How Niels Bohr created the quantum atom

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Presentation of the development of Niels Bohr atomic model, which introduced quantum physics for matter. Bohr's atomic model introduced quantized electron orbits, providing a groundbreaking explanation for atomic spectra and electron behavior. This pivotal model laid the foundation for modern quantum mechanics and significantly advanced our understanding of atomic structure.
[Related videos]
Playlist video series on Quantum Physics • Quantum Mechanics
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∘ R. Rhodes, "The Making of the Atomic Bomb" amzn.to/49ti6kX
[References]
∘ H. Geiger and E. Marsden, On a diffuse reflection of the α-particles, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A82495 (1909) royalsocietypublishing.org/do...
∘ E. Rutherford, The scattering of α and β particles by matter and the structure of the atom, London Edinburgh Philos. Mag. & J. Sci. Series 6. 21 (125): 669 (1911) archive.org/details/londonedi...
∘ N. Bohr, On the constitution of atoms and molecules, London Edinburgh Philos. Mag. & J. Sci. 26, 151: 1 (1913)
∘ J.W. Nicholson, The spectrum of Nebulium, MNRAS 72, 1, 49 (1911) doi.org/10.1093/mnras/72.1.49
∘ J.W. Nicholson, The Constitution of the Solar Corona. II, MNRAS 72, 667 (1912)doi.org/10.1093/mnras/72.8.677
[Credits]
Ernest Rutherford, public domain
Rutherford atom animation, by G. Creador under CC BY 3.0
Fifth Solvay Conference, by Benjamin Couprie, AIP
Geiger counter by T. Vickers, public domain
Geiger counter sound, free use via Pixabay
Rutherford scattering, by S. Raphael, public domain
Thomson's atom, by Valkurare under CC BY-SA 4.0
Rutherford scattering, public domain
HMS Valiant battleship, public domain
Geiger-Marsden experiment expectation and result, by Kurzon under CC BY 3.0
Solar system, by Orrery under CC BY-SA 4.0
James C. Maxwell, Engraved by G. J. Stodart, AIP
Radio towers on Sandia Peak NM, by G.E. Johnson under CC BY 4.0
People playing football, by T.Miroshnichenko free use via Pexels www.pexels.com/video/people-p...
Harald and Niels Bohr, Niels Bohr Institute
Danish football team in 1908 Olympic Games at London, public domain
Mountain view from plane window, by A. Akpolat, free use via Pexels www.pexels.com/video/mountain...
Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, AIP
Physics Laboratory, University of Manchester
First Solvay Conference 1911, by Benjamin Couprie, public domain
Periodic table, by P.Tankilevitch in Pexels www.pexels.com/photo/periodic...
Hydrogen orbitals, by C. Barraco as free license
Periodic table, by ExplorersInternational, free use
John W. Nicholson, AIP
Spectral lines, by Sassospicco/Jhausauer, public domain
Fraunhofer's original spectrum, by J. Fraunhofer under CC BY-SA 4.0
Spectra of the fixed stars and nebulae compared with the sun-spectrum, by Dodd, Mead and Company, public domain
Johann Balmer, public domain
Johannes Rydberg, by P. Bagge, public domain
Absorption spectrum, by Almuazi under CC BY-SA 4.0
Visible Balmer series, by MikeRun under CC BY-SA 4.0
Bohr atom animation, by Kurzon under CC BY-SA 3.0
Paul Langevin, by H. Manuel under CC BY 4.0
Maurice de Broglie, by M. Baschet, public domain
Bohr atom animation, by Kurzon under CC BY-SA 3.0
Hydrogen atom Balmer series, by MikeRun under CC BY-SA 4.0
Mathematical equations, by Wallpapers.com under CC BY 2.0.
Maurice de Broglie in his laboratory, by Bonney under CC BY 4.0
Maurice de Broglie, by Studio Harcourt under CC BY-SA 4.0
Drawing of Louis de Broglie, by C.S. Hauschka, AIP
Louis de Broglie, public domain
AIP: American Institute of Physics, Emilio Segrè Visual Archives
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[@primenumberbuster404]

Oh, time to brush some basics of QM now! 🙂

[@davidmitchell3881]

Rutherford was less than impressed with the Nobel for chemistry. He thought of himself as a physicist not a chemist. Chemistry after all was just stamp collecting 😂

[@berdigylychrejepbayev7503]

just like other sciences (except physics ofc) :-)

[@jkzero]

There is a famous quote attributed to Rutherford “all science is either physics or stamp collecting” which presents him as the typical arrogant physicist looking down on all other fields. I don't know if he ever really said that, but reading his papers and about his way of caring for his students I doubt that Rutherford was such an ah. I would expect something like this from Millikan but not from Rutherford. If Rutherford really thought like that, then giving him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry instead of Physics would be a top-level way of trolling.

[@davidmitchell3881]

@@jkzero it doesnt really matter. It makes for a good story. No atoms were injured in the making of this dtory and 😀

[@jkzero]

@@davidmitchell3881 I can now say "No atoms were injured in the making of this story," which is not the case in my early videos

[@terrycole472]

​@@jkzero : Rutherford probably did think like that. Blackett in 1958 mentioned hearing him say it, though around 1925 so a generation earlier. I wouldn't be too hard on Rutherford, regardless. At the time, enthroning Physics was not a completely unreasonable proposition. It's a jokey variant on an old idea, not purely English - Auguste Compte also ranked the sciences with physics at the top, a century earlier. Rutherford was surely just poking fun at the cultural pretensions of some who looked down on him as an uncultured if useful colonial. Even as late as the early twentieth century one could argue other branches of scientific thought were less well developed. Only physical chemistry was approaching a similar standard. In particular, by Rutherford's time physicists had systematically brought mathematical rigor to bear on their stamp collections for three centuries, ie. roughly since the time of (say) Newton, or Hobbes. In fact I'm reminded of Hobbes' remarks in Leviathan, that geometry "is the only science that it hath pleased God hitherto to bestow on mankind". Shortly thereafter Newton et al. had elevated Physics to a science also. Hobbes added that scientific thought starts with "settling the significations of their words"; not a bad analogy with stamp collecting. Traces of that attitude persist, cf. Luis Alvarez vs the geologists.

[@cewkins721]

Great video once again! The derivation of laws seems fairly simple yet very meaningful, the implications of electron orbits and how they behave was surely a very impactful discovery for the field

[@jkzero]

this is one of the reason I really like this derivation, it is quite simple but very significant in the early days of quantum physics

[@user-nz8hp6if2m]

How about a detailed video on Larmor's formula? I have always wondered how the emission process of accelerated electrons can be described mathematically starting from Maxwell's equations.

[@jkzero]

I cannot guarantee to be able to fulfill all the requests but I always open to collecting suggestions, thanks.

[@chalkchalkson5639]

So the standard calculation from SR Maxwell's laws is very cumbersome since you need to be quite careful around the accelerated objects. You can do it reasonably well by doing it in Rindler coordinates using the GR versions, but that assumes you know some GR... There is a version of the special relativistic derviation of it on wikipedia, see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A9nard%E2%80%93Wiechert_potential From A (or E and B) you can find the pointing vector and thus the emitted radiation. Beware the derivation is long and a little ugly

[@jkzero]

in the meantime, here is a step-by-step derivation that appear quite easy to follow pulsar.sternwarte.uni-erlangen.de/wilms/teach/astrospace/spacechap5.pdf

[@terrycole472]

@@jkzero : Ta. I hadn't realized J. J. Thompson was responsible for this derivation.

[@sphakamisozondi]

This channel deserves more subs and viewer count

[@jkzero]

They will come, for now I appreciate sharing, liking, and commenting as that helps the mighty algorithm to show the content to new viewers.

[@digguscience]

Bohr's explanation of the atom is indeed very impressive.

[@nicholasogden7187]

I look forward to every one of your videos :)

[@jkzero]

thanks for that, it means a lot when viewers appreciate the effort and find the content of value

[@alainpean1119]

It's not often that a precise and mathematical presentation of the history of quantum theory is made on KZbin. It is a very clear account with some anecdotes (Bohr was at a time a professional football player). Thanks a lot !

[@jkzero]

I am glad you liked the video. Blending historical context and mathematical details are some of the features that identify this channel. In case you haven't, make sure to check the full playlist on quantum mechanics, the kick-off video has been on fire since day one, viewers really liked to see what Planck actually did and what textbooks don't show so check it out kzbin.info/aero/PL_UV-wQj1lvVxch-RPQIUOHX88eeNGzVH

[@terrycole472]

This was wonderful. It's funny how I often think I know the subject of your videos, then the math animations point out something I missed. Thank you.

[@jkzero]

Glad it was helpful! Interestingly, the other day another viewers made a similar comment, he said: "the video starts and I think 'yeah, I know where this is going, I know this stuff' and then bam, something I never heard before suddenly happens"

[@pedronobre3898]

Phenomenal work, as always. Please continue this series, your videos on QM are fantastic, and i can't wait to see you cover Heisenberg and Schrodinger.

[@jkzero]

Thanks, glad you liked it. Heisenberg and Schrödinger are coming but I have no rush, I really enjoy this old-quantum physics and how everything was so motivated by experimental observations, not like most of fundamental physics in the past 50 years (looking at you strings and supersymmetry)

[@arjunsigdel8070]

I am looking forward for similar chronological series in development of General Relativity. From Maxwell theory, to Lorentz transformation, to Poincare works, to Einstein Miracle year, to Minskowski Spacetime to GR to black hole to Gravitational wave.

[@jkzero]

Wow, that's quite a list. I cannot guarantee to be able to fulfill all the requests but I always open to collecting suggestions, thanks.

[@arjunsigdel8070]

@@jkzero Don't disappoint us. :)

[@TheRealNeill]

Fabulous. I'd forgotten or didn't know the details of this from year 12 Physics. Thanks for a great video :)

[@jkzero]

Glad to bring back memories, and thanks for your kind message, it means a lot when viewers appreciate the effort and find the content of value

[@awkonradi]

Thank you for publishing this video.

[@kilogods]

Truly magnificent video. I love how you include the math as well as go over some of the history as well. Bravo! 👏

[@jkzero]

Thanks for watching, I am glad you liked the video. The blend of historical context, calculations from the original papers, and the physical concepts in the the trademark of this channel. Make sure to check the rest of the series on quantum physics kzbin.info/aero/PL_UV-wQj1lvVxch-RPQIUOHX88eeNGzVH

[@semidemiurge]

Exceptionally well done. Thank you

[@jkzero]

Glad you enjoyed it!

[@hedgehog3180]

The derivation for Bohr's hydrogen atom is one of my favourites and his model is on my student cap :)

[@jkzero]

nice, I hope you enjoyed the video then

[@TimRobertsen]

Your videos are fantastic! Easily one of the absoluty top channels for QM and physics! Keep up the excellent work:)

[@jkzero]

thanks for that, it means a lot when viewers appreciate the effort and find the content of value

[@razercp9322]

Awesome 👏

[@kushagra64]

The 2pi in the Bohr’s postulate always seemed really arbitrary, like how did he managed to get that? But now I finally got an answer…(except I haven’t really studied Hamiltonian mechanics just yet soo it will still take sometime for me to truly understand it…) Coincidentally, today I also gave an exam of atomic structure!

[@jkzero]

You are absolutely right, that factor 2π looks like out of a hat until you learn that the quantization was at the generalized momentum level; however, this only got clear to me after studying Hamiltonian mechanics. There are many other details that become clear in quantum mechanics after you study Hamiltonian mechanics. This is in fact how Dirac created the recipe to go from classical theories to quantum theories. Becoming familiar with Poisson brackets, Dirac brackets, and Hamilton-Jacobi theory is crucial for understanding quantum mechanics. All the best in your exam!

[@gregorykafanelis5093]

One very minor detail, is that Einstein managed to quantize the vibrational modes of a solid, by considering that each one of them was like a 3-d quantum oscillator, that has energy e = h \omega(r+1/2) , with r = 0,1,2 etc. The thing is to get this you need to solve the Schrodinger equation, that would not be invented for another 19 years. It turns out he did not need it, as the mad lad just used the results from the blackbody equation that already deals with oscillators and derived an excellent expression for the final heat capacity of solids. It failed at lower temperatures and the only thing Debye added was a cutoff frequency. That's it, their genius produced a formula 1-2 decades earlier than it should have. Truly ahead of their time, especially Einstein

[@jkzero]

I know that I might sound like an Einstein fanboy but despite of the popular media attention, Einstein is so underrated

[@gregorykafanelis5093]

@@jkzero It is honestly insane that with very simple mathematics he was able to give us some of the most accurate physics results. Photoelectric, Einstein coefficients, Brownian motion, Special relativity, General Relativity, Quantum mechanics. He is like an anime protagonist fr fr.

[@backwashjoe7864]

@@gregorykafanelis5093 "with very simple mathematics..." LOL! I've never heard the math of General Relativity described like that. :)

[@gpjedy7379]

I want for this great channel to transcend English language barrier. How can I help adding subtitles to videos, now that KZbin only allows authors of the videos to do it? All of the videos make excellent hooks of internets for children in dull classrooms trying to learn physics

[@jkzero]

Thanks for your positive feedback and I appreciate the desire to make the content available in other languages. KZbin offers automatic subtitles in dozens of languages, simply go to Settings > Subtitles/CC > Auto-translate, and then select the desired language. Translations are not perfect but quite good. Unfortunately, actual subtitles in other languages would require that I check everything, word by word, and I cannot afford the time for that. I am quite perfectionist and don't feel comfortable delegating this kind of tasks.

[@abhijithcpreej]

Absolutely spectacular video!

[@DavidMFChapman]

Thank you for this. It must have been an exciting time to be a physicist.

[@jkzero]

I am glad you liked it. Textbooks just want to get Dirac and mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics, but I find the early developments so fascinating that I have no rush to get there. Honestly, it is the physics of early quantum mechanics that made me fall in love with physics research as a kid (at least the little things that I could understand back then)

[@DavidMFChapman]

@@jkzero I studied all this in university 50 years ago! It is fascinating to go back and learn about it all over again with fresh eyes.

[@jkzero]

Happy to bring back good memories. I remember going through this content way too fast in my QM classes in just one or two lectures because everyone just wants to get to the postulates and the Schrödinger's equation.

[@PedroFerrr]

Absolutely wonderful video as always, Jorge, thanks! One detail: I thought that Bohr's papers already mentioned the application of his theory to He+ spectra as well (with data from solar observations, I think)? Congrats again!

[@jkzero]

Thanks, I am glad you liked the video. Yes, you are right, on the second paper of the Trilogy Bohr describes "hydrogenic" atoms, meaning highly ionized Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium so there is a single electron. I wanted to talk about this but the video got too long, there is a great story about astrophysical and lab measurements of lines that could not fit a Rydberg-like formula because semi-integers were needed. Bohr easily solved this with his model. I plan to add this in a future video.

[@PedroFerrr]

@@jkzero Thanks for the reply, Jorge!! By the way, did we by any chance cross paths at Karlsruhe, or a conference? I do work on 2HDMs and visited KIT a few times to work with Maggy. Congrats on the awesome videos!

[@Skellborn]

Haha, i just wondered today when the next video is coming! Love it :)

[@jkzero]

yeah, this came with a delay because sometimes life gets in the way

[@Skellborn]

@@jkzero Oh this wasn't meant as a complaint in any way! Take your time, as you need it :)

[@jkzero]

@@Skellborn got it, but yeah, I wish I could dedicate more time to making videos, I really enjoy the whole process from reading the original papers and crafting a fun story to share

[@ratman4200]

Another banger, thanks Dr :3

[@jkzero]

thanks, glad you liked it.

[@EbrahimDabiri]

Thanks for your works. Please if possible increase your video production frequency by at least n=2.

[@jkzero]

I am glad you like the content. I would be happy to increase the frequency but I have day-job and I can only create content in my free time.

[@5eurosenelsuelo]

A great video once again

[@jkzero]

Glad you enjoyed it

[@Zookeeper.]

Sometimes magic condenses into reality.. Complex numbers + Fractal Universe + A Butterfly Somewhere... Absolute Units... . ....

[@alejandroromansanchez5368]

Mi novela acaba de empezar

[@jkzero]

espero que el episodio te haya gustado

[@keithlewis9106]

Question, age of nuclear mass, there degrade over time , so a nuclear weapon will degrade in time ? As mass is loss would this degrade of power ?

[@hedgehog3180]

It depends a lot on the nuclear weapon in question, many use explosives with very long half lives so other components tend to degrade first but those that use plutonium do need to semi regularly be replaced.

[@15_muhammadkhoirurrizqi93]

How to calculate the injection pressure of plastic screw injection?

[@carly09et]

This gives rise to the question of orthogonal deconstruction across the 3sub1 X M. Is space and time rationally irreducible?

[@berdigylychrejepbayev7503]

so bohr got lucky just by applying the popular trend in other areas into his

[@jkzero]

I would not put it like that. Bohr was highly influenced by experimental observations and theoretical insights. There is great merit on writing that quantization rule and the working out all its consequences. The quantization rule is arbitrary, yes, but not trivial from a physics standpoint. Just like Planck's and Einstein's quantization rules. They seem trivial for us now, but with the knowledge back then, their proposals were gigantic conceptual jumps.

[@berdigylychrejepbayev7503]

@@jkzero yeah I know so Im just joking

[@jkzero]

@@berdigylychrejepbayev7503 sorry, I am not the best at spotting sarcasm

[@supreetsahu1964]

How long till you get to dirac equation? 😅😅

[@jkzero]

yeah, the cool kids (and books) just want to get Dirac and Feynman diagrams, but I find the early developments so fascinating that I have no rush to get there. Honestly, it is the physics of early quantum mechanics that made me fall in love with physics research as a kid (at least the little things that I could understand back then). But I will get to Dirac, promise.

[@supreetsahu1964]

​@@jkzero that's all i wanted to hear 😅

[@berdigylychrejepbayev7503]

tbh your videos are great and very detailed in every aspect (historical, biographical, formulas and graphs/models) but I hate to say that your view and subscription number might not be as high as you deserve, for some time. so dont be upset about it.

[@jkzero]

Thanks, I appreciate the good wishes. To be honest, I am more than happy with the current state of the channel, I started less that a year ago and the response from viewers has been overwhelmingly positive. Yes, I want the channel to keep growing but so far the community has been great and I am grateful for the support.

[@maconcamp472]

We can imagine each of us coming here as a moon or black hole!!🕳️ The nucleus of an atom is the moon and like a ripple effect, we experience expansion!! 🍎 🐛 🦋 Until you complete you work here in this dimension and like a star, collapse in onto itself, becoming a neutron star!! Betelgeuse becomes Rigel!! 🍊 🫐 You’re one with the universe!!💫 The universe is your best friend!! 🧶 🐈‍⬛ 🐶 🎾 Spooky action at a distance is the connection to the universe!! Just like the internet!!🛜 👻 Connect to your higher self and twin flames!! Heaven on earth is created here, through galaxy collisions !! Andromeda is like a drop of water!!💧 🌌 The Earth now is like a bucket!!🪣 Purrthquakes!! 😻

[@peterfireflylund]

Zyprexa.

[@maconcamp472]

@@peterfireflylund Pluto is the 9th dimension!! Cloud 9!! 🐶 🐾 Andromeda is a drop of water!!💧 The merger also represents two thoughts!!💭 💭 Everyone is Andromedan!! 👽 Mercury Rising!!! 🌡️💕💕💕💕🤒 It’s getting hot in here!! 👙Global warming is the planet warming up to each other!! 🐨🐨 The Big Bang Theory!! Gravity is memory!!🐘 🐾 🥁 We’re each a particle, photon or star; cosmic surfing!!!🏄‍♂️ 🏄‍♀️ When this wave collapses seems to depend on us. The physics!! 👩‍🔬 We’re all fizzicists!! 🥤 Mount Shasta is the root!! ⛰️ Root beer!! 🍺 🐻 Big bear!!! Big bear chase me!!! The Great Outdoors!!🐾 🌲 🐾🌲🐾🌲🐾🌲 The 7 goddesses of the Pleiades!! 💎💎💎💎💎💎💎 After I personally tie the knot with them, we’ll create the figure 8 and become infinite!! Astronauts and cosmonauts!! Naughty!! 🪢 🧑‍🚀🎱😂 My Russian nesting dolls!! 🪺 My fine China!!! 🍽️ Each thought represents a bang❗️Higher vibrational thoughts 🐝🐝🐝 will create bigger bangs‼️ Pebbles And Bam Bam!! 🧊 🦕 🧊 🦖 🧊 🦣 🧊 Each grain of sand or pebble, a building block for planets or dark matter!! 🪨 Dark energy aka consciousness, creates the bang!! Supernovae!! 💥 Super Moons!! Flowery moons!! 🌹 Saturn a flowery moon!! Representing the 6th dimension!! More energy!!🪐 🛸 We control it!! 🧞 We’re stars!!✨ Hi, Hey, Hello!!🦜 The more G’s, the better!! They’ll reflect our minds, technology and more!! G strings!! 👙 👙👙👙 Our brains look like gum!! 🧠 Juicier the better!!!🍏🍋‍🟩🫐🍍🍎🍌🍈🥥🍐🍉🍒🥝🍊🍇🍑🍋🍓🥭 Love everything until it loves you back!! Mosquitos too!!🦟 ❤ Love cancer!! The Crab Nebula!! 🎇 Don’t be crabby!!🦀🦀🦀🦀🦀 Nothing transcends space and time more than love!! 💗 Love is a spaceship!! Taking us higher!!✈️ 🚀 🛸 The greatest attraction in the universe!! 🎪 Each of us and each galaxy would represent a cell!! 🦠 We’re stars putting ourselves back together again!! Like Humpty Dumpty!! 🥚 🐓 The sky is blue because we’re meant to imagine it as a diamond!! The auroras then create the rest of the spectrum!! 🌈 💎 A purple sky would reflect the heart of the ocean!! An opened mind!! 🤯 The earth purring more!! Purrrrrple rain!!☔️ 🐈‍⬛ 🧶 Each thought to me is a solar flare, which shifts us into parallel worlds!! It’s hard here!!! I’m a peaceful dude, yet my life here has been super difficult!!🥹 Alpha Centauri represents a shift in consciousness!! Dog planet!! We’re riding the alpha waves!! Woof woof!!🐶 🐾 This is our world peace and enlightenment for the world and universe!! All is one!!😇🥳🥰🤩 We’re each a mini universe!!🌌 The 3 Body Problem represents our gut brain, 🍱 heart,❤️ and mind!! 🧠 Connecting mind, body, soul, and spirit!! The Holy Spirit becomes whole!! A glory hole!!! 🔆 The moon is a black hole!! 🕳️ A neutrino!! The planet is a colonized moon!!😇🌍👽 The sun is a shapeshifter!! 🌞 Are you and I sculpting together as a team or as individuals??? 🧑‍🎨 Using the moon as a tool!!! 🪨 The Sun is the eye!!👁️ I love the tool/word grinder!!!😮 We’d be Bumping and Grinding!!😂 The Earth is like a refrigerator and the atmospheric pressure is melting or defrosting the stars above, as if they’ve been in the freezer!! 🥶 It would also reflect us krystalyzing and becoming diamonds in the sky!! 💎 💎💎 Lucy becomes Maisie!! 🐒 👽 We could be stars from above aka heaven, melting everything from above, as well! Like a River Running Through It!!! 🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊 Gravitational waves or our thoughts raining down on us through higher dimensions!!! 🌧️ Pass the doobie to the left hand side!!🇯🇲🍍 Unlocking a Secret Garden within and outside of us!!🤫 An Oasis!!!🏝️ 🏝️🏝️🏝️🏝️ Flowing!!! It helps a lot to flow!!!🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊 Letting go, so we can concentrate more and work on our project!! Heaven On Earth!!🌍 👼 Flowers!! 🌺 🌸 💐 and Flow-Ers!!🌊🌊🌊🌊🌊 I know energy is still impurrtant!! 😻 And of course imagination!!! Love!!!💗 🐶 🎾 🧶 🐈‍⬛ To create heaven On Earth, the galaxies collide!! 🌌 Twin flames connect!! 🔥 🔥 We’re creating quantum entanglement!! Ghost particles merging, becoming more like the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man!!👻👻👻👻👻👻👻👻 The universe is still the Earth!!⭐️🌍⭐️ We’re seeing it from the insides!! 🕵️ Like we’re inside a volcano 🌋 or wishing well!! The stars and galaxies are like coins!!🪙 The Goonies vibes!! 💀 We’re treasure!! Antarctica is treasure island!! 🐧🇦🇶 Unlocking antimatter!! 🐜 Booby and booty traps exposed!! Planet X!! Hubba Hubba!!🥰 Everything and everyone has been our teacher!!👩‍🏫 3D is like the murky bottom of a bong or volcano!!🌋 The fourth dimension, representing Mars is like the stem of the bong or the volcanos vent!! 👽 Experiencing higher dimensions is like the smoke or magma reaching our mouths 😋 and then circulating through our bodies!! We are the Earth!!🌍 👼 The road less traveled!!!🧳 🌹 Straight up!! 🎈 🎈🎈🎈🎈We’d be super condensed or extremely packed neutron stars!! Like Rigel!! Blueberries!! Antioxidants!! Betelgeuse has evolved into a neutron star!! 🍊🫐 Our long winding road, exploring different dimensions, finally straightening out!! I’m getting Pee Wee vibes!! Large Marge sent me!!🚴😂 We’re vaporized, as if we’ve been smoked or roasted!! 💨 The smoke representing again those compressed neutron stars climbing the higher dimensions of the universe like a chimney!! I’m Mary Poppins, y’all !! ☂️ 🧞‍♀️ It would also represent us as a comet traveling through a wormhole!! 💫 Who me, I’m just a worm!!🐛 🫖 Solving a labyrinth!! 🦉 Solving amaze!!! 🦋 Different energies tell a different story!! 📚 We’re storytellers!! Artists!!🧑‍🎨 We’re energy first!! 🐝 A 12 inch boner is like receiving a foot of snow!!⛄️ 😂 When powered by neutrons and a magnetar energy field, one is like the energizer bunny!!🐰 They’ll keep going and going and going!! 🐇 🐇🐇🐇🐇 If you’re destined to have more than one twin flame, you’re like Frogger, playing leap frog!! Lucy is a sucker for Lillies!! 🐸 🍀 🐸 🍀 🐸🍀🐸🍀🐸 G Force!!!🥳👙🥳👙🥳👙🥳👙🥳 Dorothy’s Ruby red slippers!! ❤❤ Something here in 3D land has to change, yes, mmmmm! Dark Crystal Series!!😍 🧚🏼 We need to get this show rolling!! 🎥 We need our second moon!! Two moons!!! Two Mercurys!! Two black holes!!🕳️ 🕳️ They’ll need some color!! 🌈 Two blood moons!! 🩸 🩸 Two Ruby red slippers!!🥿 🥿 We have to die and become reborn!! Dye!! Dye those slippers red!!😮❤❤😂 Makes complete sense!! 🤯 There’s no place like home!! Home is where the heart is!! Jupiter and the 5th dimension!! 🐸 🍀 Clover Field!!👽 🛸 Time speeds up real fast once we’re there because seeing is definitely believing!! We get excited, hearts start pumping!! 💕 Minds start to open up!! 💜 Oxytocin pumping through our blood!! A love signature!! ✍️ Removing our writers block!! We’re storytellers!! 📚 The two blood moons also like draculas fangs!! Or the fangs of a snake and spider!! A kundalini experience!!!🐍💜 An anti venom!! 🐜 A love bite!! I’m nibbling your ear!! Ringing your ears like church bells!! A liberty bell! 🔔 Heightening your spidey senses!!!🕷️😳🩸🩸 My story just gets juicier!! 🍇 Sticky icky!! 🎄When is it juicy enough for you, I guess, is the question!! Strawberry Hill!! Cherry Blossoms!!🍒🍓We even got hills named after chocolate!!🍫 Purrthquakes instead of Earthquakes!! 😻 A Never Ending Story!! 🐺 ☁️ 🐌 ☁️ 📖 “Still in love! Still in love with that dream!! 🏔️ 🏔️ 🦌 “ Super Earth!! ⭐️ Superheroes!! ⭐️ Super pets!! ⭐️ Super foods!!⭐️ A place where everything is awesome!!🤩 A place where everyone is adorable!!🥰 I’m a sighentist!!🙄 A souldier!!😇 A Glad I Ate Hers!!😋🥧 And most of all a Roarier for the universe!!🦁 The Great Lakes represent the heart of the ocean coming together!! 🫀🌊 A huge manifestation!! 🐰 ⏰ 🍄 A microcosm of our oceans, which will someday become fresh!! 🔬 We’re sky people!! The planet our backyard!! An aquarium!! 🐠 An octopuses garden!!🪴 🐙 Dinosaurs have played the role of our bacteria!! 🦠 They’re back!!! 🦕 🦟 Hold on to your butts!!! Everything is getting supersized!!🧑🏿‍🍳🍟🍔🥤 When the Earth gets it two blood moons 🩸 🩸, it will represent us!!! Mostly centered around twin flames!!🥰🥰 Like we’re children of the universe!! We’ll be cells too and it will be like we’re watching each other grow and evolve!!🦥🐾🦥🐾 Our stars bursting here and there!! 💥 🎇 🎆 My cosmic perspective!! 🐼 🧪 ⚛️

[@vancetuber7305]

Hevesy's name is pronounced with an "sh", not an "s".

[@gato-junino]

One question: Why does the calculations use mv²/2 for the electron speed? Doesn't this equation suitable for bigger objects?

[@jkzero]

The formula mv²/2 for the kinetic energy applies to any massive object that moves at low speed (low with respect to the speed of light in vacuum). There is nothing in this formula that requires the object to be macroscopic; therefore, if you have a slow electron or a slow car, the equation is valid.

[@Bobby-fj8mk]

I always wanted to be a Noble prize winning scientist so that everyone would respect me.

[@chalkchalkson5639]

I'm not sure I like calling bohrs model quantum. To me it's an intermediate step between classical models and the schrödinger model. Neither quantum nor classical. Some really important aspects of quantum theories are missing still. Maybe "the first model of a quantized atom", similar to how einsteins description of the photoelectric effect didn't give us a quantum theory of light, but rather a theory of quantized light. Btw my quantum theory prof told this story fairly similarly, but derived the quantised levels by treating the electron as a wave with wavelength obeying einsteins relation. Given that de boglie won't publish for another decade, I find that kind of hard to believe. Do you know if that has an ounce of truth in it, or was he just mixing up history a bit?

[@DavidMFChapman]

The model is not fully developed quantum mechanics, but it is a quantum model owing to the discrete values of physical quantities, as opposed to continuous values.

[@jkzero]

I agree in not calling quantum mechanics, that is what came later. However, Bohr's model is quantum in the sense that his electrons are restricted to well defined discrete orbits in which they can only have discrete energy levels. You are right, Bohr did not proposed a quantum theory of the atom but rather a model, meaning a mathematical formulation that captures some of the key features of the physical system. A model is just an approximation of reality, not a full theory. What Bohr and many others at the time were doing is what today we call "phenomenology."

[@davidrandell2224]

QM classicalized in 2010. Forgotten Physics website uncovers the hidden variables and constants and the bad math of Wien, Schrodinger, Heisenberg, Einstein, Debroglie,Planck,BOHR,etc. So,no.

[@peterfireflylund]

Zyprexa.

[@davidrandell2224]

@@peterfireflylund “He who will not read is no better than he who cannot read “, Mark Twain.Try it during your lucid moments - if any- and when you are released from constraints.

[@no-one_no1406]

The argument against the Rutherford model of the electron having a acceleration is laughable at best. If you have a particle remain at the same distance to the other particle whose existence cause the force, how can that "count" as a acceleration. No change is distance is clearly not a acceleration. Specific energy levels does require some more refinement though!

[@DavidMFChapman]

This is basic physics: uniform circular motion requires continuous acceleration towards the centre. Otherwise the particle would travel away in a straight line.

[@no-one_no1406]

@@DavidMFChapman That is the classical explanation yes. That I don't agree with at all. It's simply a matter of perspective. Very much similar to rotating a ball attached to a string. It remains at the same distance to you. Yes there is a force involved. But is there really a "meaningful" acceleration? The kinetic energy doesn't change. The change in position over time -> 0. Seems to me like you could equally see this as a internal state of the system not affected by anything outside the system. A way to store kinetic energy maybe. Electron philosophy if I may.

[@no-one_no1406]

My view is that uniform circular motion can be seen as the same thing as traveling in a straight line. In certain cases.

[@DavidMFChapman]

@@no-one_no1406An object in a circular orbit is moving in two dimensions. Yes, the speed is constant, but the velocity vector is continually rotating-that changing velocity is the acceleration.

[@DavidMFChapman]

@@no-one_no1406 kzbin.info/www/bejne/ranOdqWte5eZhcksi=vDcmP3z6V-Ljzkka