Maxwell's Equations: Crash Course Physics #37

[@crashcourse]

We made quiz questions to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App! Download it here for Apple Devices: apple.co/3d4eyZo Download it here for Android Devices: bit.ly/3TW06aP

[@sergiobeltran8254]

I just watched this at 2X speed, and now the whole world is on slow motion

[@peternichols9233]

Maxwell's equations at the speed of light...

[@prsece3118]

Watch at 0.75 speed 😂

[@deepakkotnala1658]

Hahahhaha 😂😂

[@phenomenalphysics3548]

😂

[@xavimotovlog6537]

A semester's worth of lessons in 10 minutes.

[@herrkire]

Fantastic video! I understood everything. However I am a bachelor in electrical engineering and study this stuff regurarly. I think you should add more and longer pauses between sentences as there are very few breaks to actually think and contemplate. Those who lack the mathematics can't take in this much data without time to think. Just a thought.

[@Sam_on_YouTube]

erik branzen Yeah, I know all this stuff but I'm a lot rustier on it than you and I barely followed any of it. If I didn't know it already... I still wouldn't. It's a tough topic for this format though.

[@upandatom]

+erik branzen she's slowed down a lot! I was thinking she was going at a good speed compared to the usual x100

[@Thwapwhacket]

SPACEbar will pause the video, as space delineates reality as we perceive it.

[@friedchicken9904]

erik branzen o

[@Its0kToBeWhite]

Though You obviously don't understand the definition of "Crash Course" Mr.Engineer

[@UteChewb]

Maxwell's Equations in under 11 minutes. A few brains are going to explode. When I first encountered Maxwell's Equations, through a much longer process of understanding (heh), I thought it one of the most beautiful things I had seen. Wonderful stuff, though in concentrated form maybe only suitable for review rather than learning. Anyway, well done Crash Course Physics.

[@uneducated4309]

Man, you are one of the people who love knowledge. My video can help you with history of byzantine empire. Last years of Rome Empire, and in future there will be knowledge about marketing, economic, love, psychology - Try test Szondi.

[@jeerdace8625]

I would disagree with this, Euler's identity would be the most beautiful equation, however Maxwell's equations come a close second.

[@ThePositiveTarot]

It's actually under 10 minutes... The rest of the time goes to the ending song and credits

[@lukamitrovic7873]

@@ThePositiveTarot and its partially wrong. She completely forgot that the first two are SURFACE integrals NOT normal intrgrals

[@Ali_T8888]

Maxwell would doubt himself after seeing this

[@MFMinds]

lmfao

[@MarioRodriguez-gr8wc]

Maybe if she slowed down, instead of telling me what the textbook says. 😂

[@johnc3403]

@@MarioRodriguez-gr8wc No Mario, she knows her stuff. You can't fake something like this with learn and repeat. This girl understands Maxwells equations intuitively. She doesn't just know them, she understands and appreciates them to a level that frankly I wish I did. I know the basics but I'm working slowly towards a total mathematical understanding and appreciation.. as for her? ...she REALLY knows her stuff.

[@gal766]

​@@johnc3403The fact that she understand is irrelevant this is a course and we don't care if she knows! I can speak fast too so? when your give a lecture you out to understand that the audience are probably not familiar with the content, otherwise they will no come to you in the first place!

[@johnc3403]

@@gal766 Someone needs to take a chill pill..

[@Carofdoom1126]

You should probably have closed loops around your integral signs, to denote that it is a closed loop line integral.

[@sysconfig]

I love PBS. but pls, sloooow down.

[@oshkoshbjosh986]

The two vertical lines will let you pause the video. It may help to periodically sketch down what youre understanding and build on it. Play. Pause. Sketch. Repeat. Hope this helps!

[@0MoTheG]

That is what I thought, then I discovered the pause button.

[@yogirs3079]

Yep, she should definitely slow down and make a video into 2 parts or something like that......my brain cells are unable to catch up with the images. LOL :)

[@0MoTheG]

They will have to redo the video anyhow because it is factually wrong.

[@plumeater1]

"Change the speed" Oh really? There's at least 3 month's worth of work by maxwell and the video only is only 11:00. They can at least slow it down a bit, not hurry up like the essay's due this minute.

[@AchiParadkar]

An honest review that I hope @crashcourse will consider in future. 1. Speed: I know I have a pause button and can watch it at a slower speed. It had always been the routine. But this time they've taken it a bit too far. It's okay to stretch a video from 10 mins to 15 mins. The viewers won't treat it as a long video. If you still insist to keep it short, try reducing the content rather than cramming everything into 10 mins. 2. Content: A lot of secondary details overshadowed the actual content of the course. The intention of watching a CrashCourse video is to understand a topic in the simplest way possible, and not just brushing up what we've already learnt. The content seemed like a summary of the chapter aimed at someone who's already studied the topic. If I were new to Maxwell's Equation, I'd as lost as I'm in the classroom. So the whole point of this video becomes moot. 3. Delivery: Dr. Shini is a brilliant physicist, and could've done a lot to make us appreciate the topic. Rather she just gives a flat delivery of the script like the evening bullet news. It's not just the speed, but it seemed more like reading notes straight from the book. I'd love it if She could weigh the important concepts more heavily and let the secondary equations run in the background as additional reference. 4. Creativity: Fancy colours and cool animations to the content didn't just cut it. Please try to make us visualize what you're presenting. I was eagerly waiting for an "Ah! ha!" moment when she was explaining the equations. The math and all was cool, but if it was just those equations and their derivations, we could've gone back to books. Expecting more efforts in making us realize the beauty of Maxwell's Laws rather than the nitty-gritty. However, big thanks for creating such awesome contents and sharing for free... much appreciated. Keep up this great work!

[@blifx]

i dare anyone to watch this at 1.5x

[@nameredacted9119]

Bryce F That’s what i’m doing because the ap is in an hour 😬😬😬

[@laithuong7739]

i thought english native speaker can haha

[@Originalimoc]

me here revisiting this topic but paused a lot

[@subhamsaket180]

I thought it's already in 1.5x

[@drparadox2776]

So, I'm the only one who is watching it at 2x

[@zk221996]

Wasn't sure if you were teaching or rapping! :/

[@urvishmahajan]

zaach karl ha ha

[@AmeerulIslam]

crash course for a reason, you can't completely learn from this channel. It's only good for revision!.

[@alexnaranjo9313]

zaach karl lmao

[@JohanManojMathew]

Blame the teleprompter. You can clearly see it by looking at her eyes.

[@imaginaryuniverse632]

I put it to 3/4 speed but I think I need to listen to it in reverse... :/

[@ThomasWilgenbus]

This episode was done AT the speed of light!

[@jamescarmody4713]

I love how Doctor Somara takes something well known like the speed of light and presents how scientists derived it before she explains what their result was. She keeps lecture interesting and works my mind!

[@yujiokitani4492]

Watched the whole video Didn't understand a thing

[@BirdRaiserE]

Yuji Okitani They should have two-parted this one. Maxwells equations are NOT a one video topic, especially not a ten minute topic.

[@jimmyriba]

EHW2 Especially when they edit away all pauses where the previous sentence can sink in. It's a terrible video from a didactic point of view.

[@nafrost2787]

Glad to know I'm not alone

[@harvaapiano5044]

well good luck bro

[@kureem]

I end up with a toothache and forgetting what I already knew about Maxwell equations.

[@Elbarto150]

If this was the first video I’d ever seen about physics I’d run away in terror. Slow downnnnn!

[@weinzgor]

I'm a 2nd year maths and physics undergrad doing a course on Electromagnetism this semester, and this video does a great job of summing up all the key points (highly recommend for students who like me who pass off watching youtube videos sorta related to their topic as studying instead of reading lecture notes lol). However, it is probably not ideal for someone with little to no background in the area. I imagine many of the points made required an extra tab for wiki-ing to get a more intuitive feel. Hats off to her for compounding so much information so coherently though, great revision aid!

[@vourkosdude]

I am a telecommunications engineer and I did this in extreme detail during my uni days. And not a moment since! You brought back some memories...

[@praveshkhanal]

9:47 Poor Ampere, he doesn't even get a mention even though his equation is used by Maxwell and Current's units are named after him.

[@xavimotovlog6537]

Don't forget Oliver Heavisid. He simplified Maxwell's original 20 equations to the 4 equations we commonly see and he is almost never mentioned in any book.

[@yunoletmehaveaname]

He got a whole episode earlier

[@anishtiwari1121]

Try watching it in 0.5x to understand.

[@gauravproton1956]

I don't have that option😥

[@Cheeriot]

After battling my em course for two months, this is the best summary I've ever hoped I would stumble on!

[@garrytalaroc]

This is a very very very brief explaination such that it's hard to understand for someone who is going fo the basics. This topic itself deserve a video for every maxewell equation

[@devluz]

It would be great to have another season of Crash Course Physics that focuses on intuition and experiments. If I pause the video regularly I can follow the math but I don't think I can really grasp the meaning of it.

[@IoEstasCedonta]

The TED talks' channel is that-a-way.

[@jameskennedy7093]

As an educator, I'd like to point out that people tend to only be able to hold a very small number of things in their heads at once-- somewhere between five to seven. That's simple things, like one digit numbers. The only reason any of us can do more complex tasks than that is because of "chunking" where we eventually form large single units out of things we've already learned have significance-- like being able to remember a long string of numbers because it's a combination of your sister's birthday, your weight, your friend's address, and your social security number, backwards. This video is horrible because it introduces a bazillion new names for things and calculus concepts as if it's a Micro-Machines commercial from the '80s with that guy who talks a million miles a minute. There's no way to chunk any of this, unless someone already knows it.

[@frankschneider6156]

+CrashCourse I really have to applaud you for 1) tackling this extremely important, but not completely trivial topic instead of shying away from it 2) showing them in their integral forms 3) not hesitating to show a formula or 2. As we all know, that every mathematical formula reduces the audience by 50%, this is quite courageous for a mass oriented channel. Therefor I'd like to thank for sticking to your ideals and not succumbing to trivial edutainment (as Scishow does too often). Possibly the best episode Crash Course ever made.

[@acg6350]

2) differential forms FTW

[@ryeofoatmeal]

ive been wanting this animation 5:50 for ages cos i couldnt imagine in my head. thanks :)

[@stuartmurdoch7567]

This video is supposed to complement your studies, not substitute your lecture. Go to your lectures and pause the video to think. Great video for a quick pre exam brush up but not for full on studying. I would love a longer video with some examples though!

[@jvca84]

For those interested in a more fundamental version of maxwell laws: Rot(E)=-∂B/∂t (Maxwell-Faraday) div(E)=ρ/ε0 (Maxwell-Gauss) div(B)=0 (Maxwell-Thomson) Rot(B)=μ0*j+μ0*ε0*∂E/∂t (Maxwell-Ampère) Gauss and Ampere theoremes can be proved by those set of equations using some relations like the Ostrogradski formula or the Stokes formula - Rot and div are vectorial operators - j is a vector called volumic density of current (translated from french name densité volumique de courant) - ε0 and μ0 are the famous constants - ∂B/∂t and ∂E/∂t are partiel derivatives

[@Chris-gy3eh]

neither is more fundamental, they are exactly equivalent.

[@sexybeast7728]

how did you write all thos letters?

[@zoltankurti]

Actually volumetric current is a misleading name. It's rather current per area, not volume.

[@MatheusSilva-dragon]

Thank you! Now I finally undarstand the Maxwell's Equations and also I understand the electromagnetic waves very better!

[@daniellesmeister]

Finally!!! A video I don't need to speed up to 1.5x I really appreciate that you don't talk like someone who doesn't even know what they're talking about or like someone who has recently woken up from a coma.

[@graceb2404]

Student in EE, recently finished Physics 2 (E&M) last semester, watched in 0.75x and understood everything. This video is a great refresher :) Thank you for this!

[@Bolerophon]

I rather watch a video that's really long but makes sense and is understandable than one that's 10min without a single second of pause.

[@rohannalawade3227]

Use the pause function

[@Zghost276]

Change speed to 0.5x. Problem solved

[@gunjangosain8517]

changing speed to 0.5x makes video more horrible. and its gud that she takes pause for understanding the end and beginning of new sentence.

[@acruzp]

Go watch 20 hours of a university-level course on electromagnetism if you're going to complain. Honestly, you idiots are complaining about something you got for free.

[@RobotHau5]

​@@acruzp Refer to the other CC videos on this channel and you'll see that the others leave a lot more room beteween their words. She riddles off words with no pause between. Its not idiotic to criticize something, as they missed the mark with this presenter.

[@sheepleslayer586]

Thanks for not speaking slow and getting to the point. Easy to follow. Watched at 1.5x speed and it was marvelous.

[@Lit-E]

Just came from the visuals of Physics with Eugene to understanding the math in this video, makes it easier to comprehend

[@andremiguel0]

Really nice course, but you forgot to mention the admirable effort of Oliver Heaviside, he was the one behind the so elegant Maxwell's Field Equation, we, nowadays use and manly the one that brought those concepts from mathematics and physics to engineering.

[@upandatom]

I love how sciencey her room is :)

[@drascula3806]

I've hit my midterm on the 24th, these are coming in clutch for review.

[@mjl7810]

More than what I have learned last 100 hours of my semester

[@tychothorpe4515]

This is why college is broken... I have a professor who failed at teaching this topic across several weeks (probably a total of 6 hours) and you explain it better in 10 minutes

[@1DR31N]

Fast but clear explanation in good English. Thank you for it.

[@AnilJReddy]

For those struggling with the speed of info (as I did), I recommend pausing the video to catch your breath, take a few notes. You can also change the speed of the playback by clicking on the gear icon and selecting one of 3 slower speeds (0.25X, 0.5X, or 0.75X). These simple customizations are what make learning from recorded videos so great! I didn't expect a 10 minute video (or 15 minute video, if playing at a slower speed!) to substitute for a semester long college physics or engineering course, but it was a decent overview for those of us who have had some training in this area, but are rusty.

[@chandrasekarnarayan8233]

Vector Calculus & Maxwell's Equations In Vector Calculus in Engineering Mathematics, Learned how to derive 1) Gradient of function f(x,y,z) 2) Divergence of Vector function 3) Curl of Vector function Thanks to IEI, I could understand derivation of Maxwell's Equations properly. Since 2003 in BSC Physics Honours it has been a difficult problem. Maxwell's Equation has helped us understand Electric Fields, Magnetic Fields by establishing relation between electric & magnetic field, understand light waves, Discover knowledge of VIBGYOR, Discover wavelength & frequency of light waves of different colours. The knowledge of all elements in periodic table could only be discovered after Maxwell calculated these equations with Vector Calculus & many scientific experiments applied these equations. Concepts of AM, FM in Radio waves also could be engineered & designed with Vector Fields equations.

[@ishanr8697]

I did my undergrad Physics degree 10 years ago and have been teaching Physics since then. This was too hard for me, even though I've done it before. RIP your average student! I'm gonna download it and watch it back in 0.8x so I can follow it.

[@jacobwestbrook9329]

I guess Andre-Marie Ampere gets no love, only kidding. Appreciate the content, studying for Phy 3 final

[@SpaceBananas]

I'm glad I'm not the only one who thinks the pace of the videos is rather quick. It's not so much that she speaks quickly, it's just that the edit cuts cram sentence after sentence without a natural pause. Other than that, production quality and content are top notch, and I really enjoyed the video (as always). Even if it took me pausing to read the equations, rewinding to hear it a second time to process it better, and ended up taking twice as long. Haha

[@Kni90270]

You summarised my 12 years of schooling love your videos

[@nanigopalsaha2408]

9:49 Ampere: Sobs in a corner

[@zakirullah4088]

Great topic covered in a few mints! Thanks a lot for providing this useful lecture.

[@kd1s]

All I know is a capacitor stores charges electrically, whereas inductors store charge magnetically.

[@johnsmith4468]

kd1s oww!!!! what a shock!!!! damn it!!

[@kd1s]

Well yeah I know. That came to me when I was studying for my Amateur Extra and General Radiotelephone licenses. Phase angles too. That's variance between inductors and capacitors in an oscillator.

[@Mattonaise]

kd1s inductors don't store electric charge, they store energy in a magnetic field

[@kd1s]

I'm aware of that.

[@calyodelphi124]

Rarely is the KZbin comments section genuinely useful for epiphanies, but y'all's brief exchange just gave me an epiphany that led me to figure out, mathematically, how inductors store energy in their magnetic field, after I briefly revisited my notes for a DC Unit Circuit that I thought experimented: E=PT (Energy produced/used is equal to power generated/consumed over time) E=IVT (Substitute P=VI, Power is equal to voltage multiplied by current) E=Iφ (Substitute VT=φ, A change in voltage over time generates magnetic flux in a loop or coil) E=IIL (Substitute φ=IL, the magnetic flux in a loop or coil is equal to the inductance of the coil multiplied by the current through the coil) E=I²L (Simplify, the energy stored in an inductor is equal to its inductance multiplied by the current through it squared). Thank you.

[@Cotonetefilmmaker]

Interesting to see the difference in denomination. Back in my home country we never refer to Maxwell's equations as first second...We call it Guss Law, Ampere Law, Faraday Law and only the set of the four (with the added displacement current) is called Maxwell's equations.

[@PhysicsLearningwithDrShaw]

Best channel for easy explanation of physics using animation..Too good

[@garrytalaroc]

Can you make a video of this by parts please? Like part 1, part 2, part 3, 10 minutes each. Teaching this in 11 minutes is a mess, few could understand it. Great visuals btw.

[@josebikapakez8013]

I've been waiting for this video my entire life. Thank you.

[@NicolasSchmidMusic]

I think it’s a good summary of electromagnetisme but we have just begun with electricity at school, so this video was way to abstract for me, but I hope I’ll watch it again in a few month and I will have understood all the things you said in this video

[@Felixkeeg]

Man, I wish I had this a year ago, when I had to take physics II in university.

[@hohaia01]

Oh the stories he would tell. Had us rolling on the floor with laughter.

[@DrStratComm]

As a non-expert, I had a tough time following this and quickly realised it is aimed at people who have a background in physics or mathematics. If people like me, who haven't studied these subjects since high school, were to watch this, most of the material would be inaccessible. Plus, it's painfully fast and I simply couldn't follow even though I wanted to. 😢

[@Madara2010X]

I always have to watch videos in 2x speed but not this time. Great flow of information. Thanks for uploading.

[@bjf10]

Maxwell's equations are my favorite part of physics. I am in awe at the beauty of E&M waves creating and destroying one another as they travel along, like a zipper. Furthermore, these equations define the overwhelming majority of the human experience! So awesome.

[@heroman1596]

Brian F So what about the GR equations? They're pretty interesting too.

[@bjf10]

I'm an electrical engineer, so Maxwell's work is far more applicable to what I do. :)

[@shaflyhamzah3848]

This video is very great for who already learn maxwell equation

[@lighttangerinesky]

Fantastic video and great explanations giving a complete understanding. Thank you!

[@EnemyOfEldar]

I don't know if somebody has mentioned it or not, but while these are Maxwell's equations, they are the Heaviside formulation of Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's original equations where 20 equations in 20 variables. Heaviside reformulated them into four vector differential equations that you are showing here but not giving him due credit. " thereby reducing twelve of the original twenty equations in twenty unknowns down to the four differential equations in two unknowns we now know as Maxwell's equations." -Wiki

[@hussler112]

Excellent video. Very concise and quick explanation of an extremely long winded field! I have an exam in electromagnetism tomorrow and it definitely simplified a lot of concepts for me. Thanks!

[@megableful]

CrashCourse Physics is amazing- this video is fantastic.

[@eddydecolombia]

Great Summary,

[@ghazilalmaqbali3313]

Thank you crash course your videos are incredible and really fun to watch

[@kirstenschreuder8851]

Is it necessary to be this beautiful? I cannot focus on the content of the video.....

[@venkatakarunakarreddy4594]

Good stuff integrated in one video. Liked

[@alienqueen4597]

Thankss, crash course made get into my dream school❤❤

[@taschke1221]

This and numberphile are my favorite channels on youtube. ^_^

[@vonneely1977]

She blinded me with science!

[@jetkwan2935]

Von Neely something's wrong then. science does not blind, it enlightens.

[@manuelcastaneda7838]

B : the magnetic field strength is never zero. Brake a bar magnet in two,place some fingers between two magnets and degree of pain will indicate strength of actual field strength.

[@Altamoor_Creations]

Awesome work , your hard work is paid off. little improvement is required to slow down the speed ,you are are delivering at speed of 3*10^8

[@jeffliang166]

Pretty Helpful!!! Much better than the slides from school.

[@RezaHosseinii]

OMG... Interesting and insane at the same time! It was great, but maybe it's better to pause sometimes

[@LD-qj2te]

Great content , presentation, graphics , enthusiasm and of course accent and presentation ! Thank you for improving the world

[@gerardobarbosa5171]

Mind. Blown.

[@shoebshaikh1790]

Good! i agree with speed being fast but youtube also got pause option, so people please use that and stop criticizing!

[@thepunisher1082]

Brilliantly explained...👍

[@fetiki7992]

Thank you so much for this video! I loved it!

[@ajohnjebaraj9638]

Please don't be in a mindset to finish it within 11 mins... It's like super fast train 🥺

[@aadityakiran_s]

Good summarises

[@Astroneironaut]

Awesome animations

[@ScienceCommunicator2001]

I watched the video, but couldn't understand anything! This shows just how powerful electrical physics is!!

[@sachinpawar6339]

Lots of help thanks

[@ComposingGloves]

Great for review, but many of these topics where entire lectures in school! I hope the physics series gets revisited one day and gets broken into 3 sections rather than 1 big one that glosses over many important derivations.

[@nickharrison3748]

This lady is Charged!

[@lindsay3917]

I searched "maximal order in a quaternion algebra" and for some reason this showed up? Anyway, cool video! Got lost at the end but there are some really neat concepts there, I should really watch some more physics videos before I teach calculus

[@brush125]

Can’t someone else narrate the video?!? I need it by today at night for my exam tmrw

[@otiebrown9999]

Excellent. Note: Maxwell's ideas were correct - but terrible to understand in his book. Oliver Heavyside, took the concept, and actually wrote, Maxwell's Vector Equations, as we know them today.

[@disfigured75]

I'm actually genuinely curious as to why anyone would dislike this video.

[@materiasacra]

Delivery too fast, distracting elements in animations, bad use of color, and didactic choices regarding mathematical formulation are conceivable reasons. They are inherent in the Crash Course format, but not everyone considers the format optimal for communicating this material. I have not made up my mind about this course yet. I greatly appreciate presentation of this material for a wide audience, but each time I view an episode it feels 'forced' in a way that the other CC courses do not. Physics differs from many other subjects in its tight interconnections. These extend far beyond everyday experience and hence require care and deliberation before they can be accepted. Care and deliberation do not fit well with the upbeat CC presentation. The pace of Lenny Susskind's 'Theoretical Minimum' courses, for example, feels more suitable. Maybe the young generation is happier with the fast pace and the flashy decorations. (I'm an old man, and very well familiar with the material: so perhaps not the best judge.)

[@sexybeast7728]

From a young man, i completely agree. I am pretty sure no one had eureka moment watching this video..

[@xyz.ijk.]

Edited to be rudely too fast. Learned nothing, walked away frustrated. Won't be back. First and only negative rating ever given. Very disappointing

[@elijahgardi7501]

Please do a video on Bose Einstein statistics, your explanations are the best!!

[@shibbusingh4618]

Mind blowing

[@X-3K]

AHHH YES! THE SPEED OF LIGHT!!!! Oh man, relativity is my second favorite thing is physics! Right befor Black Holes and right after Quantum Mechanics. I'M SO EXCITED!!!! I cannot wait XD

[@upandatom]

+Sebastian Carrier what exactly about Quantum Mechanics intrigues you? I think mine are quantum superposition and entanglement :)

[@X-3K]

Up and Atom I love the entire field of quantum mechanics. It's all just so mind blowing! But if I had to pick just a few things, entanglement and superpositions are definitely up there. But the multiverse and Many Worlds Interpretation do stick to my mind most often and most of the time.

[@X-3K]

Oh, and Uncertainty!

[@stanfordfeynman2796]

Sebastian Carrier Uncertainty? You must really praise Bohr and Heisenberg for the Copenhagen Interpretation!

[@heroman1596]

Sebastian Carrier quantum tunneling is my mascot.

[@IoEstasCedonta]

This is it... the comments section we've all been waiting for since the beginning...

[@ARBB1]

The one of pseudo-geniuses?

[@kaushiksinha4-yrb.tech.met217]

At 6 min 37 sec, It is stated that Magnetic and electric oscillations are in phase. If they both attains zero simultaneously, then where does the total energy go? ( We know that energy is given by 0.5 x epsilon x E squared for electric field and 0.5 x B squared / mue for magnetic field oscillations). Please clarify my doubt.

[@thefourshowflip]

❤️ MAXWELL

[@lehpares]

Beautiful!

[@aldomaresca9994]

this video is great, crash course is great in general, i'm going to support you on patreon because what you do si simply good for mankind! love you