Kepler's Laws [Part 2]

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This is the second of a two part series - part one here: • How Kepler Actually Di...
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References
On the Shoulders of Giants: The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy. (2003). Kiribati: Penguin.
Koestler, A. (2017). The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe. United Kingdom: Penguin Books Limited.
en.wikipedia.o...
www.keplersdis...
The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy. (1999). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Mazer, A. (2011). Shifting the Earth: The Mathematical Quest to Understand the Motion of the Universe. Germany: Wiley.
Voelkel, J. R. (2021). The Composition of Kepler's Astronomia Nova. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press.
stellarium.org/
Kepler, J. (2015). Astronomia Nova. United States: Green Lion Press.
Stephenson, B. (2012). Kepler’s Physical Astronomy. Switzerland: Springer New York.
Brahe, T., Dreyer, J. L. E. (1972). Tychonis Brahe Dani Opera omnia. Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
dn790003.ca.ar...
Feynman Lecture on Gravity: www.feynmanlec...

[@mattabesta]

"Kepler found himself going in circles" lmao

[@VeganSemihCyprus33]

"Then along came those who wanted to motivate people to do more, have more and want more. People learned to covet knowledge and know-how, they fought over profit and loss, they schemed to be more prosperous, more famous and more powerful than those around them. Once these changes occurred, it became difficult to return to the inborn nature of simplicity." - Zhuangzi You have been fooled 👉The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖

[@larryscott3982]

9:50 I saw what he did there. Yeah, intentional or inadvertent?

[@iamcleaver6854]

Little did he know, he was actually going in an ellipse, one of the foci of which was the sun...

[@larryscott3982]

@@iamcleaver6854 Ellipses? Or eclipses?

[@kevinlawrence1582]

Don't we all

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

This is a great telling of a great story! It’s such fascinating to watch the floundering and missteps as they tried to figure this stuff out that we now take for granted. I’m wondering what somebody in 50 years retracing the steps I’m taking right now in my own work would have to laugh at…

[@AlphaPhoenixChannel]

Also - how much faster would science have progressed if somebody sent a few laptops with excel back in time…

[@der.Schtefan]

​@@AlphaPhoenixChannelOnce computing started to cost nothing, and was done "instantaneously", one's mind is free to try out dozen of "crazy" ideas at virtually no cost or consequence. I compare it to how we just throw programs at a compiler and run and test them now, vs back when running a program was a 3 day punch card mess.

[@error.418]

@@der.Schtefan evidence that bringing down the cost of iteration can be a net benefit in all fields

[@xClairy]

​@@error.418And then we have whatever bullsh*t JS ecosystem is...

[@yaitz3313]

It's absolutely wild to think that, not only did basic facts about the world have to be discovered, but even how to deduce those facts had to be. Kepler may have just been an obsessive perfectionist, but his repeated checking of his work until he got everything right is arguably the first example of the scientific method in full blossom; hypothesize, observe, refine.

[@laremere]

Kepler's discovery of elliptical orbits has long been a favorite story and demonstrative example: Copernicus is now hailed as a visionary who's theory was rejected out of dogmatic belief in the planets orbiting Earth. However his proposal was rejected on the basis that it is a poorer match of the data than the current models. It wasn't until Kepler found his elliptical orbits that the heliocentric model produced better results. This is close to an error commonly seen in science (mostly by amateur scientists), where people propose an overly simple model that just doesn't match the data, and when they are rejected on this basis they rail against science for not seeing their vision. It's an important lesson in pride, and knowing that while simplicity is beautiful and should be sought, it must match the data and have predictive power to be an explanation. I knew this story from a history of science class, but I never knew the details of the math until your videos. Thank you very much.

[@ricardovencio]

Well put

[@spoddie]

Keppler was also rejected because of dogma. Heliocentrism was heresy according to the Catholic Church and many Protestants.

[@peterfireflylund]

Copernicus still had epicycles. The only thing he got right - a very important thing - was the heliocentricity.

[@otiebrown9999]

I do "myopia research" and have the same problem.

[@Rubrickety]

This is a terrific series. Every previous telling of Kepler's story I've heard (and I've heard/read a lot!) is basically "He had this nested-platonic-solids idea which was wrong and amusing, then eventually he got all of Tycho's data and messed around and finally hit on ellipses." I'd never heard of his "extremely accurate but actually wrong" model, or what propelled him on to the correct one.

[@agargamer6759]

Mind-blowing to think about the amount of work needed to calculate all of this by hand over literal years

[@QDWhite]

Nowadays, I’d be mad if I had to program the calculations into matlab.

[@C4P_10]

My dad used to be a helmsman for a cargo ship of the Holland America line, he learned to navigate by stars. When I was born he named me after Tycho Brahe, very interesting to learn about him and Kepler

[@ArthurSeijiNishikawa]

I know a Dutch guy named Tsycho. Never asked him, but I wonder if he was also named after Tycho Brahe

[@advaitkamath8442]

Ive been waiting for this for 2 weeks

[@TimRobertsen]

By random chance, I stumbled upon the first video one hour ago, it felt like the universe was aligned when I saw that this video just got released:p

[@VeganSemihCyprus33]

"Then along came those who wanted to motivate people to do more, have more and want more. People learned to covet knowledge and know-how, they fought over profit and loss, they schemed to be more prosperous, more famous and more powerful than those around them. Once these changes occurred, it became difficult to return to the inborn nature of simplicity." - Zhuangzi You have been fooled 👉The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖

[@advaitkamath8442]

@@VeganSemihCyprus33 ok bro

[@aloysiuskurnia7643]

i know right? When I saw my notification before I go "oh it's shorts of existing video" but not this time, yeah!

[@TimRobertsen]

@@aloysiuskurnia7643 It's a good day;)

[@Daz1]

Johannes Kepler is such an underrated genius. I mean I can't even imagine how hard it would have been to do all these calculations by hand, let alone coming up with such counter-intuitive ideas like elliptical orbits that explain the motion of planets. Even the modern mathematical notation that we take for granted nowadays still wasn't fully developed in the early 1600s. Amazing stuff as always Welch Labs

[@peterfarrell66]

Absolutely agree. Imagine what he could have done with a calculator, let alone a computer. Good thing he had logarithms, which he said doubled his life.

[@Daz1]

@@peterfarrell66 I don’t think he was exaggerating 😂

[@reidflemingworldstoughestm1394]

Can we take a moment to show respect for the sheer amount of time and effort Kepler's work would have taken having to to do all of his calculations with a quill pen.

[@jorgesaxon3781]

4:46 yeah to be honest even though its sounds weird today, magnetism is such a fair guess by Kepler, given that, some 400 years later, we still have no f*cking clue what gravity is. Edit: Gravity at a quantum level

[@VeganSemihCyprus33]

"Then along came those who wanted to motivate people to do more, have more and want more. People learned to covet knowledge and know-how, they fought over profit and loss, they schemed to be more prosperous, more famous and more powerful than those around them. Once these changes occurred, it became difficult to return to the inborn nature of simplicity." - Zhuangzi You have been fooled 👉The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖

[@somanayr]

It helps that gravity and electromagnetism have similar behaviors (inverse square laws). Lucky coincidence!

[@fnln-namaemyouji]

Yeah, I went from raising one eyebrow in skepticism at the idea of magnetism governing orbits, to raising both eyebrows in awe when I realized I had the timeline wrong and he was creating orbital mechanics before Newton postulated the idea that the gravity we feel down here is still felt up there, and before either Newton or Leibniz were formulating calculus. That is a wild amount of skipping steps and still getting to the right answer, it'd be like someone creating a semiconductor without knowing what an electron was.

[@silience4095]

I know general relativity aaaand honestly I feel like it creates more questions about gravity than it answers.

[@tygical]

​@@silience4095i feel like it makes it very obvious why things move towards each other but not why spacetime actually moves towards matter

[@DannySeghers]

This video demonstrates what a genius Kepler was. I like the phrase: “… what it really looks like to do modern science. In stead of having phylosofical debates about how nature should work, they turned to methodical observation and messy experimentation.” That reminded me of the standard model of particles, and how theories like string theory - no observations, no experiments, just mathematical debates -paralyze science for decades.

[@bluelemon243]

Well, in defence of string theory, its problem is more the fact that the standart model is so good, that we yet to find even a single experiance were he is wrong, and we need one to test all the other theorys

[@bobmusil1458]

The problem is that people call it "String theory". It's not a theory, it's the "String hypothesis".

[@Thetarget1]

That is a position only people who don´t know anything about theoretical physics hold

[@juliodeluna2774]

@@bobmusil1458 Go and tell mathematicians and physicists that they should not call group theory "theory" but "group hypothesis"; same thing with category theory, number theory, set theory, etc. Maybe you will find out that the "theory is something confirmed by experiment" is a pretty childish definition. Sometimes "theory" is used to refer to a self-consistent mathematical framework.

[@The_Canonical_Ensemble]

I'm pretty sure this definition of theory as "something confirmed by experiment" is a new definition that was specifically made as a lazy rebuttal to the "Evolution is just a theory" objection by creationist. This definition contradicts how scientists have been using the word theory for hundreds of years. Luckily, dictionaries haven't got the message and still use a pretty sensible definition of theory such as "a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained." One thing to notice about this definition is that it doesn't mention how much evidence it has behind it. A theory could have absolutely no evidence in its favour or could be confirmed beyond all reasonable doubt and still be called a theory.

[@kirkhamandy]

This is the content KZbin was made for. Cheers!

[@jmchez]

I remember reading that Kepler had many critics of his book because they found it really boring because he spent way too much time explaining all of his mistakes instead of getting to the point. He said that people who read about Magellan were interested in all of his adventures as he discovered new lands. Therefore, they should also be interested in all of his travails as he discovered new methods to calculate celestial mechanics. As much as I sympathize with Kepler, Magellan's adventures and Kepler's many calculations are not the same thing, entertainment-wise.

[@jerrodwendland]

"... and a fruitless battle with the egg..." Same lol!

[@vaibhavtrivedi4047]

You have done exceptional work on this to find Kepler's exact thought process and ideas. I understand Kepler's law better than any physics book from these videos. Thank you.

[@frozencanuck3521]

Wow, this was so well put together. The attention to mathematical and historical detail all while being entertaining to watch is a testament to impeccable creativity. Bravo!!

[@Abdalrhman_Kilesee]

I swear this channel deserve 3 sextillion dollars of donations

[@tygical]

hehehe sex

[@primenumberbuster404]

Man these series just keeps getting better and better.

[@aminzqrti7672]

Highly underrated channel!!!

[@aurelosquino646]

Thank you so much for these two videos on Kepler's work. I really appreciate the effort you put in these videos. I loved them. I would love you made third one on the Newton's law of gravity

[@stavrosspanos258]

Congratulations on the laborious production of this amazing video. Looking forward to the sequel on Sir Isaac Newton

[@otiebrown9999]

An extraordinary review. I had never seen this exacting detail, before! Thank you!

[@Johnsenfr]

What a wonderful video about a great scientific story! Thanks for all the passion you spent for this video. I especially liked the overlay of the historic image and your pencil and circle construction. I really hope you do more of this videos, I really appreciate everyone of them.

[@chaparmusic]

This series about Kepler is so beautifully done! Thank you very much 😊

[@ayanmondal1953]

Thank you for making this video. The respect I had for Kepler has increased ten fold. Story telling is an art and you deserve all the views . I was waiting for this video for a week now.

[@cstalt]

This is an EXCELLENT series with amazing production value. I hope your channel gets the recognition it deserves.

[@Pherecydes]

Incredible video, you really helped explain the sheer magnitude of Kepler's achievement. We owe a lot to these brilliant and incredibly persistent individuals.

[@jinks908]

Just discovered your channel. You are an outstanding teacher. I couldn't believe this video was only 15 minutes long. I feel like you've packed an hour's worth of material in here, but presented it so efficiently and effectively that it only takes a quarter of the time to comprehend it. Really polished and well-made, man. First-class.

[@WelchLabsVideo]

Wow, thank you!

[@donovanholm]

Finally! I was so sad when I found the last video to be part of a series

[@benjaminburt4285]

Incredible series of videos, thanks for making it. All those animations were wonderful

[@Ray-eo4fm]

I absolutely loved this two part video series, thank you for your work (and KZbin for the recommendation)

[@JoBoToGo]

Thank you for showing how clever, serendipitous, and beautiful Kepler's insights and hard work are

[@notapplicable7292]

I have been so excited for this!

[@gersonperez3781]

The quality of this video is astonishing. Thank you for not bypassing the geometry involved.

[@jorgec98]

I had the previous video sitting in my To watch list for over a week, and finally watched it today. I'm very happy I did, now that the follow up is here today as well

[@lunarthicclipse8219]

Im so glad the vid is out! I just watched the previous one and Ive been waiting days for this part :) Thank you for all your efforts! Kepler's story is so interesting and inspiring!

[@jocelynleung7480]

What a beautiful enlightening of the discovery process of one of history's scientific giants. Thank you.

[@WAMTAT]

This is phenomenal work.

[@Moejoe647]

I usually don't interact much with Videos - but this was too amazing not too. All the videos you have done since your long pause have been great, but this has been a masterpiece - thank you!

[@ozimerman111]

Thank you for this incredible amount of work put in this video! It is great.

[@thehoogard]

Thanks for these two videos. Got a newfound appreciation for Kepler and how much of modern science can be founds in his cycles of modifying and testing his models. I knew about his conclusions but not so much about his process (which was instead 'misinformed' about his love for the platonic solids and trying to fit that).

[@bpenaval2541]

Glad you are back!

[@Katzeblow]

Sir if you're reading this we need a book tour!

[@varunahlawat9013]

WOW! I can't thank you enough for unveiling this topic!! Love this damn channel!

[@sakumar]

Fans of the "Three Body Problem" (books and/or Netflix series) will appreciate that Kepler's Laws are a mathematical solution to the Two Body Problem.

[@kuwaitnights457]

Was waiting for this episode for centuries!!

[@user-go5oe6td3k]

Bravo, bravo! I already appreciated the significance of this work, but you have given true insight into the real story. As well done as any science episode on here or anywhere else. Carl Sagan would be proud.

[@TazariaGaming]

Absolutely beautiful

[@derekmz]

anazing 2 part video, just subscribed I want to see more like this

[@JoseJimeniz]

Cosmos (1978) had an entire episode about Kepler; but they didn't go into this much detail. After watching Cosmos for years, I never realized the sheer amount of pretty difficult math they were doing.

[@LuisGustavoBD]

I love the music you use for these videos!

[@warrenmusselman9173]

Excellent series. I look forward to further videos from you. Well structured and scripted. Excellent illustrations directly tied to the narration. Great audio. Well done. I'm subscribed!

[@nananaoki777]

absolutely incredible explanation!

[@johncampbell1453]

New subscriber, good work and well done! Thanks!

[@SpiderET]

After difficult year of financial troubles, health issues and fruitless battle with the egg.. :) Funny description, thanks for this amazing video. I'm big fan of Kepler and have seen a lot of videos and documentaries on Kepler, but this one is one of the best.

[@Edmonddantes123]

Amazing storytelling and delivery and I *love* the music

[@ankurpradhan9655]

finally! amazing story, beautifully told, been waiting for this since the first :))

[@ricardovencio]

Awesome class, thank you

[@eonasjohn]

Thank you for the video.

[@paaabl0.]

Powerful story, very well told, great video!

[@worldadmin9811]

you're such a wonderful storyteller. you're recent videos have really been top-notch

[@justinhart7188]

Finally!!! I have been waiting for this video I am so excited!

[@vivekpanchal3338]

Finally part 2 as amazing as 1👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻

[@scottyeater]

This is the most beautiful data ive seen in weeks

[@PeterJohnson-ug3up]

A spectacular exposition of Kepler's convoluted quest for an explanation of planetary motion fully consistent with Tycho's observations of Mars.

[@bigjukebox3370]

now we want an episode on the discovery of gravity

[@relentlezz]

If we ever figure out time machines, Kepler would deserve a visit imo. Just to drop a sketch of our heliocentric model on his table and vanish into the future again.

[@phandinhthanh2295]

So Kepler is the giant whose shoulder Newton stand on. That makes sense now.

[@aayamshrestha5982]

Love your videos ❤

[@lbarto88]

Love the video. And I love seeing you in front of the camera but if I may make one small suggestion, use audio from the video capture instead of the script! It is an odd feeling even for those that may not realize why.

[@eskerbth8266]

Thank you

[@ravisundaram3431]

Amazing.

[@superkang7448]

Very cool!

[@Czeckie]

this is not just educational, but outright scholarly

[@tylerpalubiski3879]

keep up the great work. these videos are awesome

[@anonnymousperson]

Dude, that's crazy. I'm super impressed Kepler managed to work this out IN THE 16th CENTURY!.

[@rodrigomartindelcampo9534]

This is like the Prologue of the Search for Vulcan by Thomas Levenson, it almost feels like a class

[@hussainali9999]

Thanks

[@kylewilliamrobertson5121]

Yes!!! Next video!

[@arindamchakraborty8450]

These things are mentioned in the Cosmos by Carl Segan, but the Math was absent, great video ❤

[@larryscott3982]

A master class of how to present amazing accomplishments of science. Pre telescope, pre machine calculation, brute force.

[@5eurosenelsuelo]

What a great video

[@conorkrystad4634]

I love the bookshelves behind you, those are books that have been read, definitely not studio props. I also love the poster, much better merch (if you could call it that) than a boring t-shirt

[@wholesomejm]

This is incredible. Newton next?

[@dailynico]

Good stuff

[@Lukas4182]

Thank you so much for these two videos. I have always loved astronomy and physics and I have a degree in mathematics, but only now did I finally get to appreciate the incredible work of these early scientists. I never understood how its supposed to be revolutionary to discover gravity, something seemingly so obvious. But only by ignoring all we know and putting ourselves in the shoes of Kepler/Newton can we understand what an achievement this was.

[@AlexCFaulkner]

wow love this and want more.

[@Sumpydumpert]

Wooo great video

[@3_14pie]

my man discovered the most complicated way possible of drawing an elipse

[@Scubadooper]

Funny that quantum physicists over the last hundred years are so alike astronomers before Kepler, happy to be able to predict but don't both with why

[@peterfarrell66]

Great video! I chuckled when Kepler rejected the ellipse at first, because “surely the ancient Greeks would have found it.” 😀

[@exoplanet11]

I can't recommend Koestler's book "The Watershed" highly enough. Its a biography of Kepler and part of a larger work on the history of science called "The Sleepwalkers" Very well written. For example in one passage I recall, related I think to the topics discussed in this video, Koestler notes that Kepler's own handwritten notes for a certain part of the calculation comprise 900 pages of small handwriting!!! I am reading Kepler's book Astronomica Nova as an homage, and finding it very very dense. But "The Watershed" is a quick and exciting read.

[@mikstratok]

If only Kepler had access to a computer and GeoGebra, his work on planetary motion would have been even more groundbreaking

[@tiborkoos188]

awesome !

[@davidgillies620]

To me an amazing thing is that, armed with an inverse square central force law and a bit of elementary vector calculus, all three of Kepler's laws fall out in about a page of manipulation. But it's a lot harder going in the opposite direction (like Newton).

[@AllAmericanGuyExpert]

Ptolemy was like a shoestring. Copernicus was like baling wire. Brahe was like a measuring stick. Galileo was like a flashlight. Kepler was like duct tape. And Newton was like a personal computer.

[@ChaineYTXF]

this is brilliant. But the music is often too loud and make it difficult to focus But it is brilliant!

[@sercatum]

On the top of all was said most amazing is time between measurements, model and theory. People used to be more patient :)

[@bobthedeleter]

the fact he ellipses because they're too simple physically hurt me. I get how he'd arrive at that conclusion, but he was so close!