Monster magnet meets aluminum can...

Is aluminium magnetic? The simple answer is no. But in this video, I will show how aluminium actually will react in two different ways to a magnet.
Using strong magnets and sensitive setups, even soda cans will have visible reactions. Do you know both of them? And can you guess which element will roll off a magnet the slowest: Aluminium, copper or silver?
200x50 mm disc magnet, 50 mm sphere magnet and one of the 150x50 mm disc magnets donated earlier by www.magnetportal.de/
My Patreon-page: www.patreon.com/Brainiac75
Old video of mine on eddy currents: kzbin.info/www/bejne/h3vciJSinreChtE
Old video on how to improve eddy currents experiments: kzbin.info/www/bejne/pKucf5KIoaufpa8
Did you miss one of my videos?: kzbin.infovideos
FULL MUSIC CREDITS
Time codes: 0:01 + 11:07
"Long Note Three" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
ISRC: USUAN1100424
Time code: 0:58
"Energizing" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
ISRC: USUAN1900040
Time code: 2:12
"Fluidscape" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
ISRC: USUAN1100393
Time code: 4:36
"Perspectives" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
ISRC: USUAN1300027
Time code: 8:25
"Adding the Sun" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
ISRC: USUAN1900041
All music above licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Time code: 7:56
Mix of two tracks:
1) The Shimmering by fran_ky (freesound.org/s/237363)
Licensed under Creative Commons 0 license
2) "Spacial Harvest" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
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ISRC: USUAN1100653
#Magnet #SodaCan #DrinkCan

[@theschnilser7962]

That last experiment was so awesome! Edit: Aren't these wooden wedges the same as in the old video combining two monster magnets?

[@the_undead]

Those wedges are the one you used to combine the two monolith magnets, not the used to make the 6x4 monstrosity

[@agranero6]

Nicely done. i was tired of TLDR versions that basically drop a neodymium magnet inside a copper tube. At last a comprehensive explanation that even in physics lab classes at college level is sometimes overlooked. Very well done.

[@LondenTower]

When braniac75 is better in showing physics stuff then schools, that's when you know.

[@QuitebrokeN]

Magnets are the closest thing we have to Magic, awesome video.

[@SeanCMonahan]

My dad had some small, powerful magnets, and it was fascinating dropping them down the tube of an aluminum foil roll. It was like magic how they slowly tumbled through.

[@nathanfisher6925]

did you have to wrap a lot of layers, or is just one or two layers of foil enough?

[@koszuta]

Love me a good Brainiac vid 🙂

[@brainiac75]

Thanks for the early watch, Nate :D

[@LondenTower]

Same here.

[@katranian]

would like to see more of these myth-busting vids!

[@EdgarCorona]

Pure classic Brainiac magnet demos! Great stuff, thank you.

[@yeetmcmeat]

I will never get tired of magnets/magnetism. it seems like such a strange force but it effects everything differently.

[@tommiller1315]

Historically, a mechanical speedometer had a magnet rotating in close proximity to an aluminium disk. The ability of the disk to continuously rotate, was restricted by a spring, so as speed increased, the pointer attached to the disk would only turn as far as the tension exerted on the spring, thus indicating road speed (plus around 10% due to a legal requirement 🤣). (An early "Smiths" clockwork speedometer, worked without magnets, possibly due to patent requirements)

[@juhajuntunen7866]

And then bearings wear and magnet start to touch alu disk, needle vibrating like crazy

[@tommiller1315]

@@juhajuntunen7866 🤣 You don't look your age 🤣 Often, the flexible drive from the axle broke, and there was no longer any indication of speed!

[@dh2032]

@@tommiller1315 and the constant up, down, just before broke, would not of been helping

[@paradiselost9946]

My lil cup bearings gummed up. Spray it with wd40 on the odd occasion i felt like digging, have a speedo for a week. My new bike? No abs, no speedo sensor... its on the engine speed, like most cars etc run off the gearbox. Means i cant change sprocket ratios :( Hate new stuff. Gimme things i can fix!

[@qpn6ph9q]

Great demonstration 👍

[@brainiac75]

Glad you like it, Lexmax. And thanks for the early watch :)

[@redcastlefan]

I love how he changes how he pronounces aluminum every other time

[@dougaltolan3017]

I missed that. If I'd noticed, I'd have beenistening for alumium, another name it has had.

[@Lemayase]

KZbin shows me less and less of your videos so I make sure to binge them whenever it shows me a new one. Always fun to watch. Never change.

[@oswith971]

I've never seen an iron/steel drink can before, that's pretty interesting

[@CatsMeowPaw]

Awesome video! Demonstrations I've never seen before. This has a real world use familiar to coin collectors. Magnetic slides made of rare earth magnets are used to test coins. A silver coin will drop slower than one made of copper or brass. It's a great and quick way to test for counterfeit silver coins.

[@BeigeAlert]

Back in the day we were decommissioning a 7T superconducting magnet so I took the opportunity to stick a chunk of aluminum into the bore and that was a lot of fun. Also when in service pushing the evacuated metal tube of the FT-ICR into/out-of the bore was an exercise in patience, but a free hand-held aluminum block was a more dramatically weird feeling.

[@volvo09]

I had no idea there where steel soda cans. I heard some sodas can attack the aluminum more, but i thought that was solved with a liner spray.

[@brainiac75]

I have no idea why some German soda cans are made of steel... They are all made of aluminium in Denmark. But you're right, they are (all?) lined with a lacquer to prevent chemical reactions. Thanks for the early watch!

[@rich1051414]

Both have liner spray, but you can slightly taste steel cans from the exposed steel where you drink from. I actually like it though.

[@guyh3403]

Since the 1935's all cans were made out of sheetsteel (iron with a bit of carbon) if I recall correctly. Mostly due production capability's. In 1965 aluminium soda cans were slowly introduced.

[@SuperShecky]

The last time I encountered steel soda cans was in the US Midwest in the late 1980s, a generic supermarket brand used steel cans, and seemed to transition to aluminum by the early 90s.

[@volbla]

@@guyh3403 I assume then that the current supply comes from someone using old production equipment that hasn't broken yet. I once tried to understand which material is cheaper and why. I _think_ what i found was that raw iron starts out cheaper since it is more abundant, but aluminium is much easier to work with, so the more refinement steps there are in your production line, the cheaper it becomes to use alu over steel.

[@stevenjones8575]

Conductivity per unit mass would be an interesting metric! Seems like aluminum would be near the top.

[@fabianradakovitz9064]

It is which is the reason its used in overhead powerlines

[@xaxabdo]

@@fabianradakovitz9064 True, but its not that much used because of weak mechanical strength. But we already have a solution for that with alu conductor steel reinforced cables.

[@simonfox_8559]

Would be interesting to see if lubrication changes the end results, if friction plays a role or not

[@martynridley3671]

I first realised this effect when, as a kid my Dad would let me loose on a pile of old scrap cars, and armed with screwdrivers, pliers and an adjustable spanner, I would strip out all the jewel lights, switches and gauges. I stripped out many speedometers and discovered that the cable turned a pair of magnets on an armature which were in very close proximity to an aluminium disc which had a clock-like spring attached to it and also the indicator needle. Fascinating! That was 53 years ago, now!

[@sherrymaloner8843]

Always a joy to watch new stuff from you! 🥰 Do you have any plans of exploring superconductivity, or would that be too financially and safely intensive/complicated to try?

[@garrettord3304]

Today I learned that Silver is a better conductor than Copper.

[@Spamista]

:v Learned that thanks to the audio world.

[@brainiac75]

And some think gold is the best conductor of all, but it is only a little better than aluminum... Thanks for watching!

[@danl6634]

​@@brainiac75 but gold terminals won't corrode anywhere near like how copper or silver, hence gold plated terminals all over.

[@spinnirack3645]

I am here to judge KZbin's recommendations Good background music Good voice Decent visual examples Very slow video that only covers one or two simple concepts 3.5/5 Worth my time

[@w1111-vs3dd]

Why didn't you just say 7/10

[@-Tris-]

The rings look like they came out of HDD's. I have a couple of them myself 😊

[@volvo09]

I recognized that, haha

[@brainiac75]

Well spotted, they are indeed :D Thanks for the early watch.

[@nathanfisher6925]

@@brainiac75 that got me to thinking, those should fall slower, then I realized the upper part of the ring is a lot farther from the magnet, and so the square law is raining on the parade. And THAT got me to wondering just how much the diameter of the cylinders is affecting the test. Someone in another comment asked about racing an aluminum cylinder of the same WEIGHT as the copper one, and that's what I was thinking... the larger diameter should lower the diamagnetic repulsion farther from the magnet? But I think at that point the math is getting very ugly and a plain test would be the fastest way to get an answer. Maybe if the LENGTH of the aluminum rod was made bigger without changing the diameter? But THAT got me wondering how things compare at different places on your crazy magnet. It's strongest in the middle right? So a long cylinder may not be fairly compared to a short one?

[@tornado3842]

My thanks for keeping the monster magnet tradition alive

[@dhruvjain4946]

Great demonstration .. thanks for the knowledge...👍👍

[@MahBor]

The floating on water experiment might not work that well. The styrofoam usually gets "attracted" to the edge of the water by itself. I believe it's because of waters surface tension

[@anthonysmith9864]

So cool. Ive always been fascinated with magnets since i was little and they still leave me in awe. Your videos are so valuable. I love learning new things. Thanks for this and i cant wait to see more!

[@MAGGOT_VOMIT]

LoL!! The flame was like, "Go on!! Leave me alone......stop it ya big bully!! ". 😂

[@calabrais]

I needed a new Braniac video tonight, thanks!

[@ronsku57]

Yee a new Brainiac vid! These videos are always so well made and i always learn something new! Thanks for making these videos!

[@daGama1915]

Physicist here. If one day I become a professor, I'll use your videos

[@JoonasD6]

I have absolutely never in teaching physics for about 15 years heard that it would be a "common misconception" that eddy currents would always cause repulsion. The idea that opposing (in Lenz's law sense) would get mixed up with physical repelling is something new to me. :S Is this a cultural, local or language thing? Has this misconception been studied in scied publications?

[@GlenHunt]

I would love to see someone make an eddy current slip-n-slide

[@josefmazzeo6628]

Or an elevator, as a safety mechanism.

[@WaffleStaffel]

Magnets are used to sort aluminum in recycling plants. The large motorized spinning magnets fling the aluminum off the conveyor belt.

[@sinisterthoughts2896]

Dang, i was just going off of conductivity and guessed silver.

[@neilfarr5727]

QUESTION... The last experiment, using the three samples are affected by the weight of the samples, although the copper and silver are similar in speed despite a weight difference. Could you try in a future video using the rare earth magnet on a pendulum between two blocks of silver/copper/aluminium to see the eddy current braking effect when the moving item is the same between them? The gravity effect is cancelled as the moving item is the same, but the density of the metals would be different (as well as the conductivity). GREAT VIDEO BY THE WAY!!!

[@xenuno]

Would also be good time to introduce the reason for laminated construction rather than monolithic solid blocks for some applications

[@TheGiantHog]

I love your channel so glad I found it, I'm learning so much. I especially appreciate the clues you give, like on the bottom right at 6:57

[@TheOrganicartist]

Excellent video as usual. Also I

[@carlsoll]

Your videos are so neat 😮 Love your hobbies 😅

[@StormBurnX]

Excellent video as always!!

[@Oicu8]

This is why I subscribed! LOVE IT!

[@jimleane7578]

Excellent vid. When rolling the cylinders, did anyone notice an increase in speed through the centre of the magnet, and only a slight decrease in speed on the trailing edge. (I'm thinking this was due to increased momentum through the centre)

[@richardandrews573]

Thought so. Excellent videos by the way.

[@soremuss]

I can't imagine being bored with you around, people in my life are very uninterested in interesting things like these. 😢

[@alierengam1749]

Amazing video as always

[@BoHolbo]

There are way too many people out there, that are completely oblivious to the fact that in addition to magnetic (ferromagnetic) and non-magnetic materials, there is also the existence of diamagnetic, and paramagnetic elements & compounds. There is a whole world of exciting things to explore, more than one person can ever experience in a lifetime. There is no time to waste!!

[@mylastaccountgotdeletedtha6936]

“MAGNETS!” -somebody on Breaking bad, I think.

[@106640guy]

The magnet seems to have a sticky aura.

[@ramrod126]

Every time I hear the word eddies all I can think of is this "'Eddies in the space-time continuum.' 'Ah...is he. Is he.' 'What?' 'Er, who is Eddy, then, exactly?”

[@abpsd73]

Eddy currents and the induced magnetic field are what spin the aluminum disk in analog electric consumption meters.

[@lohphat]

I remember in high school physics when the teacher had an AC coil at the base of a 1m steel rod perpendicular to the demonstration table. When he placed an aluminum ring around the steel rod it fell and rested on the top of the coil. When the power was switched on the ring rose 15-20cm off the top of the coil and danced in the alternating field. And it got quite hot.

[@Waterdust2000]

Nicely done 😎

[@Purple431]

Silver is the most conductive to electricity and will have stronger eddy current effects in it when exposed to a powerful magnetic field. I wish it was used in home electrical wiring but unfortunately it's not as cheap as copper. I thought silver would be the slowest to roll of the neodymium magnet, odd

[@br45entei]

I thought the same, but I didn't take the relative weight of the aluminum vs the silver into account.

[@snakezdewiggle6084]

Always a pleasure to watch your videos. Thank you. ;)

[@Mezz9009]

Should try the rolling experiment in a vacuum to see the effects of Eddy currents electrically discharging atmospherically.

[@bbbenj]

Quite impressive and, in some ways, counterintuitive.

[@josefmazzeo6628]

Excellent video. I haven't seen any stainless steel soda cans but now I will pay attention. I've seen another video quite some time ago where the vlogger demonstrated the diamagnetic properties of a MOUSE - a real live one.

[@_BangDroid_]

Awesome as always!

[@silentferret1049]

I kinda wonder a bit if the part of the aluminum moving so slow is also because it lighter than the copper and silver.

[@piconano]

I had forgotten that silver was more conductive than copper. Silly me. Your big magnet seems to have magnetic bald spots or lacks uniformity. All 3 samples wiggles around the middle.

[@Chris-ut6eq]

Very fun video, thank you!

[@pfuisi]

Thanks this experiments were awesome. I guessed it wrongly - didn't account the weight difference. Again what learned.

[@OP-Lifter]

love ur vids keep it up!

[@jonbartosch1903]

I don't know what the deal is with Pepsi cans, but they have been using steel for 30+ years. We used to pick up cans to take to the recycler when I was a kid, and the conveyer belts at the recycling facility had strong magnets on them to attract and discard all the Pepsi cans. I think there were other brands, but everyone knew that Pepsi were no good for recycling (for aluminum prices anyway).

[@LimpRichard]

I'm guessing aluminum is the slowest despite being the worst conductor. Due mostly to it being significantly lighter.

[@kdt85]

Monster magnet were a great band but I've never heard of aluminium can!

[@sulfie46]

New video with the monster, Exciting!

[@brainiac75]

Yep, they don't come that often ;) Thanks for the early watch, sulfie!

[@mathias1074]

En ting jeg altid har tænkt på er: Hvor og hvordan i alverden opbevarer du dine store magneter? Fordi de helt store magneter må da kunne give problemer med andet elektronik eller lignende. Elsker at se dine videoer. Bliv ved med det :)

[@ChiseledDiamond]

Kan du ikke engelsk?

[@mathias1074]

@@ChiseledDiamond jo hvorfor da?

[@brainiac75]

I nogle store kasser, så man ikke kan komme helt tæt på dem: kzbin.info/www/bejne/r36XiZhomJV1bq8 Magnetfeltet aftager meget hurtigt med afstanden, så de er relativt harmløse på omkring halvanden meters afstand. Flere videoer på vej. Overvejer at lave en kasse med magnetisk skærmende mu-metal plader indbygget ;)

[@mathias1074]

@@brainiac75 Spændende. Kunne ellers godt forstille mig at det havde været farligt hvis de ikke var pakke godt væk. Men det lyder også som en god ide med nogle kasser med magnetisk skærmning. :)

[@SeanCMonahan]

​@@brainiac75 I've wondered if it's possible to build something like a Faraday cage but for magnets. I did some reading, and it does seem like you can use a metal box to "guide" the magnetic field lines, limiting how strong the magnetic fields are outside, but not to the same degree as a Faraday cage can with EM radiation. I don't have a solid grasp on the physics of it though, so I'd love to see any video you make about your experiments with storage boxes for your magnets!

[@JustPyroYT]

Really, reeeeaaally interesting Video! 👍😀

[@brainiac75]

Was interesting to make too! Finally, I understand eddy currents 'opposing' nature :)

[@nathanfisher6925]

where did you get those three cylinders from? also, were any of then coated to prevent tarnishing?

[@yaseenaljanabi1338]

keep on the good work man i love your video's 😉

[@NoodlyPanda]

Me: I'll never need to know any of this for real life Also me: Fascinating.

[@w1111-vs3dd]

You might. Say you're designing something that is inside of strong magnetic fields, or being careful that your aluminium can doesn't melt into molten aluminum when it's near an inductor

[@TAKIZAWAYAMASHITA]

Magnetism the easy way for us to create a literal tractor beam

[@Zennsunni]

Where do you get those big magnets, does anyone have a link or anything I want to get a couple

[@lasersbee]

Very Interesting... Some new info to store in my already crowded brain..

[@Sergio_Loureiro]

This video was strangely relaxing... 😲

[@TheRealCCSmith]

Magnets are just fascinating... I never get tired of playing with them. I've spent countless hours trying to wrap my head around how they work. I'm convinced that whenever science can completely explain magnetism the worlds energy problems will be solved.

[@Tryggve92]

I thought you where going to say "Click like if you will chuckle the next time you hear: Aaawwww" xD Awesome video!

[@kornelijekovac9793]

4:24 Do you have a measureing scale to put below the magnets? Does it's weight change while slowing down the aluminium plate?

[@liliwinnt6]

i like that copper bar!

[@sschmachtel8963]

Nice aspect that Aluminium was moving down slowest on the magnet. Not something that one would expect. Is this also true for an eddy current seprator?

[@alex.thedeadite]

the aluminum rings look like HDD spacers that go in-between the platters

[@moofree]

I anticipated the aluminum would move slower due to the higher resistance dissipating more energy as heat, but it being lighter also makes sense. edit: Now that I think of it, acceleration due to gravity isn't typically determined by weight, so I'd like to see these things fall in the presence of a magnet perpendicular to the ground.

[@JoQeZzZ]

Under idealised circumstances (steady state, which this isn't, but it's very close) the energy dissapated by inducing Eddy currents is inversely proportional to both resistivity and density. So while the aluminium has higher energy dissapation, it's not to do with it having a higher resistance, as that actually reduces the energy dissapation. In this case the braking effect is inversely proportional to the square of the density: one factor due to energy dissapation and one factor because of decreased gravity.

[@moofree]

@@JoQeZzZ Thanks, for the explanation. I was just rewatching the video, actually looking at the calculations circa 11:00 and seeing how my expectations were completely backwards.

[@wesleyhayes1847]

Don't think the resistance plays a factor here

[@user255]

@@wesleyhayes1847 High resistance would mean weak eddy currents and thus only weak effect from the magnet.

[@LimpRichard]

Having higher resistance makes it worse at magnetic breaking... That's why super conductors "lock" to permanent magnets.

[@SpaceBuckaroo]

The weight of the aluminum cylinder compared to the copper cylinder affects the rate of roll.

[@faxezu]

1:19 German export goods, I live near the border and it is amazing how many danish people cross the border to buy alcohol, sweet and fatty stuff due to the high taxes on it in Denmark. Thanks for supporting our local economy :D

[@brainiac75]

Hehe. Glad to help, but I live too far from the border to save money on it after trip costs (unless I need very large quantities) but a friend left soda steel cans after a party at my house. Very useful for science videos ;D

[@theawecat27]

noo! i was so sure it would be copper or silver, i didn't think about how light aluminum is. oh well! definitely will remember this the next time i hear someone say aluminum won't react to a magnet

[@Dr.-Smart]

would be interesting if you could make a mono pole generator since you have such huge magnets !

[@adrleao15]

Great video, thank you. In the last experiment, gravity was mentioned a couple of times, but how does it affect it, by means of friction?

[@florentin3141]

Well I think, the idea is to look at the forces on the cylinders. If you use a very basic model for the friction (lets say it is equal to the normal force to the surface times some constant) we could say the the accelerating force is sin(a)m*g (a being the angle of the magnet, m the mass of the cylinder) and the force due to friction is some friction constan b times the normal force = b * (m*g*cos(a)+ c*v). c being some constant for the specific material (due to conductivity, v being the speed at which it rolls down, rememberg that the current depend on the change of magnetiv field and only occur when it rolls). Alltogether we got something like F_total= sin(a)*m*g-b*(m*g*cos(a)+c*v). Now you can see that, if you divide by the mass to get the acceleration, the "negative" acceleration from the eddie current is proportional to c/m. With smaller mass it gets larger and with bigger conductivity it gets larger. Since the factor by which the aluminum is lighter then copper and silver is bigger than the factor by which its conductivity is smaller, you see what you see. Sorry if this is not very compact :D

[@deanedwardmcmasters7172]

Cool but would like to see a gold cylinder react to magnets

[@brainiac75]

I would like it too - but I don't have a 20x10 mm gold cylinder to compare with. I don't know if anyone makes one - at a cost I can afford ;) Thanks for the early watch!

[@deanedwardmcmasters7172]

@@brainiac75 not sure but try and ask the hacksmith

[@SnarkyRC]

Monster Magnet? I didn't see a single space-lord mother mother in this video.

[@L1ft0ff]

I expected violent puking at 5:16

[@Mr1fish2fish]

You should try a ratio of the densities beginning with the inclined magnet angle for the slowest time to roll off, and multiply the ratio of one greater density to the lesser or least density and multiply that ratio of densities times the angle of the slowest time, tilt the magnet incline to that new angle and see if the densities roll off the incline in the same amount of time each.

[@hismastersvoice2729]

next video idea: buy DP-75 Rottengenmeter (working or dead and make other video repairing it) and make extreme test of it

[@akefayamenay104]

I kept thinking he was saying "yellow can"

[@Ramian1]

I didn't know Al was playing hard to get! 2:54

[@libyatube2651]

Questions: Which one is better conductor in extreme weather as to much heat or cold?

[@Percussionfirema]

so interesting, Thank you

[@DarkVoidIII]

It's a pretty good video, but you could do another video on electromagnets, including one the scrap metal recycling industry uses to sort even lead. Covalence fields tuned to a particular frequency can attract specific metals, including gold. It's pretty nifty, mostly used in scrap yards to sort large quantities of different metals from each other. Also used when a steel mill is processing incoming metal bales to pull out the metals that can be attracted to them.

[@jonathanpeters4240]

Similarly, I read before about an electromagnet called the master magnet that could attract any metal. It was simply an electromagnet with a copper disk attached to its face.

[@Marvinzock34]

Nice video

[@benmcreynolds8581]

I love the effects of magnetic eddy currents Lol *I wonder how the electromagnetic force behaves in space, on massive scales, and really small scales?" Maybe we don't understand how massive things the scale of Galaxies behave? *I really wonder if Electromagnetism plays more of a crucial role in many different aspects of the Universe then we currently understand? Gravity, such a important aspect of nature yet seems like we don't understand "all the details about it yet" (In the form of a analogy) it really does seem like aspects of Gravity share similarities with the electromagnetic force. -Like Static charge's act upon small dust particles & allow them to acquire mass to begin gaining density. We can't have light/radiation, electricity without the electromagnetic force. The strong nuclear force seems to share similar charge behavior as well, so does chemistry. It uses +/- charges to bond compound's. I wonder if these aspects of Nature have more of a connection than we currently understand? Maybe things on different levels, strengths, size's, scales, could alter the behavior of a force we already know about. Maybe just certain things are needed, Such as temperature, density, pressure, velocity/rotation, energy/frequency/vibration, viscosity, etc. Think of how star's are created after enough mass is acquired? Radiation, light, magnetospheres, rotational velocities. They all are so crucial to Nature and all require aspects of the electromagnetic force for it to even exist.. look at a graph that shows the levels where different materials transition into different states of matter: maybe their are threshold points of (density, rotation, heat, atmospheric pressure, etc.) It's just a gut feeling I have after watching tons of science videos covering the behavior of the Universe around us. (the only way we can obtain growth and learn the things we are right about and the things need slight adjustment on? Is to be willing to allow ourselves to be open and thinking from all perspectives even on things we think we already know about.