Making Graphene Foam From Table Sugar

Quite a few folks asked me to do this and so here it is a graphenic foam that has high conductivity for making super caps

[@robgad2271]

Hmmm! This may be a cheap method, but there are other options with a low temperature kiln. Your previous 10 gr of sugar and ammonium chloride, to this add 10 gr of graphite powder and 2 gr of fine aluminum powder. grind it in a blender with a small amount of water for 30 min on low speed. Prepare a flat pan with a piece of heavy duty aluminum foil and place the mixture in the middle and allow it to settle as a flat surface. This could be allowed to evaporate for a few days. The ideal time to place it in the kiln if after it becomes tacky and will not shift when you raise the edge of the pan. Place it in the kiln at 160°C for 30 minutes and remove and allow to cool completely. The mixture will be hard and stiff enough to peel off the aluminum foil from the back and place this in a flat bottom Pyrex glass dish and return it to the kiln for one hour at 300°C. this will allow the mixture to degases the toxic fumes and will melt the aluminum into the graphite as it turns the sugar into grapevine as a medium, the blend is very hard and conductive and can be cut with an abrasive high speed rotary cutter or diamond blade. I would prefer to use a tile cutter without water as a lubricant instead of a hand held angle grinder, because the mixture can be fractured like glass if its cut uneven or with excessive vibration. This makes better electrodes for rechargeable batteries, use a piece of regular felt in two or more layers and use an aquias solution of potassium chloride as the electrolyte and you have a graphite-aluminum rechargeable battery as good as any lithium battery and much more stable and longer life. Cheers. Yes, my first degree was in chemistry at 16, followed by my electrical engineering degree at 21, and I specialized in microprocessors in the early 1970's in what became known as Silicone Valley, California. I hope I didn't over explain it, but enough for the basic chemistry student to follow and have a workable technology for free off of the internet.

[@victorgaladimawa6399]

Thanks!

[@Killianwsh]

Great video as always Rob! ...and THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR MAKING, TEACHING, & INSPIRING!!!

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

cheers mate and thank you for taking the time to post

[@entropy1454]

I've been watching your videos for quite a while now(right around when I started working on my electric car design). You've single-handedly made me take an interest in chemistry. As a high school student, I'm obviously a bit limited in my capabilities but you've made so many videos about how to do these things at home with simple equipment and I appreciate it a lot :)

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

Thank you mate for taking the time to post and say so - cheers

[@TheChzoronzon]

@@ThinkingandTinkering I agree wholeheartedly... finding this channel has been such a stroke of luck... now I watch a random vid almost every day You are exactly the teacher I'd have loved to have in my youth, man Greetings from Spain

[@fireballxl-5748]

I know this video is old but thank you very much. Your channel is one of my favourites.

[@lisakingscott7729]

Just a thought. A while ago I made some very light weight carbon foam using a variation of the Naphtalene-Mediated Hydrothermal Sucrose Carbonization method. The article I took the method from suggested the foam would be "Ultralight Carbon Nanofoam". It was certainly very low density, but had very poor conductivity, so I didn't go any further. However the graphitization post process step you describe here sounds like something worth trying.

[@Guytron95]

I can picture forming this in a ceramic mold and graphenizing it in a microwave kiln. Easy to put an argon tap into a microwave oven shell for the inert atmosphere. Oh! that delightful feeling of mad science!

[@dr.froghopper6711]

Well stated mate!

[@specialservicesequipment393]

I'd say probably a graphite mold.

[@Draakdarkmaster6]

i've been looking for an in depth step by step for something like this for months, thank you

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

glad you liked it mate - cheers

[@armstrongskyview2810]

This has to be one of the best videos you have ever done

[@MrBademy]

amazing channel, keep up the great work man !! you are inspiration to all scientists and future geniuses

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

cheers mate

[@robertolivarez5742]

If you created graphene foam in a vacuum chamber under vacuum will the surface area increase since it will expand so much more?

[@rhoniandjeff7453]

Great video and sound quality Rob. you have really upped your game sir!

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

cheers mate

[@Machiuka]

Very interesting video. It gives me new ideas. Thanks for sharing mate.

[@RWBHere]

Chemistry and Physics dovetail beautifully as Sciences, but if you tie them together with Mathematics, that leads to Technology and Engineering. There you are; STEM in one sentence! If more youngsters (and older folk, but it's best to start when young) could grasp that, and be inspired by people like yourself, Robert, ever greater strides will be achieved. Thank-you for your continuous inspiration through this channel and through your Patreon-focussed output.

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

I think they are the two sides of the same coin mate and maths is the language to describe them. I personally think everyone should give it a go as at it's basics it really is simple stuff - though it does get complicated later for sure lol

[@cayrex]

Interesting! Definitely it's a worth of try. Thank you!

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

go for it mate

[@karlm5022]

Simply Brilliant Rob!

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

cheers mate

[@annasedaghat3038]

Thank you for this kind of great video

[@wibblywobblyidiotvision]

That's an interesting experiment. I've been toying with the idea of making some porous graphite, you've given me some ideas.

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

awesome mate

[@jamesholland5475]

Has anyone ever said to you that you have a little bit of the mad scientist thing going on ? Lol I love it, I think it's great!!!

[@williamfraser]

Could the carbon foam obtained from sugar and sulphuric acid also be used to make graphene?

[@dennisklomp2361]

Hello Rob, I was wondering: do you know the thermal conductivity of this stuff? Working on a project that I want to use high thermal conductive graphene foam on.

[@alt-swe5503]

Can that lump be used as some sort of filter media for perhaps desalination or separation of different gases?

[@drsatan3231]

This is amazing. Is there anything you could do to make it into wire or even long, thin circular bars?

[@bestowicprimer8835]

Couldnt u just mechanical vibrate standing wave ultrasonic in a lowdensity confiment with charged surfaces?

[@gristlevonraben]

Amazing, as always!

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

cheers mate

[@nil5221]

Is this a 'better' carbon foam than those produced by the other methods, e.g sugar with baking soda as the 'blowing agent'? but grinding the reactants into fine powder first. As per the other video with 3 methods including the explosive one. Just asking from the point of view of very easily obtained materials versus the improvements gained by sourcing ammonium chloride. Does the sugar/bicarb foam graphetise ok in the kiln?

[@MrJamespcastle]

Robert, what is the difference between this "graphenic" substance and true 1 atom thick graphene? How are they different and how are they the same? When this is used in battery construction, what decrease/increase would be seen if using true graphene in contrast?

[@joecrisp9060]

Any chance this material could be used in theroelectrics? Perhaps with a copper oxide coating. Since the conductivity seems pretty good.

[@gendaminoru3195]

so do we know the difference between graphene and graphite / carbon?

[@nitrousman8882]

Have you explored the furnace process for EC carbon black ie Ketjenblack?

[@PsychicMikeTarot]

I was thinking of carbonizing spun sugar (cotton candy) in order to do something similar to this. Never thought of using a chemical foaming agent.

[@sgalien6661]

Hi Robert, are you doing a follow up to this soon?

[@joe9349]

A Robert, would this be anything like graphene aerogel? Or D3O?

[@colleenforrest7936]

Is the orange stuff under the brown sticky stuff graphene oxide?

[@kellyhowcroft2510]

Can this be used in ZnBr solutions as the graphite plate

[@rotem2116]

is it possible to make carbon 60 from grephene?

[@justinorwen1141]

How is it making graphene instead of graphite? If you crush the foam, do you have graphene powder?

[@omaralyousfi1862]

Mr Robert what about flash grphene process? ist work or not?

[@georgeabraham7256]

I wonder if you can make graphene from gassifying plastic for petrol..

[@arkoprovo1996]

I can't help but wonder actually ... is there anyway to know if that is graphene and not just graphite?

[@drfill9210]

Can you explain why the pressure is required? I'm beginning to suspect that opal Carvers have been synthesising graphene for over a century

[@johngalt97]

I made some nice carbon sticks in my oven by cooking thick fries overnight. I bet they'd be pretty strong if soaked with thin cyanoacrylate.

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

lol - yes probably lol

[@CASHSEC]

You can make a sugar foam using Golden syrup and bi carbinate of sods(Honey comb). Would this work in the first stage.

[@johnbarry8185]

Rob, is the shiny part on the outside the only part that is graphene, or is all of it graphene?

[@Halloween111]

You can do this with bread. Put the slice(s) in a square container with a small hole in top. You can add argon before closing it if you wish. Heat to around 800 to 1200 degrees until all of the volatiles have burned off through the hole. Cover the hole and let go for a half hour.--- Pre tapping the hole and using a small bolt works pretty well for sealing it up. Remove and cool. There you go. Carbon foam suitable for a refractory. or semiconductor.

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

nice one mate - I'll try it

[@100musicplaylists3]

Hi Robert. Do you know how i can make 100% glucose in laymans terms. Thanks

[@yancahya2143]

What is dr Patrick s formula for graphene ?

[@liangjianghong]

What's the density of this carbon foam?

[@preciousplasticph]

Awesome stuff Robert

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

cheers mate

[@aomanchutube]

Could one of your foam recipes work to make N95 mask pucks????? Or basic filter material that one could easily apply to a piece of shirt to make an effective mask against the Corona virus????

[@speciousexchange4283]

At those resistive levels aren't they just similar to graphite and not graphene?

[@Electronics61]

Great video Robert. Hope it make equally good super capacitor

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

I am going to find out mate - and do a vid

[@timfitzpatrick8773]

In any part of this process would it be possible to cast this into some sort of shape for applications?

[@timfitzpatrick8773]

For example, what came to mind in a perfect world would be to have some sort of form you would put the sugar and ammonium chloride in and go about the whole process that way. Almost like casting it all into shape and only needing to adjust for temperature

[@burnroe6611]

Could there be a way to use a yeast. In place of amonium chloride then if experiment fails it may be semi edible 😆

[@dr.froghopper6711]

Mate, i really would love to have access to your laboratory facilities! And I’d happily be a lab assistant because you chase my brand of Nerdery! It’s useful information!

[@composing0]

Is carbon foam electrically conductive

[@conductiveinkalternative918]

I have to do this. Thanks.

[@easyfund]

How much time and $$ is needed to mass produce this please... we will build it just tell us how this can set us free?

[@jdiggs1985]

Can you do the same using h2so4 and table sugar? Also a hazardous reaction, but requires no cooking to produce the foam.

[@Buzzhumma]

Still have to graphitize and wont have same surface area most likely.

[@MARILYNANDERSON88]

Another reason aliens will arrive to stock up on Earth's sugar, likely a rare product in space!

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

lol

[@lisakingscott7729]

I've seen some papers stating that nickel catalyst enhances cellulose graphitisation. Maybe it could help here.

[@bradorman1051]

I bought some expanded graphite and put it in an ultrasonic cleaner with a small amount of water. What I got was dark gray/blackish water with pearl-like sparkle to it. Also had a bright, shiny silver layer floating on top. Had a little solids on the bottom that didn't do anything. Does anyone know if I have a graphene suspension.....or just graphite water? Or possibly a mixture of both?

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

a mixture of both. mate

[@bradorman1051]

@@ThinkingandTinkering I ran the solution through several coffee filters (the finest filters I have at the moment) and got a nice liquid with no sediment. Stays in suspension nicely, even when sitting untouched for days. I also sonicated molybdenum. I'm working on adding them to Si02 to make a "ceramic" sealer/protectant for automotive clear coat. I'm also working on an acrylic resin version.

[@clickbaitnumberone1403]

great one

[@davidsirmons]

Non-conductive thermally to some level?

[@technosaurus3805]

Any time I need to mix dry components, I use powdered sugar. It seems to give a more even mix with less mixing than granulated sugar. BTW sulfuric acid + sugar is way more fun, but the reaction happens too quickly (without heat) if you use powdered sugar. Muriatic acid does require adding heat and the foam produced is much more dense.

[@oregonhoney753]

Commercial powdered sugar can have corn starch in it, read the ingredients

[@technosaurus3805]

@@oregonhoney753 good point - my store brand doesn't but its a good idea to look... although for this particular experiment corn starch could be useful as it heats up and becomes dextrose - science is full of accidental discovery.

[@Barskor1]

Thanks for the information technosaurus

[@cayrex]

Sugar and H2SO4 is highly exothermic reaction,... so, you get alot of heat (but you definitely mean,...extra applying of the heat). H2SO4 + sugar carbon you can also graphitize on high heat.

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

I did a few vids on the sugar snakes mate

[@jozefnovak7750]

Thank you.

[@realflow100]

Can you make some by just wrapping some sugar in a small aluminum capsule or aluminum foil container to contain it. then wrapping several layers around that to trap the carbon dioxide and prevent it from oxidizing. then cook it until its ready? Seems like it'd be really simple to make. Not looking for a PERFECT result. just enough that it'll do something when you make a sandwich out of it and some copper electrodes or something.

[@TheIdeanator]

Now thats something I can do with relative ease!

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

awesome mate - go for it

[@caveman-zd5yv]

How much does it weigh? Can you compare with other material using a scale?

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

will do

[@paterfamiles]

Thanks, you are the best

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

cheers mate

[@ThomasAndersonbsf]

interesting, I have been looking at the online processes discovered in an attempt to recreate starlite, and had thought that adding other things to it might allow me to make it semiconductive, now I may have to add this to that mix, and stop at the former step or not go quite as high since I dont want it to become extremely conductive, but rather semiconductive so the contaminants can alter it to make diode like components, who knows, I might be able to produce a far more efficient peltier device, something I am kinda hoping to be able to do, since none of the ones I have seen thus far are embedding the PN junction material in aerogel, it seems like a sensible option especially if I can make a more thermally insulative semiconduction joint than tellurium bismuth does.

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

I am just about to do a series on hard to form ceramics

[@ThomasAndersonbsf]

@@ThinkingandTinkering can't wait, most of the actual stuff beyond what I release from time to time here, I keep on Tox chat ever since I found a whole conversation about laser assisted vapor deposition I had with a friend, on skype (partially text partially voice call) pop up right after that on wikipedia as a removed group of pages, all of like 40,000 (I am not looking at the history now, so it might have been like 10,000 characters, not sure but I will come back and leave a reply with a link to their account page where their contributions are listed for reference) characters and 10 pages worth loaded on there, 8 new pages and 2 modifications of existing pages, word for word, and by a random user name made that day, all listing done in 36 minutes then logged off never to return in over 2 years now, even though everything they listed was removed with red text being the only trace you have to follow and see the revisions, and new pages they made. And the curious thing about all this? just to finish it off for the weirdness, is that everything I had conversations with him on tox for a completely different reason, included the needed aspects to make it properly work for 3D printing processes, were missing from the wiki info, only the stuff from skype was there. I can talk to you privately if you are wondering why we took it to tox but I still won't talk openly about that here due to the problems it could cause a whole lot of people, if I discussed this openly. at any rate, main reason most stuff is still on tox private is because I am not ready to release anything, but when ready everything will be open and public, concerning all my work for advancing 3D printing. and I will try to include as much footage as possible to hopefully allow full replication everywhere desiring to do so, :)

[@ThomasAndersonbsf]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Albchang22

[@ranman58635]

A subject that at the moment is not in my range of understanding. I do however understand that graphine is being used now in batteries.

[@heregulmithal7063]

Very informative .

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

cheers mate

[@nigelwilliams7920]

Would spreading a layer of the sugar NH4Cl mix on a lead or copper plate and doing the 250C bake give you a usable negative electrode for an Ultra Battery? The back of the plate could be masked with a plastic paint or tape (?). Or do you have to do the 800 C step, then try and mechanically fix the resulting graphene foam to the plate?

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

the first stage just gives a carbon that is non conductive. It will function as an active material but I don't think you wouldn't be able to get a current from it

[@nigelwilliams7920]

@@ThinkingandTinkering thanks. So one has to take the carbon thru the 800 C stage. Since that would melt any metallic substrate we cannot conveniently use the baking to sinter the graphene to the substrate. OK. I take it that you grind the resulting 800Cd carbon mass to a powder to create your graphene resource, which you then stick onto electrode surfaces.

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

@@nigelwilliams7920 it would preclude lead an aluminium for sure but copper would be fine as would nickel and stainless steel - it would have to be a non oxidising atmosphere - but you need that anyway.

[@nigelwilliams7920]

@@ThinkingandTinkering thanks for that. Much appreciated.

[@TheControlPhilosopher]

Sir, You could attempt carbonizing slices of bread by charring in inert-gas atmosphere.

[@duminicad]

Rob, have you considered carbonising and graphitising [a slice of]bread?

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

yes mate - equally though you could give it a go

[@content4502]

Excellent, Thanks ......

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

cheers mate

[@idea-shack]

You should try doing this with chitosan (available in capsules as a fat blocker from the chemist), its amine groups would dope the material with nitrogen post graphitisation. I suggest you boil the ground material post graphitisation in nitric acid. This would charge the newly formed aromatic nitrogen to ar-NH+ which could help them de-laminate (increase surface area) and also the charge would greatly improve conductivity as the positive charge sits within the delocalised polyaromatic mess and so can conduct by hole migration (similar mechanism to conductivity of polyanaline salts).

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

nice suggestions mate - thanks for taking the time to post

[@idea-shack]

@@ThinkingandTinkering Always a pleasure!

[@pixelpatter01]

Would this foam make a good furnace insulation? Imagine being able to pour a furnace like a cake. Perhaps bricks could be made and a furnace constructed of graphene foam bricks?

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

no mate this is thermally and electrically conductive

[@NinjaNige]

So What Your Saying Is You Have Made A conductive Pencil.. Thanks For Your Hard Work Rob.

[@duminicad]

hehe, right! the idea is that the foam has high surface area in a relatively small space, it should be able to hold more energy than a capacitor with similar size, a pencil is very solid, whereas this foam can have molecules of water suspended into the foam pores, or some other chemical, your imagination is the limit...

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

lol - I guess it is a lot of effort to go to for a 'pencil' lol

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

I think he was joking mate - at least I took it as a joke

[@Buzzhumma]

Niges View On ThinGs thats british humour !😂

[@michaelvaughn2287]

I have been following your channel off and on for about a year now I'm vary mechanically inclined not so much with the sparky things though . I'm trying to build a solar generator but I dont want to use batteries, supercaps are supposed to be cheaper and charge faster but I cant find anything that will explain the work comparince of a battery to a supercap in a way I can understand it . I know this isn't what you like to do you try to get people out there to experiment for them selves but unfortunately I am knee deep in a million things and dont have the time or frankly the knowledge so I'm begging you to give some kind of explanation of how many 2.7v 3000f capacitors would I need to run a 120v 15a circular saw for 15 min or if it even could . Thank you for your time I hope to hear from you .

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

I don't know what to say mate as I don't know how you need to understand - that is I am not sure what your learning style is so it's kind of hard to advise on what to look at that might help - all I can suggest is you keep plowing through the material there is until you find one that suits - we do have lessons and texts on the site - but equally they may not help

[@tamaseduard5145]

Good job sir 👍🙏

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

cheers mate

[@jasonwitt8619]

Hey Rob, how to make Graphene USB stick for PC, from scratch ? Would make a great video on showing the whole flash as well.

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

do you have link to what you mean mate - I don't really understand what a graphene USB stick is

[@jasonwitt8619]

There is a lot more links that I can add, the talk on this is giant

[@aga5897]

Nice one !

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

cheers mate

[@samosdolphins123]

nice. isnt 46 ohms high resistance? shouldnt it be much lower if it is condcutive?

[@SinsBird]

I remember when I crushed up some wood charcoal, mixed with glue and got like 40k-150k ohm resistance.

[@samosdolphins123]

@@SinsBird ok, thanks . is this graphene that the professor made or is it graphite?

[@SinsBird]

@@samosdolphins123 both, really. In general it's graphite, but graphite is made of many layers of graphene.

[@jamesredfield7548]

Could you make graphene paint please instead of graphene ink? Would that be a better option for people?

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

the main difference between ink and paint is the application as opposed to the formulation mate

[@SiriusFuenmayor]

Robert great video again, it would be so nice if you could get and electron microscope to show the structure of the materials you made, I know that these are very expensive but it will be awesome

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

it would mate - a 'cheap one' costs 45,000 - the next time I have a spare 45k - I'll buy one. I am joking a bit - I was thinking about running a kickstarter just to raise money for that as it happens

[@Buzzhumma]

Sirius Fuenmayor yeah 45k is big money but is it fair to say the proof is in the capacitance ?

[@SiriusFuenmayor]

@@Buzzhumma Sure! that is the ultimate proof that the material works for this purpose

[@schlega2]

@@ThinkingandTinkering I bet you could convince Ben over at the Applied Science channel to do it. He built his own SEM a few years ago.

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

@@schlega2 now there's an idea - cheers mate

[@Eng-ArabicTurkishGermanyFrench]

Can we use microwave instead of oven and sodium bicarbonate instead of ammonium chloride?

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

you can - but you won't get the same material

[@flashlit123]

I have been using baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) as an activating agent for different carbon materials with pretty good results using a homemade propane kiln. I suspect I am just getting activated carbon and not graphetized carbon but cheap, readily available, and relatively safe. Check out my recent videos. My theory is the baking soda is converted to sodium carbonate producing carbon dioxide gas and possibly sodium oxide at higher temperatures. The CO2 gas causes the sugar to foam up a lot to the point of expanding out of the crucible if you use very much at a time. Rob has a video in the members area on making the sugar carbon more conductive that is different than this sugar foam but still conductive.

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

@@flashlit123 that's exactly what's happening mate - there is a sugar snake version based on this too

[@Mattstiless]

Sooo can we get affordable superbatteries soon then?

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

yep

[@mrtaster9736]

I burned the cake in the oven is that graphene cake now

[@vivdlyvague6627]

Hey Rob, What did you think of Rice Universities flash graphene from carbons?

[@Buzzhumma]

Jesse Hughes i hope one of us is smart enough to replicate it in our garage . I think it uses high vacuum and 5000 v capacitive discharge !

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

I like it mate and thought of doing a replication but the caps are £100 each and you need 12 I think - a bit expensive - but I am thinking about it and how to get around that

[@earlyriser438]

@Robert Murray-Smith The King of Random (RIP TKOR, you beautiful fool) made an arc forge from an old lantern battery, a scrap microwave and a refractory brick... kzbin.info/www/bejne/jIXdfHypZp6YkKc I smell your next video. My idea for a vacuum forge is a capped section of steel water main pipe lined with starlite and refractory brick with a thick borosilicate quartz viewing port on the lid. I will eventually build one so I can make my own synthetic ruby abrasive grit from aluminum oxide and chromium oxide.

[@Buzzhumma]

Robert Murray-Smith leyden jars?

[@Buzzhumma]

Robert Murray-Smith leyden jars and microwave oven transformer ?

[@alexanimationgoofy]

thanks Anthony Hopkins!

[@pinballrobbie]

When I clicked on this I thought he was a young Bill Owen from Last of the summer wine.

[@HergerTheJoyous]

Nice video my friend!

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

cheers mate

[@user-um9sl1kj6u]

I’m wondering about big sugar, the Everglades, algae blooms, and sugar could play a fairly big role…. At least cost wise🤔

[@climatebabes]

How much does it weigh?

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

not much but about to check

[@mikebibler6556]

What the... segue to the vacuum drying oven at 4:27... has the "Bad Grandpa restaurant scene" been scientifically replicated back and to the left?

[@asmotaku]

I wonder how many viewers will blow their heads off with this recipe.

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

probably non. The folks here are basically split into 4 camps - people who like to know what's going on and keep in touch even though they will never do the experiment, people who will experiment but are beginners and will be careful as it is new to them, seasoned old hands who know exactly what they are doing and finally folks who just like to moan about everything but never do anything.

[@asmotaku]

@@ThinkingandTinkering - I register in the first category, but can't keep from worrying about the second. I do know chemistry is daughter of safety, but Isn't the ammonium chloride / sugar mix pretty reactive and potentially explosive near open flames and high temperature ? Hence my deadpan comment. I'm sorry the format didn't convey my feeling.

[@Jiggledance]

Maybe use a microwave kiln?

[@victoryfirst2878]

Hello Robert, I am really surprised how you made the graphenic material. Not being a real chemistry fella, you really go something going here, so simple. Was thinking if you tried making capacitors, you should make the square instead of round. You would have a lot more capacity because of a lot less space would be wasted when you stack them tighter. Maybe you could try making some and showing us all on KZbin. Thanks for keeping us all informed. At least someone is trying to us all informed. Good day too.

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

I have made a few mate

[@victoryfirst2878]

Can you tell me what were the plus and minus of the square caps ??? Thanks fella and peace too.

[@boblewis5558]

Hmm reminiscences of grinding sodium chlorate and icing sugar spring to mind ... SEPARATELY of course!! 😜🤔😄😄😄

[@ThinkingandTinkering]

yes it is

[@didgeridooblue]

Sugar and ammonium chloride are both water soluble, why not dissolve the mixture in water instead of grinding together? At the temperature you're raising the mixture to the water will boil off.