani Your question brings to mind a paragraph I once read on restriction enzyme EcoRI, apparently, the bacteria E. coli methylates the beginning/end of the sequence to avoid its own genome being shredded by the enzyme it produces to protect against the virus. maybe it's the same mechanism? I should definitely read this up.

[@kimanipatrick]

Areeb Jawed I bet if thats what happens, then after incorporating the viral dna, the enzyme dna methylase is recruited to the new recombinant dna formed to methylate it. Am just proposing. I actually dont know if thats what happens. If its so, then it answers my question...

[@SunnyApples]

So how much longer until I am immortal?

[@bguddafool]

Right

[@FutureAIDev2015]

*overthinking ahead...* Well, first, you would need to find out what causes aging on the molecular level, then you would need to find a way to mitigate these processes. Since the law of entropy states that total entropy in a system must increase, you would have to find a way to decrease the entropy of the living systems of your cells while expending energy to do so. The first law of thermodynamics also predicts a loss of useful energy in any case, so you would need a way to continually renew this hypothetical regeneration system...but that system must be renewed...that would repeat ad infinitum.

[@FutureAIDev2015]

*overthinking ahead...* Well, first, you would need to find out what causes aging on the molecular level, then you would need to find a way to mitigate these processes. Since the law of entropy states that total entropy in a system must increase, you would have to find a way to decrease the entropy of the living systems of your cells while expending energy to do so. The first law of thermodynamics also predicts a loss of useful energy in any case, so you would need a way to continually renew this hypothetical regeneration system...but that system must be renewed...that would repeat ad infinitum.

[@BrandonSLockey]

+PushMyCarr depends how much research you contribute to

[@Damion00000]

There is a guy that has already designed anti-aging medication

[@xredb]

If I had a choice I'm OK with aging and dying, it's a natural process for me because it's giving my body back to nature but I'm hoping this really helps the future generations like my great great grandchildren to live very long lives, free of disease. I hope it becomes a success!

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services ...

[@gregorysagegreene]

"l o l" ... the woman who co-created-discovered the technology is more adept at describing it's functionality than many derivative videos I've seen on the net since. ... The Professor must be very proud that her work has ultimately led to the prospect of mRNA-vector Vaccines being able to end this terrible Pandemic very soon.

[@pierrecrozet530]

Very nice talk. but Chlamydomonas is a green alga, not a fungus! (15:00)

[@bencarter5563]

Can someone please explain how crRNA and tracrRNA are bound together or whatever to make gRNA?

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services ......

[@Drx..mustufahusaini]

nice speech

[@ianmatthewkline8279]

If the CRISPR bacterial system is incorporating selective bits of foreign DNA, does this mean this mechanism won't work on RNA viruses? Without a RT enzyme in the bacterial cytoplasm how would it incorporate RNA genomic sequence? ?

[@lanarey4944]

I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven't had any symptoms since then. Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address [e-mail] OR you can visit his website on drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com To know more about his product and services ......

[@user-kh3un8hv2d]

للاسف انا ما بعرف الغة انجلش وياريت واحد يترجملي لان الفديو باين عليه ممتع للغاية

[@alexduval4740]

She doesn't really even try to explain how Homologous Recombination actually puts in the donor DNA, she should be well knowledged in that based on her experience.

[@bayke5]

Chlamydomonas is a fungi?

[@cableknitter7346]

I couldn't focus.. once I noticed the sibilant "s" in her speech, it was like fingernails on blackboard.. Will try again later (after I forget to notice it).

[@marcpadilla1094]

Idk how the hell they stumbled onto this major breakthrough. How do you even study something that small.