OZK 150: Introduction to Ozarks Studies - Lecture 2: The Native Ozarks

[@EndlessMeghan]

I love that these lectures are up here. I've been out of school for a while, so this is really cool.

[@hamrickdr]

Well, I am going to have to listen to the whole course! Very interesting presentation.

[@James-ko1bl]

A trick bonus question in freshman English at Ouachita Baptist University for which there was to be no answer ,"What is the plural of "ya'll"? Being from Harrison, AR it was a no brainer for me. I wrote, All ya'll. I was given extra credit.

[@karenbartlett1307]

And you were correct!

[@marklibby4629]

LOL....Y'all is one or two, and all y'all is 3 or more.

[@karenbartlett1307]

Here is additional information about the "Cherokee" of the Ozarks, from my family, which on my mother's side is Shawnee/Cherokee. In 1828 my great great great great grandfather, James Wilson, who was 3/4 Shawnee, immigrated from Tennessee to Carroll County, Arkansas with his daughter, Ann Wilson Hughey, and her husband, Henry Hughey. They lived between Alpena and Green Forrest. Henry was originally from North Carolina but had moved at age 2 to Tennessee. I believe he was Cherokee, because NC was Cherokee Country. (And Alabama was not Cherokee Country. Alabama was Creek Country, although some Cherokee had probably been moved there to await passage at gunpoint to Oklahoma.) During the "Civil" War, their son, William Bryce Hughey, fought with Harrell's Battalion, Arkansas Cavalry, CSA. After the War, he moved his family, with his mother, to Lead Hill, Boone County, Arkansas, probably because the farms and mills in Carroll County had been burnt out by the Yankees. Most of NW Arkansas and SW Missouri had been burnt out during the War. Veterans returned home to find their homes in ruins. In Lead Hill there were several families of Shawnee. The Richardsons and the Greens were Shawnee. In Lead Hill and Lowry, AR. the Hugheys married into the Richardson family. (Specifically, James Langston [Lank] Hughey married Melissee Hannah Richardson.) Their descendants, my grandfather Almus Hughey, moved his family across the White River into Taney County, MO in around 1927. There was a ferry which operated at Horseshoe Bend, MO, to Lead Hill, Arkansas at that time. This was before the White River was dammed making Bull Shoals Lake and etc. My mother and her siblings grew up in Cedarcreek in Taney County, 12 miles into the hills from Forsyth. My cousin from Mountain Home, Arkansas, a genealogist and a descendant of James Wilson's brother John, says that where there may have been 400 Cherokee in Arkansas, there were probably 4000 Shawnee. The reason for this is that the British, while taking a census of Indians in Tennessee in the 1700's, classified the Indians there as Cherokee. However, many of these "Cherokee" were actually Shawnee. (The British thought they were all from the same Tribe, even though the Shawnee and the Cherokee spoke different languages.) The Shawnee did not correct the British, possibly because they didn't know they were being classified as Cherokee. The Shawnee had moved into Tennessee from Kentucky and Ohio during the late 1600's in the Beaver Wars between them and the Iroquois who, after the fur had played out in their country, moved down into Ohio and attacked the Shawnee to take over their fur trade. When the Shawnee moved South into Tennessee as a result of the Beaver Wars, the Cherokee at first didn't like it, but they got used to each other and you might say blended. For example, one of my ancestors, Thomas Caesar (Skiagunsta) Greenwood, a Shawnee, went with a Cherokee delegation to England to negotiate with the British, probably over a treaty concerning Indian land. The Shawnee were very mobile, especially after the Battle of Tippecanoe and after Tecumsah was killed. The American government hated the Shawnee because of Tecumsah, and the Shawnee were always immigrating to find a place where they could live in peace. Some of them were in Gasconade, Missouri by 1804. Another of my ancestors, James Wiley Richardson, immigrated from Gasconade, MO to Lead Hill, Arkansas in the mid 1800's and married into the Green family. He was Shawnee, as were the Greens. Indians did not immigrate alone to a place where they knew no one, as did the whites. They moved to where they knew others of their Tribe, or kinfolk, lived. E.g., when my great great grandfather after the War moved his family to Lead Hill, Arkansas from Carroll County, it was because they knew people in Lead Hill. Many Shawnee and Cherokee people did not move onto reservations when the American government wanted them to. They simply stayed in the hills, which is why there are so many "Cherokee" mixed-bloods in the Ozarks. Concerning the Patriot Party and the Removal Party of the Cherokee, Major Ridge of the Removal Party knew, when he signed the treaty with the American government to give up Cherokee land in Georgia, that he had "signed his own death warrant" in his words. There was a clause in the Cherokee Constitution that the selling of Cherokee land without the agreement of the Cherokee people was punishable by death. As soon as the Patriot Party got to Oklahoma, after at least 1/4 of them had died on the Trail of Tears, the Ridge faction were located and executed. This led to a war within the Cherokee Nation, which went on for years.

[@deer105]

I am also supposed to have a Cherokee great-great grandmother from Arkansas, but the DNA doesn't show up in 23 and Me. Just English and Irish. My grandparents were from the Arkansas Ozarks in the Boston mountains. Brock mountain, specifically, near Batesville. My grandmother traced her genealogy back to John Billington who was on the Mayflower. In the early 1800s the family also immigrated in from South Carolina and Tennessee into Arkansas. The Cherokee ancestor of mine wasn't on the Dawes rolls and supposedly passed with an English name.

[@karenbartlett1307]

@@deer105 Lots of Indians passed as white, if they had any white blood. The US gov't "decreed" that they lost their Indian citizenship if they refused to go to a reservation. When you got your DNA test, was it maternal or paternal DNA that was tested? mtDNA will show the mother's mother's (and back through the mothers) DNA and paternal DNA test will show the DNA of the father, his father, and back through the fathers. An autosomal DNA test will show both mother's and father's DNA. However, I read on a site somewhere that due to mixing of the genes at conception, the complete DNA of both parents may not show up in a specific child born to a couple.

[@deer105]

@@karenbartlett1307 Both of my parents have had their DNA done, and are connected with me in 23 and Me, with each one passing on 50% of their genes. It is true that you do not always inherit the DNA from every group you're actually descended from. Both of my parents have German DNA, but according to 23 and Me, I don't have any German DNA. So, I do know it's still a strong possibility my great-grandmother was Cherokee and I just didn't inherit her genes. We have pictures of her. She does look Cherokee. Her name was Sarah Ann Beck. She was born in 1832 in Georgia and married Benjamin Franklin Ritter who was born in Alabama. They migrated to Arkansas and died there. My great grandfather was born in Arkansas.

[@karenbartlett1307]

@@deer105 Wow. So the DNA sites can't really tell from your own test (or your parents', apparently) what DNA is in your family. I'm on 23andMe as well, they show no American Indian DNA, but I only had my mtDNA done. I'd have to get the paternal DNA of my mother's brothers to see if it showed any Indian DNA-and it still might not, apparently. What a rip-off, imo.

[@deer105]

@@karenbartlett1307 Yes. The tests will tell you who you're immediately related to in the near past, and of course the Halpogroups from MtDna are accurate, but ethnicity estimates are just guesses based on statistical probability compared to their reference data. I had a person with more knowledge than me tell me it was very unlikely I don't have German DNA based on my parents both having it, and I probably had mis-classified English DNA.

[@evangarvey7612]

Hopper tailed is a referance to a shine hopper

[@ElkEars]

Hubble was first to measure long galactic distances via red shift.

[@aboringsandwich]

I picked this guy to feature for today's Ozarker, but I don't know why he is famous or how long he was in the Ozarks... but we'll claim him lol I enjoy this lecture series nonetheless

[@Garybob-e9q]

Kickapoo moved on down to the Border area into Coahuila México....

[@8698gil]

Hubble discovered that the milky Way is not the only galaxy in the universe, also that galaxies are moving away from each other.

[@robertlangellier8401]

The duration at the bottom of the video reads 48:01, but the red timing bar moves across rapidly, and when it reaches the end at 2:51, the video cuts off.

[@missouristateuniversity]

This video should now play all the way through. Our apologies for this issue.

[@evangarvey7612]

I was told the way to get to the top of a mountain is wait and thats us here