I love your videos. No messing around. No slow removal of a bolt. No 30 minute explanation on why cut something. You just get to the point and get crap done. Thanks.
@jessicabittencourt4472 жыл бұрын
Iii
@alekseykorneev96152 жыл бұрын
Этим подъемником из колодца воду доставать,
@joelsebastianpalacios74522 жыл бұрын
@@alekseykorneev9615 u
@aleksandrivanov22792 жыл бұрын
@@alekseykorneev9615 б
@milwaukeebiker Жыл бұрын
Yep, no looking for the proper tool each time, or looking for the just right piece of steel, or that perfect size screw, no going to the hardware store for rope, welding wire speed is set just right every time, or being interupted by the phone ringing, no trying to remember where he set down that wrench during the phone call...Everything just magically right there for each step in less than one second every single time. Gotta like that super fast self adjusting bench top vise too!! All done in 9 minutes flat!!! Me? I would have went to buy a 880 pound lift electric cable hoist in the morning for $150, and go back to my shop and earn another $800 to $1500 doing what I know how to do best the rest of the day.
@teddewan5256 Жыл бұрын
The most succinct and informative how-to video I've seen. No breezy talky rubbish and a presenter's life story, just straight to work. Quick cuts to give you enough information. I'm gonna try this windscreen wiper one
@kobusdutoitbosman6240 Жыл бұрын
excellent❗️
@milankavric6782 Жыл бұрын
Kan ich das kaufen
@mwebb-013 ай бұрын
I agree to the point. got some ideas from this too,
@dominic89972 жыл бұрын
Very nice work. It's fascinating to watch a craftsmen take random items and fabricate them into something useful.
@flyme-z7b2 жыл бұрын
This video is a work of art in every way! The 'sound' is wonderful to the ears as well. Just beautiful. Thank you!
@ColdWarVet607 Жыл бұрын
Even with the gear reduction Im shocked the wiper motor has that much torque!!!! Nice Job.
@MrBooMY328 күн бұрын
Grab one of your wipers and try to stop it. Most people can't FYI. He reduced that even more so I can believe it. I wouldn't suggest a lot more than 200 lbs though.
@R2D2inAustralia Жыл бұрын
I just stumbled on this video. It’s awesome. No wasted time, just production. Well done 👍
@frankschannel9275 Жыл бұрын
Amazing thought and execution! Having worked with these wiper motors in the past , but with much less the complexity and strength of your design my friend. Having seen your video, I now have the confidence that my application will continue to function, as my design is running a shaft and wooden gears .The level of strength you have gotten is incredible, I was not aware of that capability as my requirement was more of low rpm without overheating. Sorry for the long message everyone, just a great find. Again I thank you. F2
@aafcdriver2 жыл бұрын
Your videos are an inspiration and I hope the situation near you doesn’t affect you and your family , thanks for all you do from the USA
@MarioAPN Жыл бұрын
Nah, Poland is safe. And it will be. If not, no one will be safe anymore cause things will go "hot". You have your hot stuff, Mother has their own hot sauce and honestly nature will cure itself and just life would move on.
@ВалерийМаурин-с8ч2 жыл бұрын
Молодец парень . 👍👍👍 у простых людей ни какой политики . Всё в творчестве .
@НинаВихляева-л2ц8 ай бұрын
Шестерня редуктора пластик
@СергейМельник-з6ы2 жыл бұрын
Молодец, хороший ролик. Всегда приятно смотреть ролики умных и рукастых людей. И не обращай внемание на диванных умников. Которые под час не могут и гвоздя забить. Удачи, и здоровья.)
@ЯрославиСаша-ы5п Жыл бұрын
Приятно смотреть на работу профессионала . Спасибо за идею и хорошее видео . Лайк однозначно за труд.
@JohannesC-c9k25 күн бұрын
I hate videos where people rotate something unnessesarily in their hands so boring, your video is great no delays even though the delays are mabe four seconds on other people's videos, puts me off watching them. You get what you want done without stupid pauses. Like the winch great idea.
@scallywagon93952 жыл бұрын
Great video, I'm a town car owner so I've got plenty of regulators lying around. Knew there had to be a use for them. Thanks.
@АртёмАгаджанян-л3т Жыл бұрын
Отличное исполнение. Видно человек с руками! Однозначно в закладки
@charlesboston12 жыл бұрын
coming off of the spool you should have a worm gear set up , if the chain breaks , this will prevent the load from dropping unexpectedly
@muhammadalibahromjonov35302 жыл бұрын
Н
@URVICUS2 жыл бұрын
скорее с пластиковой шестерни шлицы срежет,чем цепь порвется.
@mariovilavidal142710 ай бұрын
Un herrero español muestra sus respetos. Todas las operaciones muestran gran durabilidad para el aparato. Gran trabajo como siempre!
@roylucas44142 жыл бұрын
What a great video! Who knew besides you guys how useful a wiper motor could be.
@Ogma3bandcamp Жыл бұрын
Me.
@cdnpont10 ай бұрын
Great video! Great little unit, the one iffy thing might be that nylon worm wheel in the wiper drive.
@pasquariello722 жыл бұрын
That’s fantastic. I never thought a wiper motor was so powerful
@draculakickyourass2 жыл бұрын
It have an infinite screw mechanism type inside,that's why is so powerful,but it is dangerous to give it such use because the components inside are from plastic or aluminium,and can break the teeths,releasing the weight......
@URVICUS2 жыл бұрын
он скорее не мощный,он скорее тихоходный,малооборотистый.Мощность его увы,одноразовая при значительной нагрузке.Конструктивно мощность имеется,но материал шестерен не позволяет использовать его таким образом.
@jamescasey1756 Жыл бұрын
Your freehand hand skills are AMAZING .
@jamescasey1756 Жыл бұрын
P.S. I am thinking that you could make a safety line from a Seat-Belt Ratchet .
@Happyfacehotwheels2 жыл бұрын
Thank you for the great ideas! I have a storage space above my garage and I might not make the winch but I'll definitely definitely use it.
@craigmonteforte14782 жыл бұрын
i must admit i’m fairly Impressed that’s a very good inexpensive Winch and it’s 12 Volt so it can be run almost anywhere on a Automotive Battery
@miladtaftaf49302 жыл бұрын
١١٠١ص
@damianbutterworth24342 жыл бұрын
Cool. I use a Rover 25 wiper motor. It`s controlled by arduino to open a canopy in the morning and close it at night. I used 3 relays to turn it on and change the direction. Been working for years now. :)
@ВалентинЛевченко-б4м2 жыл бұрын
Й
@mwebb-013 ай бұрын
Smart man... work smarter not harder. Well done.
@Doktoreq2 жыл бұрын
A bit of safety precaution - main gear in the wiper motor mechanism is made of nylon and will be first thing to give in case of overloading the winch. In that case your winch will instantly drop whatever you were lifting at that time. It wont fail first time you lift something heavy but the gear will wear really quickly and will fail whenever you expect it the least. The proper solution would be to change the gear to the metal one but finding suitable one might be impossible. The simpler solution might be to use centrifugal clutch assembly (like in chainsaw or gas powered string trimmer) as a emergency brake to slow things down when the spool starts unwind really quickly. It won't stop the things falling but might limit the damage.
@moparmusts2 жыл бұрын
Good pre-thought. An rachet type anti-reverse lock could be added and all you would have to so is make it manual and flip it it by hand depending on whether you are lifting or lowering. You can lock it against either sprocket depending which is easier.
@bullboss76982 жыл бұрын
@@moparmusts Or, go to Harbor Freight and buy a winch for $49.
@rupe532 жыл бұрын
@@bullboss7698 ... more than $49 but that's the better idea for sure!
@deandee80822 жыл бұрын
seriously man what I was saying, a very horrible motor for a winch, abetterouwlbea drye rmotor or washing machine motor,lest they are rated for strength, some washers have 10hp motors in them and they aren't that high.. wiper motors are not made for pulling or power, they have built if failsafes so if your blades are frozen to the windshield they will shut down and not burn up, very weak motors indeed.. at the very least build an anti slip mechanism so if power is lost the cable cannot reverse, very easy to make.. think a cam ratchet like climbers use, just be sure to anchor it to something very strong as well with a strong cable rated twice your main cable.. the cable can pull through it, but cannot be reversed unless it's turned off, they have electrical types you can implement right into the power of the motor switch so when it runs in reverse (unwinds) a servo is energized and frees the anti reverse mechanism soit may unwind, it can also utilize an RPM sensor so if the motor unwinds too fast the servo is engangeand your cable is locked up once again.. this is a very dangerous setup as mentioned by several.. sketchy as fugg
@Cheffy01302 жыл бұрын
Yes,I'm work with a lot of this wiper motor and so many times those nylon gear broken.
@ME-qr2kq Жыл бұрын
I enjoy watching the tinkering and learning different ways of doing stuff. As an Aircraft Mechanic for 16 years I'm more than capable of doing something like this. But.... in reality my ass is heading down to Harbor Freight or buying something off Amazon that will do just this. If it fills his time and gives him something to do I'm all for it, it's a great hobby to have. 👍
@raymondo162 Жыл бұрын
And the harbor freight one will probably come with a lifting rope, rather than a lifting second-hand piece of string........... which MAY be safer ??
@ME-qr2kq Жыл бұрын
@@raymondo162 Harbor Freight has winches available for less than a hundred bucks with a steel cable.
@asciimation Жыл бұрын
Wiper motors do have a lot of torque. I used one to motorise a bead roller using bicycle chain and sprockets and a 12 volt reversible speed controller all powered by an old 12 volt battery. It works very well.
@physicsbystanprisajny6284 Жыл бұрын
Has geomitry
@BronzeFilter9 ай бұрын
You have all the tools, impressive.
@robertmanley75562 жыл бұрын
This is a excellent use of this motor !! Very cool idea and use of this homemade winch !! 👍👍
@KING4aday46 Жыл бұрын
Very nice invention. I never knew the power of a wiper motor. 👍
@mp1801702 жыл бұрын
The way you move around your tools is inspirational I could watch you work all day long fantastic video thanks for sharing
@donbok36615 ай бұрын
Luv This Side of the Industry and Love You ❤️!! Didn't Realize Just How Diverse Your Library of Experience Is!! You're Beautiful and Intelligent!! Keep up the Good Work!!
@hervevictorgf59322 жыл бұрын
BELO TRABALHO!!!!😃👍👍👍SOU DO BRASIL!!! QUE DEUS ABENÇOE SUA TERRA!!!
@waltervetri24762 жыл бұрын
Brilliant. I have learnt something today. Thank you. Vetri South Africa.
@RUS-ow8gm2 жыл бұрын
Очень полезное видео! Спасибо Вам за видео!
@kobusdutoitbosman6240 Жыл бұрын
Great job! Very crafty…well done‼️👊🔥
@stanislavaleksandrovich90662 жыл бұрын
Классная идея! Возможно для перестраховки нужен какой-нибудь стопор вслучаии обрыва звена эллемента привода.
@ЕвгенийБеляев-у5й2 жыл бұрын
Идея хорошая ток поднимает мало🤔
@ИгорьМаксаков-ь8й2 жыл бұрын
@@ЕвгенийБеляев-у5й стакан до рта донесёт и то хорошо))
@БернардШоу-ь9б2 жыл бұрын
Интересно сколько кг поднимает?
@ИгорьМаксаков-ь8й2 жыл бұрын
@@БернардШоу-ь9б не много, по идеи.
@WALL-I_DRUN2 жыл бұрын
@@БернардШоу-ь9б до сотни кг точно поднимет.
@strattuner2 жыл бұрын
THANKS for waking me up to the idea of the wiper motor,for my motorcycle swap trike,basket and all,i didn't want to use gas as its too noisy,this will work real well with two small 525 cca batteries,genius and the heavy duty switch,marvelous,THANKS FROM MISSOURI USA
@КонстантинМаксимов-у3э2 жыл бұрын
Хорошая и полезная вещь для гаража 👍
@assassinlexx19932 жыл бұрын
Clever engineering plus using scrap parts. From a small shop big things ( cool design) come out. I always enjoy watching your videos. No need to talk, the your projects speak for them selfs.
@johncoates8352 Жыл бұрын
Very Nice Job! Just remember that the load-bearing capacity of a second floor in a home is usually between 30 and 40 lbs per sq/ft.
@THOTHvii Жыл бұрын
I would imagine this isn't a typical home to follow your strict rule on load bearing capability. 4"x6" rafters and 2x6 bracing, the weight of the roof in and of itself would need more support than a typical framed home... I'd be willing to bet that he know's how much his attic space can hold.
@francisfruscalzo2 жыл бұрын
I have just one word :BRAVO FOR THIS IDEA.
@briarpalek9254 Жыл бұрын
This setup is also known as a classic widow maker.
@clintwolf5737 Жыл бұрын
Very impressed by your skill set and creativity! Thank you for showing what a wiper motor is capable of doing.
@-_Robert_-2 жыл бұрын
Dwa takie silniczki i windę bym robił na Twoim miejscu. Widać, że dałbyś radę wygospodarować miejsce na wycięcie większego prostokąta w suficie/podłodze.
@addeats2 жыл бұрын
Good idea! Now let's make that @made in Poland!
@hyselwatchandclockrepair18742 жыл бұрын
Fantastic design and re-utilization!
@viorsa82002 жыл бұрын
Excelente proyecto muy bien desarrollado y mejor ejecutado , un cabestrante muy original y peculiar , gracias por compartir tanto ingenió y conocimientos , un saludo cordial y por supuesto un gran like desde Narón (Galicia) 🤓 🛠️ 🔝
@FredCsizmadia11 ай бұрын
That was very educational brother, you gotta be a millwright. thank you. Going to try that. Love it
@pcollins5334 Жыл бұрын
very cool video. not like i’m going to take all the time to build this…but you show new techniques and tools/equipment and provide inspiration for other things. 🤙🏽😊
@petergondwe5182 жыл бұрын
very smart work,simple materials used.good selection of workshop tools.more fire
@hotrodray68022 жыл бұрын
Pretty handy for up to 200#. Don't wrap the cable around the item, use a web sling so the cable doesn't get damaged.
@terrydaniels84602 жыл бұрын
I love watching stuff like this it's calming
@jaymzx02 жыл бұрын
Good work! I think wiper motors are completely unappreciated and people underestimate how powerful they are - and cheap! For slightly smaller projects, door window motors are great. For high-speed motors with good torque, seat adjustment motors are a good choice - and they're all 12V! If you're into robotics and need strong brushed DC gear motors, grab some tools and head to your local auto scrap yard to save some money.
@rupe532 жыл бұрын
the difference is a wiper motor is meant for continuous duty, where a window motor will overheat quickly.
@Sid-lk2gq Жыл бұрын
i love the title. insane piece of kit, great video, cheers
@headmaster84gm2 жыл бұрын
Круто как всегда, лайк.
@UpcycleFab2 жыл бұрын
I’ve followed this Chanel and your previous channel. I Thank you for sharing your skills and I thank your Country for sharing its humanitarian efforts!
@30bones2 жыл бұрын
Planning to do the same thing in my garage for getting wheels and tires into my attic. I have a winch already. Nice build as always
@christosvolikakis1523 Жыл бұрын
No sense in spinning your wheels.
@Island.dweller2 жыл бұрын
Great video again!! From a jealous sawdust maker 🇨🇦
@artwithdad51312 жыл бұрын
Very useful tool executed neatly, I love the whole process.
@kkloikok2 жыл бұрын
Two things I've learned from this channel: 1) windshield wiper motors are the most versatile and powerful thing on the planet. 2) I really need to learn how to weld.
@aurinocajazeiracajazeira.53212 жыл бұрын
6666⁶
@mbahhadri92602 жыл бұрын
@@aurinocajazeiracajazeira.5321 Aa akan
@itydrych52 Жыл бұрын
Calkiem fajna wciagarka. To nie Ramsey ale dom i garaz to nie teren. Gratulacje pomyslu. 😊
@GladSadMadWorld2 жыл бұрын
If the plastic gear on the windshield wiper motor fails, the load will drop down, this is very risky, you should at least increase safety with a magnetic brake or a simple lock mechanism.
@funnycatvideos54902 жыл бұрын
he is using rope with no sling on the load I do not think he cares about safety
@alexandergrigoriev85032 жыл бұрын
Со временем у мастера обеспечение безопасности происходит на подсознательном уровне, - не делай то, в чем сомневаешься. Дополнительные устройства повышают риск и ослабляют аккуратность. PS. Если пользоваться старыми деталями с (японских) авторазборок, шанс найти пластмассу минимален.
@erx882 жыл бұрын
Agreed, the best approach is to dismantle the gear system and Re-Imagine a more efficient design if possible, if not , recreate it with robust parts that won't fail or have fails safe systems... everything breaks down eventually...Plan for it...it's called maintenance...Best wishes to all involved... As society is now witnessing, even civilization can break down if run with systems that were not meant to last.. Keep creating and make it Forever Better ...Immer Besser...
@จรัสกันทะวงศ์2 жыл бұрын
@@erx88 ช สนออก
@Aussiem8e2 жыл бұрын
Only risky if you're an idiot and stand underneath the load being lifted, bit like having instructions on a bleach bottle not to drink it.. snowflakes everywhere!
@robertocentonze96532 жыл бұрын
Ottima idea e realizzazione !!!👏
@waynegilchrist15962 жыл бұрын
I enjoyed the build, the innovation, and your engineering, welding and the entire process. I don't feel like this is the best idea. Too many weak components and a considerable amount of expense a lot of work with the available winches from Harbor Freight and such that are inexpensive, quite powerful and fewer failure points. Thanks for your video, It's only my insignificant opinion.
@davidfernandez7862 Жыл бұрын
Very good, friend. Regards from Spain.😊
@marekroszkiewicz35242 жыл бұрын
Największą robotę robi ,,pilot" ,wygląda tak solidnie że mam wrażenie że mógłby odpalać jakieś głowice międzykontynentalne 💪👍😁
@moklesurrhman90752 жыл бұрын
Wa
@MadeinPolandChannel2 жыл бұрын
Kto wie jakie ma jeszcze ukryte funkcje 😁😁😁
@chukwuemerie2 жыл бұрын
@@MadeinPolandChannel Is the wiper motor the same as the 775 motor? If not where can I find it in an equipment?
@JoseMaria-pv7ni2 жыл бұрын
Excelente PROFISSIONAL 👍 FANTÁSTICO 👏👏👏👏👏👏
@moparmusts2 жыл бұрын
Very Creative! I guess you can add a switch to control rpm. I would like to see a parts list or specific instructions. I can probably figure it out on my own but.....easier to copy it. Thanks
@gregmccarter2176 Жыл бұрын
You definitely do good work..no talking just doung
@coburnlowman2 жыл бұрын
Would make a great capstan winch for pulling crab , lobster pots up. Haven't thought about using a wiper motor for making this kinda winch before. 👍
@ВасилийГриценко-и6ь Жыл бұрын
😮😮😮
@VLXVNDR8 ай бұрын
Amazing videos and channel. Your engineering skills and imagination are inspiring 👍🏼👍🏼 And I love that your videos have no annoying music!! Thank you!! From Australia 🇦🇺 🦘 🐨
@joseabrahaoabrahao79372 жыл бұрын
Excelente idéia, parabéns.
@daffy1567 Жыл бұрын
I’ve always been envious of people who are able to do things like this
@drewrinker2071 Жыл бұрын
Don't be envious, be encouraged, be inspired to learn and create. We all have a creative nature within us.
@lTwojaStara2 жыл бұрын
Fajnie, że ktoś pokazuje jak to naprawdę się buduje a nie KZbinowe gwiazdy z zachodu cyk pyk i już gotowe. A gdzie obróbka ręczna? :D thumb up. Pozdrowienia z RK.
@tonielias2 жыл бұрын
Hello, i prefer without music, good work and thank you !
@DonnDIY2 жыл бұрын
Whose car and bicycle did you destroy to get the parts?😀
@DonnDIY2 жыл бұрын
Well done by the way!👌
@hannessmit78866 ай бұрын
Plenty at scrapyard duh😂
@Razorphil11 ай бұрын
I expected him to strip the wires with a chainsaw after what I saw before that lol. I cannot believe he has all his fingers, but of course the camera angle plays tricks. I am sure that's what it is.......... I have to say, he comes up with interesting ways to work around the parts he may not have, I learned from this video no doubt. Now to see some of his others. Oh, I would love to see you make a garage door opener, something tells me you would come up with a great idea! Keep thinking outside of the box, great work. I get jealous of people with such creativity, just amazing.
@stevebrown51452 жыл бұрын
Good work, but echo what others have said, think about a brake system in case the chain or sprockets break. Hope you’re all ok over there, and massive respect to your countrymen for helping Ukraine right now.
@continental_drift2 жыл бұрын
Great video. To the point with enough time to give a message, thanks.
@nicgurkweitz3892 жыл бұрын
I'm definitely making one. Such a great idea! Good job!
@boots785918 күн бұрын
Killer video I am referencing to build a nice piston air pump for the pond, solar. The gears look like bicycle but massive bore, but looking on YT thats how that rear gear comes apart as. Its a shame we in the US have lost so many father's, uncles, etc who all used to be part auto mechanic, construction, electrician, plumber, etc. Old Gen-X'er here, and remember the days when every older guy was a jack of all trades type. Now, even most guys are willing to drop $300 to replace their brakes instead of buying for
@SekAustria2 жыл бұрын
Nice one brother :)
@Markb86082 жыл бұрын
Very good channel. I always admired the courage of your pilots in ww2.
@aserta2 жыл бұрын
I'm surprised you were able to weld on that cheapo metal sprockets are made out of today, good episode. Liked the approach to making the cores for the gears. I usually use washers, but making them out of the cut-outs it a much better idea.
@rogerstafford-wakeinc.20882 жыл бұрын
Steel is steel... Weld it, bend it, fold it, pinch it....
@marioosvaldomunozjerez52942 жыл бұрын
Ya Ji Ji Ji
@markkoons74882 жыл бұрын
Excellent. Love your scripting, editing, and pacing. Thank you!
@claytonclark50542 жыл бұрын
Storing heavy objects in a ceiling without proper reinforcement could cause major headaches.
@shadowuaw-0001 Жыл бұрын
I see what you did there.
@alexcorona Жыл бұрын
Ceilings are made to handle thousands and thousands of pounds. If not the roof would collapse every time it snows.
@lastnamefirstname9043 Жыл бұрын
@@alexcoronaso if i lay a wet paper bag so it spans a 10 inch gap between two joists that wet bag will support my weight because the roof above the paper bag will hold my weight?
@krazy2094 Жыл бұрын
I think he’ll be fine 👏👏👏👏
@kimmeyerandersen5953 Жыл бұрын
@@alexcoronah
@opendstudio71412 жыл бұрын
Well, that was different solution; nothing fancy or exotic. All cobbled together with simple power tools and accessories. 👍🏼
@nehemiasdasilva88172 жыл бұрын
👍😉👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏parabéns, projeto incrível,abraço aqui do Brasil
@gambusinogutierrez2851 Жыл бұрын
Más que excelente.".. Felicidades por tu ingenio !..
@Gabri-9912 жыл бұрын
By using the hoist principle (and harder components) you could improve the leverage and lift far more heavier items (even if slower for sure) with even a weaker motor (possibly faster maybe).. apart from this nice project to have fun with :)
@МирланАбдикадыров2 жыл бұрын
да то ш
@herysumariyanto-baja Жыл бұрын
tools made from used goods are very creative and can be followed or imitated by other people
@bebetofafi2 жыл бұрын
👏👏👏👏👏 muito bom 👏👏👏👏
@rajdattani15072 жыл бұрын
Wish I had the tools to make something like this! It would make loading a wheelchair into the boot so much easier
@CanalSHAWBE2 жыл бұрын
Belo projeto, parabéns amigo 😁👍
@punkinhaidmartin Жыл бұрын
You Poles just do wtf you want, eh? I like it!
@arturlend22972 жыл бұрын
Sprytny sprzęt. Brawo Ty 😎
@clarence.mosley38452 жыл бұрын
Would not be bad. Idea to put some type of a brake.
@sleeve8651 Жыл бұрын
Once again, necessity is the Mother of Invention ! 👍😉
@jamonfeltner4417Ай бұрын
The powerful thing you made is called a winch
@pierreracicot14056 ай бұрын
Very nice tool and video. It’s awesome when you have the money to buy tooling to make things. Here in Canada , you could buy a 110 v winch for less than $150. That’s a lot cheaper than buying all that tooling to make the this winch. Just a thought
@markchisholm26572 жыл бұрын
Fun but not engineered for lifting. Firstly there is no brake so all the reliance is on the worm drive which is designed for window wipers... A brake should be applied to the winch drum directly to ensure that any mechanical failure does not result in loss of load. Then there is the chain. A chain drive is not acceptable for this application given the lack of brake. If the chain fails the load drops. Chains aren't used offshore even as rigging now because of the single point failure characteristics.