Making Summer Cordials - #28

club.makedogro...
Cordials, concentrates, syrups and squashes - there's many names for these sweet and often fruity additions to good old fashioned tap water. In this video we preserve some of our summer harvests into concentrated sugary treats for quenching our thirst (and brightening up our G&Ts) on hot summer days.
We'll show you how to make four different drinks: a simple orange squash, strawberry lemonade concentrate, watermelon syrup and cucumber and mint cordial.
All this takes place in our new (but still temporary) processing kitchen with some fancy new kitchen equipment.
We'll show you the whole making process and wrap things up with a taste test full of descriptive words at the end. Stay tuned to see what happens...

[@layna8924]

KYLIE & GUY...I DID NOT KNOW YOU COULD EAT THE STALKS OF STRAWBERRIES & BLEND THEM WITH THE STRAWBERRIES...I HAVE BEEN CUTTING THEM OUT WHEN I FREEZE THE STRAWBERRIES...OH MY! YOU LEARN SOMETHING NEW EVERY DAY!...ALWAYS WANTED TO SEE HOW CORDIAL WAS MADE...A FAVORITE DRINK OF THE VICTORIAN ERA, AS I REMEMBER...;)

[@minnesotagal507]

I love Moroccan mint tea, it’s great for nausea from the chemotherapy I am on for cancer.

[@mostlysane9376]

I can't believe you showed us that monster watermelon but didn't show what it looked like inside 😂. This has become one of my favourite videos of yours. Thank you. I'm off out to Sainsburys in the 32 degree heat to see what they have in the way of watermelons.

[@leahlemieux6410]

If you want a less sweet version of cucumber mint, purchase a glass container with a filter cap on it. Add peeled, sliced cucumbers into the vessel, the mint, add water, and stick in your refrigerator overnight. Turns out very flavorful without the cooking. However, must be drunk within a few days. When you pour it out, the filter cap keeps the solids in the container and you just get the water.

[@shannonmann5501]

One of our favorite videos!!

[@garykoblitz4932]

Just a note about induction hobs. Wife and I have had an induction stove for over 10 years and love it. You can research the pros online. But, what I want to make sure viewers understand is that pots and pans must be of ferrous metal to work. If you have a vast array of aluminum based cookery, it won't work. Test with a magnet. If it sticks, you have the proper pot/ pan.

[@daffs0]

Awesome I’m going to try doing some myself Thank you for sharing 😁

[@christophemeathrel2784]

Cordial greetings from a warm Bretagne country cuisine. Hugh FW’s books have offered me a series of recipes up to the present, so, when you get around to publishing one interested citizen awaits. Love from a dry Cleguerec 👍💙🤍❤️🇬🇧🍷🇫🇷

[@colly1952]

I really love your videos!

[@inelouw]

I love cucumbers with the skin on, but for cordial it's definitely better to peel them! I'd also cut the amount of sugar in half, make sure you have enough lemon juice next time, and don't let the Moroccan mint sit overnight in the cucumber mush. It's best to add Moroccan mint about 5 minutes before the end of the cooking process and then sieve it.

[@marcob1729]

that's interesting. All of my experience in flavoring beverages with cucumbers involves using the skins and not the flesh. Beer and gin come to mind

[@LiLBitsDK]

yeah and I think going with the normal less spiced mint would help a lot too

[@inelouw]

@@LiLBitsDK Moroccan mint is my absolute favourite, to be honest. It's SO GOOD in tea.

[@LiLBitsDK]

@@inelouw yeah I would bet it is brilliant in tea but for the drink they are trying to make, then I think the other variants would be better

[@antoniodasilva1230]

Man ive had over twenty kinds of mint on long island and know ive even got wild mint growing all over my vineyards never hurd of Moroccan mint

[@helendennis7662]

We have an equally temporary kitchen set up at our new place in Bulgaria, the building was a barn, complete with concrete grain store, it has now been knocked about and plastered but currently still working on trestle tables 🙄 so we have lots of table top appliances - oven, steamer, grill and yes induction hob. I also am very impressed with it, once I sussed that high-low was number based on 2000W max power 😂 it is noisy but at least everything is quicker, maybe a hob that fits into the counter is quieter? Will need to look into this for when we do our proper kitchen in the house. We also are keeping the “temporary” kitchen for all the preserving and prep, chest freezers etc 👍

[@saa8458]

Strawberry and watermelon is also lovely as a refreshing summer drink in blender 😋 thanks for sharing 😊🇦🇺

[@wendyscott7432]

Great to see you in the house, thanks for giving me a glimpse of that Portuguese wooden door!

[@Neilhuny]

Fascinating, honest, eloquent facial expressions - and comments to go with them - plus a great book recommendation! Superb

[@anagoldstein1453]

In the U.S. a cordial is a liqueur (Grand Marnier, Chambord). The closet thing in the States would be a diluted nectar

[@beatieswanepoel3004]

Well now, I've never thought of making cordials. You are genius!!! 🌹🐝🇿🇦

[@veeleighkay]

Wonderful goodness from your garden, thanks so much for the inspiration! Here's a sieve tip for you - rather than pressing the product through the screen with a spoon, try tapping the rim of the sieve with a wooden spoon handle or some such. This makes for rapid straining, without the pressing action clogging the holes of the mesh. Works like a charm!

[@OnaMuir]

What fun! TY.

[@RV.595]

We are loving your adventures! Thank you!

[@carolbulmer8253]

Another great episode! All the cordials look delicious!

[@louisecooper4803]

Another great video. I’m hopeful that with further experimentation you will be on a winner with the cucumber and mint combo. Thanks.

[@lindafinch7401]

Maybe strip the skin off the cucumbers would help with the dark green colour and use a traditional mint ?

[@rodroper211]

lemon juice is to stop the oxidation as well cut the sweetness .very important step and one that should not be missed. green lemons still have a usable juice

[@anoukvans2453]

and it also may change the colour. With strawberry and rose water the addition of the lemon juice turns the juice in a wonderful vibrant cordial!

[@tscott2416]

Also, if the lemon juice doesn't stop the discolouration you could add a Campden tablet used in wine and cider making, they also prevent oxidation and discolouration of the apple juice.

[@brettn4337]

G'day again from downunder Kylie and Guy. I'd have to agree with Kylie, it's cordial. Squash (as in a drink) is in my experience a lemon based drink usually served in a pub. Keep up the good work 👍

[@sharonguimaraes2244]

Thanks @ Brett N for explaining Squash (as in a drink). I' am from the States and wasn't sure I was hearing correctly. I couldn't understand why Kylie kept talking about squash, out of the blue until I read your comment. I think of yellow or summer squash if just squash is mentioned during the summer months, then after your explanation I remembered that the British refer to it as courgette. Do the Australian's also refer to yellow squash as courgette! I would never have understood that squash refered to a lemon based drink usually served in a pub but that sounds great and refreshing! Thanks for the clarification ☺️😊, just an interesting difference between countries! Kylie, nice content!🎉🍉🥒🍓🤓❤️They sound like they'd be refreshing in the heat. Thanks for showing us how to make them!

[@patriciabrown6262]

In Australia just to make life confusing we call ‘squash’ or ‘courgettes’ zucchini. Cordial is a syrup based sweet drink that you add water or soda to but we also refer to the premix cans and bottles of fizzy drink as cordial.

[@sharonguimaraes2244]

Thanks @ Patricia Brown for your reply. We use zucchini for just the green summer squash and the yellow summer squash we call summer squash or yellow squash as previously mentioned. Your right it does add to the confusion. I was asked by a man in a grocery store which kind of squash he should buy because he was confused 🤔 his wife had sent him in and he asked for help. I asked him what his wife wanted and explained the different names. He still looked confused so I showed him which one to get & he went away 😊 happy. Later, I wondered if his wife was from a different part of the country & called that squash by a different name, if so I hope she didn't give him grief he did seem a bit worried about it.🙄

[@Ogma3bandcamp]

You might be able to turn that induction hob bleep noise off - check the manual.

[@joanneflanigan1276]

You gave me a good laugh with the color of your cordial ;-) Once I made this delicious zucchini soup, ingredients were salivating and it cooked up nicely. But is was green, your FIRST green..I tasted a wee and it was very good. I threw it out..the green just got to me ;-(

[@earlray72]

Try the cucumber cordial with the same recipe but don’t cook it. You’ll have to keep it chilled and use it within 2-3 weeks. But it should have a flavor that is crisper and less tea like.

[@craigbalaam9008]

Must be hot as hell there. Here in QLD it's cool and rainy. Love your recipes. Keep up the hard work. Awesome 👍

[@notyouraveragegringos]

Can you dehydrate the Watermelon pulp? Watermelon dust? 🍉

[@denisemastromina7821]

Very interesting being as the watermelon wasn't ripe I didn't think it would have any flavour. I will try this out on a bought watermelon out of curiosity watch this space 🤞🤞

[@merima333]

Add some artificial green color to the mint

[@lollygee172]

Great content as always! Cheers!

[@fridastark2060]

I saw a bag of catfood.., is it for the cat that isnt yours? 😂. I always thought it was funny you guys always saying " that cat isnt ours", he sure seems to think you are his, haha. Greetings to you from Sweden

[@leapingkitties]

I would just do a cold infusion, peeled cukes and whole sprigs of mint, rather then cook it. I think as others have suggested the lemon juice would be an important ingredient if you do cook it. But that's just me. I really appreciate this demonstration, if you do more experiments, please let us know. Cordials are not anything I grew with so I am interested. Thank you for sharing. Cheers from Canada.

[@601salsa]

If you have any apples the cucumber and apple might work.

[@F-J.]

Maybe you could lay a sheet of linoleum on the floor to protect your bare wood from spills. The temporary kitchen looks great !

[@michaelblack5659]

Turn over your closed bottle for 30 sec to disinfect the cap / lid , this is what the hot filling industry do

[@Marie-yx5ie]

Just having my pot of my own homegrown mint tea ha, I love mint tea. Love watching you guy's. Thank you for all the information you share 👍😉🇮🇪🍀

[@michaelellard4664]

Hello from very hot Cork Ireland 26°C and climbing

[@sherry2836]

All summer I have enjoyed cucumber lemonade. I peel 2-3 cukes, blend in the blender with 1/2 cup water and definitely strain it to get rid of the pulp and tiny fibers that remain from the seeds. Should yield about 2 cups then mix the juice with 2 cups of lemonade. Most refreshing over ice and a nice very light green color. For more color just leave a strip or two of peel. I would only use a fresh mint leaf in the cordial when serving. Your cordials make a lovely display! Also, cucumber melon is my favorite scent from Bath and Body Works. If the combo tastes as good as it smells then you have another winning experiment!😄

[@DoggyDogma]

Acid from the lemon juice probabaly would have cut through the sweetness of the cucumber and mint cordial and more Moroccan Mint then if you were using regular mint

[@klazyy641]

Ha! I haven't heard the term "squash" in reference to a summer drink since I was in Baghdad back in the latter '50's as a kid at the Alweiha Club (owned and run by the Brits). Lemon/orange squash was the preferred drink---even amongst us teens---during the scorching summer months. Good memories----well, up until the revolution in '58 or '59. Then it was shut'er down and pack it all up and evacuate.

[@hexabob57]

Try the watermelon with the cucumber

[@KenKobayashiRasmussen]

The acid in the lemon juice would have bleached the mint and cucumber green, just like it lightens a cup of black tea...

[@kentg7986]

Could you go into detail of your current Solar setup. You seem to have done very well with the sizing on panels and Battery set if your running power tools all day as needed I.E Kaylie with the Hammer drill

[@MAKEDOGROW]

We’re going to do a dedicated episode and go through our setup, what it produces and what we consume 😀

[@carolined3058]

Been cooking with induction for about a year, it works super (and fast )

[@monalingan9523]

I had heard about cordials in books that I’ve read, but I had no idea what they actually were. I thought it was a liquor of some sort. Thank you for the tutorial video on making cordials.

[@judyroe9287]

I have made cucumber and kiwifruit cordial in the past. And even with kiwifruit, cucumber definitely needs lemon to give it some oomf. Probably not something that you could grow (although I would look into it if I were you) is monk-fruit. I dehydrate and then grind (like your orange powder) and use this as a sweetener. Just an idea to reduce the amount of refined sugar used in cordial. Love your videos - thanks for sharing

[@F-J.]

I love my cheap induction hob from IKEA. its fast and heat is not given out and heats the room like gas and electric. The heat is from the food and pot.

[@dropshot1967]

it is entirely possible that adding the lemon juice to the cucumber mint cordial will prevent it from discoloring as much while cooking. that could also enhance and preserve the mint taste. I definitely learned a lot of interesting techniques and also ordered the book

[@ninemoonplanet]

If I have something close to Moroccan mint, it does have more tannin, and using the one I have is done soaking the leaves in warm water, adding lemon, then cooking it with sugar. The cucumbers would definitely work better without the rinds as there's frequently a bitter tang there too.

[@ninemoonplanet]

I have what is termed "spicy hot oregano" which came from the middle east, used in cooking for tomato based dishes like spaghetti sauce, chicken, and some cheese sauces. It's used most frequently in zaatar, a dried herb mix often eaten with fried bread in olive oil.

[@zlatahume3134]

I remember when it was hot and we were peeling cucumbers for a salad as children we stuck the strips of peel to our forehead to cool😃 and it worked

[@happycamper4329]

Perhaps try peeling the cucumbers and discarding peels before blending?

[@jlck949]

Re: induction hobs. I looked at these when buying a new range cooker in 2018. I have a friend who sells domestic appliances, I asked him. He told me that the emf (electromagnetic field) is so strong that they are not sold in Germany (in 2018), also people with pacemakers need to be advised that there is an induction hob. Further more, a standard ceramic hob is relatively simple and cheap (relatively) to repair. Not so induction hobs. You may wish to take that into account. I have always had electric hobs, beginning with the old, take an age, solid hob plates. My first ceramic cooker (1995) was much quicker. Son of ceramic purchased 2018, even quicker and very responsive. Yes they do take a while to cool, that is what the red light is for! I think you will find that if you touch the iron pan supports on a gas cooker immediately after cooking, you will get burned. Go to a showroom and try a standard electric hob out. Things have moved on.

[@helendennis7662]

Thanks for the info, now reconsidering inductions, we had ceramic at our old house and it’s fine,

[@inelouw]

It's true that people with pacemakers need to be careful with induction stoves, but they're perfectly legal and sold everywhere in Germany. The magnetic field isn't even strong enough to make your pans or metal utensils stick to your cooker.

[@riskodisko]

Loved to learn this! Cant wait to try, dont think we make cordials in pt, more syrups and similar drinks, thank you!

[@randomegg6199]

Watermelon strawberry mint would be good.

[@radmilamiljanic5977]

I love the idea of watermelon syrup or whatever! My family loves mint syrup non cooked, still brownish, but very refreshing. Lemon or limuntus (lemon acid powder, don't know English word for it) make a world of difference! What a stunning view through that window!!!!!

[@SKEN457]

Hello from Miami, Florida...guys that was a great video...hilarious😂😂 when tasting the green cordial...

[@kyleenewton7999]

Hi- Thanks for shouting out about my book - hope it brings you years of joy.

[@MAKEDOGROW]

Thanks for creating so many great recipes 😍

[@halfabee]

limonata A very refreshing lemon and basil drink Ingredients lemon juice 500 grams basil, washed and stemmed 20 grams sugar 200 grams water 250 grams Directions Basil Simple Syrup: In a saucepan combine basil, sugar, lemon juice and water and simmer until the sugar is dissolved, 5 minutes. Leave to infuse and cool. Strain. Store in bottle in fridge To use:- 50 grams limonata 250 grams sparkling water Makes one drink

[@NATALIE_W_]

Induction cooktop is a game changer, I loved cooking with gas but not more. Induction Al the way now. Another great vlog.. Hi from a very wet n cold western Vic Australia.

[@LaReynedEpee]

Mint in things always comes out that sludgy colour

[@throblet]

Have you tried Watermelon Rind Pickle? Tasty and uses even more of your watermelons

[@kiskatalin2206]

Iam from Hungary one noticed your project. I never pill the cucumber. And never add to sugar. It is my mind cucumber is like salt. I love it with salt and garlich. I use the press mashine I got nice drink. I cut many piece with carrott, bethrooth, onion, i love onion, tomatos, 2 pieces cucumber 2. Pieces carrot 2 pieces bethrooth 2 pieces onion 2. Tomatos sometime apples not always 2 pieces And you heve get delicius juche. Maybe 2 dl. Maybe more Deppent vegetable. Now here in Hungary extrem hot,no water no rain I sm lucky becsuse I have the well in my garden-😄 many week ago. You can try maybe you will like. You do in your land amazing. 👌👌👌😄👌👌👌

[@rt3box6tx74]

Should have peeled the cukes. As I'm sure you're aware, the skin of mature cucumbers is extremely bitter. Hope you'll try again, after adjusting your recipe. I've found that regular spearmint & peppermint don't stand up well to simmering. I was hoping the Moroccan mint was different. My 30 year old mint plants didn't survive the -10°F temps we had winter of 2020. I miss having refreshing mint tea in summer.

[@fearlyenrage]

Intention to inform: The stuff that carries the flavor is a oil and it is not much oil in a mint bushel. When we do sysrup here we dry the mint first until it can be broken. Why do we dry it? because the water is a carrier for the Chlorophylle juice in the plant. So when the water is gone the Chlorophylle is stuck in the venes of the plant and gets not washed out that easily. Result the flavor is less like grassflavored tea and more like a mint tea. The longer you add the leaves the longer chlorophylleparticels get into the solution or syrup. Result hay flavor. You can extract the oil from the dry mint leaves with buthan gas too when i remember correctly thas a "hypercritical gas" exctraction. Do that outside or your flat becomes flat!

[@angelaperdok2]

Also very nice: cucumber-mint-applejuice. I always make it with a slowjuicer. 1 large cucumber, as much mint as you like and fill with applejuice till you reach 1L in total. Add a little lemon juice (keeps the juice turning brown and adds a little freshness) and enjoy! Don't know how to preserve this juice though.

[@galgoshen1965]

Hi Loving your videos and watching your journey. Would you be able to give me the name of the book (and author) that you use for canning and making the cordial? Regards Gal

[@evabloecher]

Great video, thanks. I will definitely buy the book and get going, and I am sure that some lemon would have made your cucumber cordial much more interesting and also another mint as well. We all have our favorites and know what is best, if you know what I mean!!! But sooo great to see the process, thanks again.

[@HeatherNaturaly]

Originally, in England, a cordial was a medicinal syrup to mute the flavor of the medicine; usually syrup of poppies that was added to the sweet, fruit flavored syrup. I had no idea the Brits called (Aussie) cordial "squash". If you get a lug lid that has lost it's grip, you can tighten the lugs with pliers; just don't squeeze too hard. You could make fruit leather from the watermelon pulp.

[@christopherstinnett1234]

In your cordials... if you have tomatoes along with the cucumbers, you could make a killer of Bloody Mary/Gazpacho base.

[@hguldmann]

That cucumber juice It must be 100% basic research. Which Danish chef Nikolaj Kirk called.. 😀😀❤

[@joannegehl7058]

Love this video, actually all your videos. I live in Canada and do preserves but have never done cordials. I have made raspberry syrup which freezes great. Excellent on ice cream, in ice tea or lemonade or add fizzy pop to it for a refreshing drink. I’ve also make a frozen slush with raspberries or rhubarb to add rum or vodka to on a hot summer day. Cucumber looks vile so maybe just let sit in fridge overnight would be better. Good luck

[@blackmonday738]

Oh good god, I'd get the poopies or body would shut down from to many vitamins. I make fried ice cream and twinkies, ok and suzy Q's, candy bars, chicken. 😄🥂

[@LisandroQuinones-h1r]

I don't know what you mean about this but you can cook every thing I Isaac can you please don't spend money every thing is natural 11 days without iss vinegar after 45 days with don't touch is a wine

[@bedlam8159]

Clearly no Entente Cordiale between you 😂😂😂 p.s When did that room get a refurb, power etc.? Did I miss that vlog

[@robertbird3086]

I grew a 40 Pound and 53.. Smile. Its an Oval one. Ninette Bird - The Caribbean Wife.

[@marianela111]

What make is your induction cooker 😃 Alway look forward and enjoy your videos 🌻🐈🤗🇬🇧😎

[@chrisrobertson4799]

Do you have anyone in the house while filming you last video. At 28mins and 20 seconds there’s something/someone moving in the room behind guy. Ghost maybe

[@shirleygraham6229]

I wonder if the cucumber mint tea would work colour wise, if you peeled the cucumbers and let the mint give the colouring. All good, unless you are like us and have to reduce our sugar intake. Thank you.

[@ladyrickysummers777]

Hi guy's what you can do with cucumbers is a viniger pickle and it last gor years. Cut to any size bit of sugar salt pepper spices chili ect and not of work have fun. 😉🌶️

[@carolerodeghiero8157]

Using glass would be healthier. I noticed plastic sorry I don't care for plastic.

[@humblebee8028]

I wonder how the cucumber cordial would work in soap making? All those ingredients can be put in soap, perhaps with a little less sugar. Do you sterilize the jars first before using?

[@tejolisboa]

Swap a dozen eggs for Morocco mint. That sounds fair. Your list of cordials looks like the list of natural juices I tried in Brasil. All new and different

[@davidmendoza6249]

I think the cucumber and mint cordial deserves another go. You left it overnight which caused oxidation and that affected to color. It also diluted the aroma of the mint, you ran out of lemmon and you added too much sugar. Maybe try with a more traditional mint. I have found cucumber a very refreshing ingredient in several beverages. Cheers!

[@alicemariecleveland307]

I’m loving your videos. Just watched all of them up until this point. Did I miss a tour of this space you are using? Where is this room on your property?

[@hguldmann]

I think the next thing you should build for your excellent youtube channel, love it, is a homemade Solar Food Dehydrator

[@halfabee]

limonata A very refreshing lemon and basil drink Ingredients lemon juice 500 grams basil, washed and stemmed 20 grams sugar 200 grams water 250 grams Directions Basil Simple Syrup: In a saucepan combine basil, sugar, and water and simmer until the sugar is dissolved, 5 minutes. Leave to infuse and cool. Strain. Store in bottle in fridge To use:- 50 grams limonata 250 grams sparkling water Makes one drink

[@km987]

When do you add the lemon juice?

[@halfabee]

@@km987 I put it all in together.

[@rudymazar8666]

Maybe the lemon juice for the cucumber will stop oxidising and will be lighter in colour

[@RodolfoLapenta]

you need to try fresh watermelon juice with mint. but the watermelon has to be very ripe, and if it's already cold, it's ready. add a cup of mint leaves to this blender of yours, blend it, sift it and just drink it with ice

[@gnarly706]

Why not use the oranges in garden.

[@kerrystyles276]

I have never made cordial you have made it look easy. Do you have a recipe for a combined fruit cordial. I could not find one on KZbin, also could you tell me the name of the book you are referring to. Thanks in advance.

[@patriciawalz7022]

Your canning Lids and jars are very different than ours in North America

[@martinwyke]

Have you considered barley cordials with your lemon/lime/oranges.

[@fionagrows1848]

Great video! I’ve been waiting for your cordial making experiment! Yesterday I made Blackcurrant and raspberry cordial. I sweetened it with raw honey which I added at the end of the process to preserve the good properties in the honey. It turned out delicious and we tested it out in vodka cocktails last night.

[@happycamper4329]

No offence - but as soon as honey is heated in any way, the majority of the most beneficial aspects of the honey are gone. Which means, you're probably left with less than 40% of the benefits of unheated honey. There are also other aspects to consider as well - if the honey is 100% raw, unfiltered and unheated honey, what particular nectar has been the dominant flowering species, and whether the honey frames have been put into a centrifuge and spun (this causes some oxidisation).

[@fionagrows1848]

@@happycamper4329 I added the honey when the cordial was just barely warm so I’m hoping it has kept most of its goodies. 😉

[@happycamper4329]

@@fionagrows1848 my apologies, I took it that you had added the honey during the boiling process.

[@mariushegli]

I have nothing to say really, but I appreciate your content, and wish to help with the yt-algorithms.

[@Bart3cki]

Hi guys. You need to try to infuse vodka with mint and cucumber it's divine.

[@KleverskoyeFarm]

I think you need to take out the watermelon seeds. they would be bitter.

[@lascauxpermaculturegardens9601]

Looks delish, minus the cucumber stuff 😁. Where do you buy your fancy bottles from?

[@offgridwanabe]

I love your new magnetic cooker and is something I have been looking at. As far as watermelon anything it is the best thirst quencher I know. Nice to see a light hearted video where at least you don't have to sweat too much Cheers.

[@denisemastromina7821]

Hi in the uk we call them induction hob (magnetic) ? Is from which country?

[@offgridwanabe]

@@denisemastromina7821 They are called induction here in Canada too I just call them magnetic because they need an iron pan to work which I check with a magnet sorry for the confusion.