Musk is Right: Neutrinos Are Evidence for New Physics

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Elon Musk made a surprising tweet about neutrinos, writing that “Anything that potentially challenges the Standard Model is a very interesting experiment.” What is he going on about? Is he correct? Let’s have a look.
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[@MTristanHurst]

I'm a graduate student currently working on the CUORE experiment. Fun fact about the detectors, they operate at a few 10's of mK (~0.010 K). At that temperature, electrons emitted during beta decay increase the temperature of our detectors enough to be picked up by our resistive thermometers. But then again, any stray charged particle would have enough deposit enough energy to be picked up by the thermometers. So, in order to shield the detectors from cosmic ray showers, it's located 1400 meters underground at the Gran Sasso Laboratory. Even with good isolation systems, the detectors are so sensitive they pick up heat generated by stray vibrations from all sorts of sources such as earthquakes, lightning strikes, etc. A faint signal can even be seen from sea waves causing noise in the data, even though the detector is 50 km inland away from the sea!

[@robertbrook1658]

Astonishing

[@Thomas-gk42]

Interesting, thank you for sharing.

[@sonpopco-op9682]

Which simply goes to show that you have never and will never detect a "neutrino", since they simply do not exist.| "Speed of Light" is a misnomer, since light is a force and has no speed. You can detect energy changes brought about by forces at very long distances, starlight is detectable by the naked eye. Imaginary force carriers not required; there is a much better explanation than extra dimension and invisible particles.

[@HGeorge1993]

​​@@sonpopco-op9682youre wrong about neutrinos, you can detect them by observing reverse beta decay. But the detectors these days are crazy and give false positives all the time.

[@fluffigverbimmelt]

​​@@sonpopco-op9682Magie ist Physik durch Wollen!

[@mahin300]

Saying I have to work before saying I love you and hanging up was TOO realistic

[@SuperRobotronik]

haha yea I cracked up at that.

[@placer7412]

shes wants musk's husk.

[@rverm1000]

It bugs me that haven't discovered more particle and stuff.

[@daddy7860]

@@placer7412 *tusk

[@JMEPatterson]

I don't which of the two is the luckiest...

[@Cosmodjinn]

X-Pensive is actually a good name when you think about the definition of pensive...

[@angellestat2730]

Yeah, both suggestion are quite good, Xpensive and BiteZilla.. Take note Elon!

[@edmunns8825]

Hahaha

[@dogwalker666]

Well all his stuff is overpriced tat, That cyber truck is a ludicrous joke.

[@Walter-wo5sz]

I'd just call it SabineX

[@digiryde]

My vote is for X-Pensive. Pretty sure any marketing bot will reject that though. Maybe they could go for X-Twit.

[@The1stDukeDroklar]

I would argue that "Failed experiments" are an extremely important part of science and deserve more credit than they get. It is a process of elimination that helps scientists narrow the field of theoretical possibilities, helping to point the way toward the light of scientific truth.

[@Michael75579]

Yeah - that's why being wrong doesn't necessarily make a theory worthless; the reasons why it's wrong can still teach you things. It's also why "not even wrong" is used as a description of particularly ill-informed and ridiculous ideas.

[@Nathan-vt1jz]

Agreed. We also need out of the box ideas and the out of the box people who come up with them. They will often be wrong, but we’ll learn something. As long as we don’t let a single out of the box idea dominate scientific institutions without solid verification (cough, cough string theory…)

[@johndododoe1411]

A famous example is the Michelson-Morley experiment to measure the speed and direction of Earth through the Aether of the universe . The failure to detect anything inspired Einstein to create a theory that there is no aether and the speed of light is the same from all viewpoints .

[@finwefingolfin7113]

@@johndododoe1411 That's what we were taught in school but actually he was inspired by Maxwell's equations which imply that the speed of light is constant for all observers. This is why he came up with the special theory of relativity. He found out about the results of the MM experiment later.

[@johndododoe1411]

@@finwefingolfin7113 If Einstein Relativity wasn't real, Maxwell's equations would apply only in the true universal frame of reference, and motion of the electromagnetic devices would affect the results as applicable . MM tried to electromagnetically measure the motion of their lab through the universe, but got a fat 0 even though they could easily see that the lab moved relative to the Sun and other stars, just like the rest of our planet . Philosophically this could mean that whatever carried light around the lab was held in place by Earth and/or the building, or it could mean that electromagnetism in the form of light was independent of the frame of reference .

[@mjr6121]

Big respect for buying a giant inflatable phone for that one second visual gag. That's the hard hitting science that keeps me coming back.

[@charlesmarshall7045]

that gag made me lol

[@randomgrinn]

It's a bigger detector. Needed to detect teletrinos. You were not paying attention at all.

[@Moley1Moleo]

it's tax deductible now

[@Tight_Conduct]

Hear, hear!

[@czerskip]

That was the most honest, heartfelt "love you too" I've heard in my life 🙀😹

[@Hlbkomer]

That killed me :)

[@user-xj5xp6qz5g]

@@Hlbkomer can I have your stuff?

[@mikicerise6250]

The way to a particle physicist's heart is through new physics.

[@KeatonForrest-wu4jb]

I nearly vomited...

[@douginorlando6260]

I’m wondering why Brilliant sponsors someone who repeatedly goes out of their way to disparage Elon Musk.

[@jorgwei8590]

For some reason I find it oddly pleasing that the creator delivering the sickest burns on KZbin is a middle aged lady with a German accent, talking about particle physics. What a time to be alive.

[@robydee920]

Lady talking about particle physics with German accent? I mean she's German theoretical physicist, philosopher of science, author, science communicator, KZbinr, musician, and singer. She is the author of Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray, which explores the concept of elegance in fundamental physics and cosmology, and of Existential Physics: A Scientist’s Guide to Life’s Biggest Questions. She's not just some lady talking about physics. Come on man, credit where credit is due.

[@jorgwei8590]

@@robydee920 I didn't intend it as a slight. It's meant as a friendly ironic quip; also as a statement of respect. When it comes to the fine art of "internet burns", Sabine has developed into an artist. I love the style.

[@CodyRay295]

@@robydee920 For some reason I find it oddly pleasing that the creator delivering the sickest burns on KZbin is a German theoretical physicist, philosopher of science, author, science communicator, KZbinr, musician, singer, and author of both "Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray" (which explores the concept of elegance in fundamental physics and cosmology) and "Existential Physics: A Scientist’s Guide to Life’s Biggest Questions." What a time to be alive. Just doesn't have quite the same ring to it lol.

[@michaelwright2986]

@@robydee920 Or perhaps we should reconsider our assumptions about what "middle aged lady" means?

[@johnassal5838]

For decades, Marie Curie was the undisputed matron of You Mamma jokes throughout Paris.

[@ianstopher9111]

I was surprised that Sabine did not mention the reason the right-handed neutrinos are so heavy is also why the left-handed neutrinos are so light, via the seesaw mechanism. I'm sure there are more complex explanations, but the seesaw seemed very appealing to my young self.

[@jan7356]

She didn’t mention why sterile right handed neutrons couldn’t just have the same mass as the left handed ones. Isn’t the simplest “extension” of the standard model exactly that? To assume that neutrinos are like all other particles? So then the right handed ones don’t interact weakly, like all the other right handed particles, and are therefore sterile. This is so simple and there is no new mysterious new particle or any additional free parameter required. You would get 7 parameters out of the neutrino sector as expected (and as literally are being measured right now): 3 masses and 4 MNS mixing parameters. Where is the problem. I don’t care if neutrinos are too “light” for some physicists’ taste. So the whole thing wouldn’t need a seesaw mechanism that you add additional parameters plus additional logic (=terms) to the standard model. There must be a reason why it’s not considered. But she didn’t explain that. According to what I can find on the internet, the mass range of 0-3 eV is not excluded for sterile right handed neutrinos.

[@ianstopher9111]

@@jan7356 True enough, but although right handed neutrinos are singlets and so sterile, not all sterile neutrinos are right handed. There are models with additional left handed sterile neutrinos which can have reasonable masses. Some of those models are ruled out, but I am sure there are some not excluded by experiment.

[@denysvlasenko1865]

@@jan7356 > Isn’t the simplest “extension” of the standard model exactly that? To assume that neutrinos are like all other particles? Well, in one sense yes, that is the simplest extension. OTOH, the other simplest extension is to add *all* renormalizable terms to Lagrangian which are allowed by Lorentz and internal symmetries. (This is natural because SM already includes *all* such allowed terms for the model where neutrinos are massless). Majorana term for right-handed neutrinos is the only additional allowed term compared to your proposal.

[@jan7356]

@@denysvlasenko1865 so adding sterile neutrinos as heavy as left handed ones isn’t experimentally excluded? Then why does she say we need heavy ones and therefore new particles?

[@Thomas-gk42]

Fascinating topic, wonderful video. The life story of Ettore Majorana would be worth a whole video too, I suggest.

[@user-xj5xp6qz5g]

💯

[@y1.5]

It should be investigation video about his disappearance

[@EndingSimple]

There are some youtubes about his life and two about the mystery of his disappearance. I've just been going down that rabbit hole myself.

[@jeremywilliams5107]

Coincidence that he has the same initials as Elon Musk...🫨

[@lowlifeuk999]

@@jeremywilliams5107 right there was about one chance in 676

[@aholland20132]

I wish I could give two thumbs up for that larger detector at the end!

[@canadiannomad2330]

Me too, but now I want to see a Large Telephone Colider

[@cerad7304]

Then we could have both a Left Thumbs Up and a Right Thumbs up resulting in mass.

[@nkronert]

Maybe one bigger thumb would do it as well...

[@nemderogatorius]

I want to give Sabine a right-handed and a left-handed thumbs up.

[@HXTz0]

4:08 The reason he said it was in response to the Terrence Howard drama at the time. Here he was trying to point to something actually interesting that challenges the standard model

[@turkfiles]

Thanks for the reminder about Terrance Howard. Good catch!

[@marcushladek262]

Maiorana's uncleared fate is also a topic in the Catholic church, by the way, because he seems to have been a very pious catholic person and there were rumours, after his disappearance, he might have become a monk in some religious order and willingly vanished from the eyes (if not the face) of the earth. There is a German novel, "Der Ratschlag - eine Mystifikation", in which a figure who is given the name of Maiorana but who is not identical with him tells about quantum physics and metaphysics - the substance of which referees the content of the books that the Cambridge quantum physicist John Polkinghorne wrote about God and science after he had ended his scientific career and studied theolgy to become an Anglican priest.

[@drdca8263]

Interesting! I should read about John Polkinghorne!

[@Vondoodle]

So in the 90s Phone detectors were bigger ?

[@artemonstrick]

the architect of the matrix was right. 1999 WAS the pinnacle of our civilization!

[@O_Lee69]

Actually they were boxes with a door and you could step into them. 🙂

[@dananorth895]

And physics has been going downhill ever since.

[@ScienceTechComputers]

Don’t worry modern phones are bigger on the inside.

[@devalapar7878]

@@dananorth895 Why would you say that? How is physics going downhill? We are doing tons of valuable research. Or what would you need to see for physics to not go downhill?

[@arctic_haze]

I still think the Majorana solution is the most elegant one. But I read Sabine's book and know it does not make it automatically the true one.

[@Thomas-gk42]

💯

[@yeroca]

Yeah, the same logic went for String theory and Super Symmetry, which both so far seem to be a bust.

[@brothermine2292]

Sabine's "Lost in Math" book is a reminder that Occam's Razor doesn't say the simplest or most elegant theory is true. It's just a "last resort" tiebreaker algorithm that guides us how to BET on which theory is true, when two or more competing theories haven't been falsified.

[@blackshard641]

@@brothermine2292 Occam's Razor is widely misunderstood. All it ultimately says is the fewer assumptions, the less likely to be wrong. It's not a means of identifying the correct theory, it's a guideline for avoiding missteps on the way there.

[@iyziejane]

The US will legalize Majorana soon, hopefully that accelerates the progress

[@rozzgrey801]

Neutrinos are, as the name suggests, Italian in nature. They have a keen sense of style and perform frequent costume changes.

[@knossos574]

Elon Musk is a p1g.

[@sirwinston2368]

Good one! 😎

[@Sara-lk2yr]

I am Italian. J of Majorana is an "i" and not a "g". With the g sound it becomes very close to maggiorana, the herb marjoram...😅😂

[@retyroni]

marioram?

[@Sara-lk2yr]

@@retyroni "Maiorana". As if J is a i.

[@yoursoulisforever]

When Sabine pulled out that big phone, I busted out laughing. 👍👍👍

[@vimal-cliobconsulting]

Her name is Sabine

[@yoursoulisforever]

@@vimal-cliobconsulting Thank you. I knew that. My bad. Will edit.

[@lorn4867]

😂 and the Woodstock voice

[@cowgirljane3316]

You know the left hand never knows what the right hand is doing.

[@mikereid1195]

Unless it has a warrant!

[@stevierv22]

Not always. I happen to have a disorder called mirror movements. That's when one hand mirrors the movement of the other. Mine is quite subtle but messes up my guitar play :D

[@BananaTie]

Sabine: Your sense of humor, mixed in here and there, is amazing! Science and comedy can co-exist! Keep it up.

[@lorn4867]

"How about X-Pensive?" 😅

[@RoryJamesFord-rn9yu]

I've noticed a lack of jokes until today's "bitezilla" and I'm happy you are back at it, bc honestly, ypu are good at it and it makes me laugh every time. Thanks!

[@wellesmorgado4797]

Well, she is German afterall...

[@segevstormlord3713]

I still think that, if we had not had a period of time where we dismissed the luminiferous Aether as a "failed theory" before we discovered the theory of the Higgs Field, we would have _called_ the theory of the Higgs Field a mathematical model of the Luminiferous Aether.

[@vladmelnik8036]

Right-handed neutrinos interact only gravitationally. How they supposed to be observed? Maybe I'm missing something, but isn't it true that in order to observe something, you have to interact with it? Why assume that the right-handed neutrino is too heavy? If it is light (like left-handed), they still cannot be observed.

[@stoerenungeheuer543]

One day your phone will ring and Elon Musk will actually call.

[@dustinswatsons9150]

Bet

[@realGBx64]

Hopefully from prison

[@terryjwood]

He'll call Sabine long before he calls Thunderf00t! 🙂

[@Shrouded_reaper]

​@@realGBx64seething

[@RosesRedThorns]

​@@realGBx64Least unhinged Elon-hater

[@mmisiaszek]

The Majorana experiment is continuing as the LEGEND-200 experiment and the planned LEGEND-1000 experiment. Elon is probably referring to the Majorana experiment, as funding for LEGEND is under consideration by the DOE agency.

[@eagledan1349]

If I get it right, the weak force only affects left-handed particles (and right-handed antiparticles) and the Higgs interaction is changing the handedness, so... might it be that everything is right with neutrinos and we haven't detected any right-handed neutrinos because they just don't feel the weak force in that state? 🤔

[@jan7356]

Right. No right handed particle in the Standard Model feels the weak force. I think you probably even could detect right handed sterile neutrinos with missing energy or something even though they just escape and don’t interact. I am really guessing here because I am not an expert, but my guess is that we don’t see missing energy or count missing particles because neutrinos are so much near the speed of light that the “loss” due to the right handed part “disappearing into nirvana” is just very hard to measure from our frame of reference. But again, I am really not an expert.

[@denysvlasenko1865]

@@jan7356 We don't detect " missing energy" due to right-handed neutrinos because absorption and emission probabilities are linked. If an existing particle is unlikely to interact, then the same particle is unlikely to be produced in a similar process. Right-handed neutrinos don't interact via weak interaction, therefore they are not produced by weak decays.

[@jan7356]

@@denysvlasenko1865 Wikipedia states under “sterile neutrino”: “However, a particle with mass that starts out with left-handed chirality can develop a right-handed component as it travels - unless it is massless, chirality is not conserved during the propagation of a free particle through space” Under the article about “Chirality” it states: “Chirality is Lorentz invariant, but is not a constant of motion: a massive left-handed spinor, when propagating, will evolve into a right handed spinor over time, and vice versa.” Here is my take: left handed massive particles (or the left handed part of a mixed particle) that do interact with the weak force DO all acquire a right handed component over time as the evolve over time (propagate / move away from the interaction point). Not sure if this has anything to do that mass eigenstate isn’t weak eigenstate. It’s been a while I learned that at the university. You are right: right handed neutrinos aren’t produced in the weak interaction, but they will become partially right handed when they propagate, because they are massive. Wouldn’t it cause “missing energy” if you measure those generated neutrinos after a long propagation (like on the other side of the earth (so called long baseline experiments), meaning the cross section for their interaction becomes slightly smaller as the propagate as they slowly acquire a right handed component? For some reason they CAN establish bounds on the mass of the sterile neutrinos experimentally, which I don’t understand. See “sterile neutrino” in Wikipedia.

[@WordsInVain]

0:03 Imagine "tweeting" in 2024... ☎

[@alpheuswoodley8435]

Saw "Musk is right" and my skepticism compelled me to watch this video first today.

[@wenapse1639]

Come on Sabine! That last part was pure cynicism. Larger particle accelerators have been giving results, while that phone probably cant even make a real call.

[@davidhand9721]

We detect neutrinos by observing their interaction with nuclei via the weak nuclear force, correct? If so, and the weak force only acts on left-chiral particles, then how _would_ we detect a right chiral neutrino if it did exist? It seems more likely to me that they do exist but we can't see them by the usual means than hypothesizing about new families of particles or novel types of fields or whatnot. I understand how nice it would be if the solution to the neutrino mass issue also tidied up dark matter, but is there at least some reason we _should_ be able to detect right neutrinos?

[@JFDCamara]

We can create particles and if some energy momentum is missing from the output we can infer its a new undetectable particle, might not be a right handed neutrino but we can try to pinpoint it then. Also not sure but I think the existence of right handed neutrinos has an effect on neutrino oscillation and we have experiments checking that out iirc

[@jan7356]

​@@JFDCamara I wasn’t able to find any data that light right handed sterile neutrinos are experimentally excluded. Wikipedia is a start: “sterile neutrino”. It talks about mass bounds, but the expected mass (same as left handed ones) doesn’t seem to be excluded. It would be very very helpful if someone could actually clarify why we NEED the sterile right handed neutrinos to be heavy. The seesaw mechanism only introduces additional complexity into the model for the sake of “explaining” why neutrinos are so light, essentially introducing additional unmeasurable parameters just to explain why one of them is “too small” for the taste of physicists but the top quark is also 400,000 times as heavy as the electron. So?

[@denysvlasenko1865]

@@jan7356 > It would be very very helpful if someone could actually clarify why we NEED the sterile right handed neutrinos to be heavy. The explanation of "too small mass" indeed seems to be not particularly needed. A heavy neutrino is an excellent dark matter candidate. In general, something is fishy about masses (Yukawa couplings) of SM particles, their squares add up to almost exactly 1 (dimensionless). There is the unexplained Koide rule, etc. It looks far too exact to be a coincidence, feels more like undiscovered theory to me!

[@inthefade]

"Love you too! Byeee." You killed me with that.

[@tcl5853]

I wonder why Frederick Reines who won a Nobel Prize in physics for neutrino research is seemingly never mentioned in these discussions. Henry Gurr also a physicist who worked as Frederick Reines’s graduate student during his neutrino experiments and research is still living and working.

[@Naomi_Boyd]

We have hypothesized, since the '60s, that neutrinos have mass. Hypothesizing and knowing are not the same thing.

[@stewiesaidthat]

Everything has mass. Otherwise, it wouldn't exist. Now, what you think of mass is just energy with an Acceleration factor < c. A photon still has mass in the form of radiant energy. F=ma, E=mc. If it exists, it has mass. What Einstein and his relativists minions don't understand is that Acceleration is the actionable force. Acceleration is what creates mass, not the other way around. Which is why modern physics is still monkeys in a tree chasing their tails.

[@GloriaVictisDiesIlla]

Not that it matters much but just as a tip, Majorana is pronounced Maiorana, your pronunciation was all good except for the j, which in latin and italian is read as an i (its nickname is "i lunga", long i, for its looks not length of pronunciation), except obviously if the word/name is not an italian one. Cuore (which means 'heart') is pronounced like the website Quora but with a final e (which you pronounced correctly) instead of an a. Cheers from Italy!

[@andywe7524]

Thanks Sabine. This is beautiful and we should hear more from you about Majorana-Particles and Neutrinos. Greetings from Frankfurt - Andreas

[@marjon1703]

Great video! Also with 5:09 [ Jazz Hands " O' oo! " ] 😂

[@geographicaloddity2]

The way you showed Peter Higgs reminded me of Holly from Red Dwarf.

[@xyzero1682]

"love you too..." spat my coffee lol

[@angry_transvestite]

I have been getting good laughs from your jokes lately. Please continue to say funny things while you attempt to educate our weary minds... thank you so much, Sabine!

[@rb8049]

Grok is being trained on all of known physics. What a chance to ask Grok questions about physics that no one understands.

[@samolygo]

I actually want an in-depth look on every of these hypothesis. Please!

[@contessa.adella]

That Elon call…Sabine kills me😂

[@AlessioCollura]

Sorry for the clarification, Majorana is pronounced Maiorana.

[@dubsar]

I had a dream in 2018. It was related to neutrino oscillations and how it can be distorted by relativistic effects in a way that would make it possible to find the exact masses of each flavour. But no one believes me.

[@alancham4]

The standard model assumes everything Is particles and there are only 3 spacial dimensions. Even tiny fluctuations of energy are considered virtual particles. So the whole way we look at it may be a limitation.

[@m4inline]

I came to the same conclusion as Wolfram with the hypergraph. At least, more opportunities for new physics explanations come from a discrete model...

[@ispamforfood]

😲 Sabine! Don't tell Elon he's right! His head will get even bigger! 😛

[@tim57243]

There is a wonderful add-on for Unreal Tournament that causes a player's head to get bigger as they have more success. This brings equilibrium to the game by making the successful players an easier target.

[@milodemoray]

Let be, we all know what happened to Humpty Dumpty...

[@pilotmorgan8669]

I mean, he's kinda earned having a big head.

[@dogwalker666]

​@@pilotmorgan8669 Not really he is just a scammer, Not very intelligent.

[@pilotmorgan8669]

@@dogwalker666 You're obviously an ideologue with an emotional bent. Pointless talking to people like you.

[@jbktmadsen2946]

50 years ago, in a quantum physics class I theorized that besides quantum particles there could also be possible dimensional intersection fields to account for problem resolving quantum anomalies with relativity and special relativity. I theorized for my professor that if this was the case there would be a measurable difference (delta) between attracted or repelling particles traveling at near light speeds based on volume of intersection verses area. Since I have never been able to demonstrate this theory on a supercollider - it sits in my personal archive. I believe that the misbehavior of nutritious can be better accounted for with dimensional intersections.

[@danohanlon8316]

It occurrs to me that the phrase, “(needs) new physics” isn’t doing physics any favours. It fuels the attitude amongst the deliberately ignorant that (the “old”) physics were “just made up.” I would suggest saying instead that we use phraseology like, “we need to extend/broaden physics into whole new areas of research.”

[@MrRomanticjohn]

Just a tangent comment on a beautifully made video. The first name is pronounced E'ttore (not Etto're) and the last name is pronounced Mayorana (not Majorana)

[@massimilianomusso5661]

I found it strange that she didn't know the correct pronunciation of the surname of one of the most brilliant physicists of the 20th century. But evidently there is now a tendency to make any pronunciation anglophone.

[@iamchillydogg]

​@massimilianomusso5661 Well she is a German speaking English pronouncing an Italian name. 😳

[@josephmathmusic]

German speaking Italian name in English way even if the italian prononciation is like the German one.

[@Hemebean]

Odds are 10 to 1 Musk now calls his new supercomputer "Bitezilla" or mayde BiteXilla... (Byte ?)

[@chri-k]

XiloByte

[@willythemailboy2]

Xomputer, of course. Just one key to the left.

[@jaredf6205]

He’s going to ask ChatGPT for a caveman name and then name it that. just like he did with Grok. Try it ask ChatGPT for a caveman name, and most of the time it will tell you Grok lol.

[@Wirmish]

@@jaredf6205 No. He now use xAI. ChatGPT is not in the hand of Evil Bill Gates.

[@Hemebean]

@@jaredf6205 I think the name Grok comes from a Robert A. Heinlein novel Stranger in a Strange Land. It means to understand at a deep level. It's kind of a meme. The fact it also sounds like a caveman word probably helped though ;)

[@jacobleaney]

Can we just take a moment to acknowledge the comedic genius that was that phone conversation?!?! 😂

[@Space30MINUTES]

Neutrinos are a type of elementary particle that interacts very weakly and is difficult to detect. They are known to have mass, but the Standard Model cannot explain how they get this mass. There are three possible explanations for how neutrinos have mass: 1. Right-handed neutrinos exist: This is the simplest explanation, but it requires the existence of a new type of neutrino that we have not yet observed. These right-handed neutrinos may also be dark matter, a mysterious substance that makes up about 85% of the matter in the universe. 2. Neutrinos are Majorana particles: Most particles have left-handed and right-handed versions. If neutrinos were their own antiparticles, they would be Majorana particles. This would allow them to gain mass from the Higgs field, another particle thought to give mass to other particles in the Standard Model. 3. The left-handed neutrino takes mass from the Higgs field but is not a Majorana particle: This explanation is mathematically difficult, but it would not require any new particles beyond those already predicted by the Standard Model. guess. Experiments are still being conducted to search for neutrinoless double beta decay, a radioactive decay that can only occur if the neutrino is a Majorana particle. To date, no experiment has successfully detected this decay.

[@KadaverKarl]

Funny - I have a PhD in Chemistry, the main reason for heading for this was to understand what the world is really made about. In hindsight, this thought was quiet chieldish, as you physicists are ten steps farther. Even though, after looking this all through, it seems to me, that we all do not really know what the foundation of everything really is. We have a lot of MODELS of our world, but no real explanation. Reminds me a bit of Goethes Faust.

[@hopfenhelikopter4531]

Goethes Faust🥰🥰

[@funnycatvideos5490]

There making up particles faster than anyone would have suspected. Can't let good funding go to waste

[@denysvlasenko1865]

What is "real" explanation? The only thing science tries to find is a model which correctly predicts experimental results. It can't promise it will be "what REALLY is happening" (among other reasons, because any two philosophers would disagree what word "REALLY" means).

[@nagietorsy7215]

Bitezilla…, yeah, that is brilliant…, go for it, I would say😂😂❤

[@aidanclarke6106]

Especially in France where bite means c*ck 😅

[@JZsBFF]

Did Elon Musk actually invent something rather than picking it from other people?

[@ankitnmnaik229]

​​@@JZsBFF why would he invent? He is not a inventer

[@JZsBFF]

@@ankitnmnaik229 That's obvious, isn't it?

[@ankitnmnaik229]

@@JZsBFF he is a great business man who actually understand science and engineering...he is a great entrepreneur and CEO.

[@redalert2834]

Neutrinos are probably Majorana particles. It turns out you don't need heavy neutrinos to explain dark matter, nor any of the other candidate particles proposed by the academic community.

[@BionicBurke]

I know I'm way out of my depth here.. but has anyone ever wondered if these different versions of neutrinos are actually just measuring a single particle at different points in it's wave function? As an audio engineer the best way I can explain this... If my measurement of a sound wave only allows for me to measure a single bit sample, That sample doesn't tell me much about the wave form. I know I've got something but not what. If I was to take multiple measurements over time I would then have a lot more information on what frequencies I'm actually working with. The thing is, I know I'm working with waves. What if we are just misinterpreting different points of a wave as different versions of particles instead of just one?

[@dennistucker1153]

Love the humor and the skepticism. Thank you, Sabine.

[@markdowning7959]

You could suggest another AI name to Elon - XTInction?

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

When Elon stopped censorship at Twitter (now X) he made a lot of new enemies.

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

Elon sure made a lot of enemies when he stopped censorship at Twitter (now X.)

[@awindowskrill2060]

​@@douglaswilkinson5700'stopped'

[@Johnny2Feathers]

@@douglaswilkinson5700and he couldn’t care less .. that’s why he’s the man.

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

@@Johnny2Feathers I agree but am careful what I say and to whom. The people who now dislike Elon only seem to have emotional arguments instead of logically looking at his accomplishments and ideas. (Sabine likes to poke fun at him. I assertively suggested to her that she poke fun at some of her fellow Germans such as WEF President Claus Schwab.)

[@jamisonr]

Ettore Majorana was from the year 2149. Humanity faces a crisis, and Ettore is sent back in time to get humanity pointed in the right direction. He does this carefully, providing enough of a leap to seem plausible, but not so much to be discounted. He disappears back to his own time after this is done, not wanting to cause additional ripples in time. The problem is, humanity dropped the ball, and this is that story ...

[@clearnightsky]

Since we have some interesting bounds on neutrino masses, were those masses were used to provide intresting bounds on the right handed neutrinos?

[@ok9176]

Musk is probably referring to LEGEND-200 / LEGEND-1000 (future experiment) that are successor experiments to MAJORANA. They are also germanium experiments and are also at Gran Sasso.

[@davidhawkins7138]

Thank you for this one - Your bigger detector was a great way to start my day.

[@mikejones-vd3fg]

As someone who identifys with nuetrinos, im going to say save your time, its pointless, youll never figure us out, and if you do, we'll just change our minds.

[@linuxificator]

It's very simple, a neutrino is just spin. It's like having a man running around and then take away the man and just observe the "running around" without the man. Of course it's hard to see the running around without the man doing it but if we now put a women in the place where we expect the running around to be there is a slight change she will be running around. So you see, no mass needed to change a male spin into a female spin. But I do need a lot of money for a very large running around detector.

[@Thomas-gk42]

😁

[@Ramkumar-uj9fo]

I get a lot of knowledge from you❤🎉 Universe is mostly neutrinos❤🎉 -- In summary, while neutrinos are incredibly numerous, their very small mass and weak interactions mean they do not dominate the universe's mass-energy content. They are a significant component but not the primary one.

[@yeroca]

The last part of that post sounds like it was written by chatgpt :D I recognize its signature.

[@BiesenbachKlein]

Super erklärt. Besten Dank ! 👍🌷

[@Sim-rh4tj]

You should have shouted down the phone saying, hello, I'm on the KZbin 😂

[@thermaldetinatorsonly8857]

Sabine, what do you think about David Hasselhoff?

[@DW-indeed]

A part of me thinks Starlink should be called X-communicate...

[@StardustShaman]

I am so confused! An electron can be right or left handed. If and electrons loses a photon in the formation of Tritium ,you get a neutrino and anti-neutrino from the electron. But there are only left handed neutrinos? Charge doesn’t matter? (Ignoring the fact that charge is matter)

[@SabineHossenfelder]

neutrinos are all left-handed, anti-neutrinos are all right-handed. but maybe more importantly, it's not a conserved quantity

[@davidhand9721]

Wait, electron loses a photon in the formation of tritium? What are you talking about, exactly? Beta decay from He-4? The electron gets whacked with a W+ or emits a W-, either way becoming a left chiral neutrino. There's no electrons becoming neutrino anti-neutrino pairs; I think you are more confused than you think. Charge _is_ conserved, which is how you know that can't happen.

[@m1k3droid]

We have also known that Tau Muon and Electron leptons can morph into each other as well. This should not be a surprise that neutrinos do the same. In the early universe, all leptons started as Tau, then they decayed into Muons, and only later did they decay into electrons. Similarly, Taus, Muons and Electrons have a very small atomic mass, BUT all that positive atomic mass is purely relativistic kinetic energy based mass. When you freeze them, their rest mass is highly negative. Ie they are all exotic matter when at rest. Neutrinos measured mass is also relativistic kinetic energy based.

[@NeonNijahn]

Didn't South Park already figure this out? 4:45 rotate the hand!

[@NeonNijahn]

Joke ^

[@lowlifeuk999]

That s how you pronounce Majorana: (/maɪəˈrɑːnə/) , Majo as you would pronounce "Mayonnaise". The way Sabine has pronounced with "g" in Italian sounds like a herb used in cooking (in English "marjoram"). I think that the great physicist who had intuitions and ideas so ahead of his time at least deserve that his name be pronounced correctly.

[@aaronjennings8385]

Lol

[@MattJDylan]

...not to mention how she pronounced "ettore"... lol

[@ronhudson3730]

A KZbin physicist with a sense of humour!

[@eternisedDragon7]

What we call anti-neutrinos are particle candidates that at least have right-handedness and conceivably might be the right-handed neutrinos physicists are looking for.

[@ASpaceOstrich]

That is the beauty of science. Negative results are good. You know what it isn't, and thats literally the foundation of science.

[@0MoTheG]

Yes but no. We can have infinite dumb theories with infinite many negative results, that doesn't mean there was progress. More negative results about there being a god doesn't help us to build better anything nor cure any disease.

[@broccoli-dev]

Unsurprising that Musk tweeted such a thing. He tweets all kinds of stuff that gives me the impression he read a single article on the topic then tweeted about it to make his followers think he's some kind of genius polymath.

[@jeffryborror4883]

+1

[@michaelrichter9427]

Got it in one.

[@user-mg2pf4fg2r]

Elon comes up with all kinds of crap, especially after a Special K weekend. He's always pushing the boundaries of his limitless ignorance.

[@Deipnosophist_the_Gastronomer]

Elon invented neutrioX

[@UteChewb]

He's smart and widely read, but no, he's not a polymath, and not as smart as he thinks.

[@Musix4me-Clarinet]

Appreciated the Einstein Ghost.

[@user-aRb00d3r]

wasn't that Mayorana's?..

[@SubjectiveFunny]

Your jokes on this channel are actually criminally underrated.

[@nyworker]

I read both of your books recently; "Lost In Math" and "Existential Physics". You touched on so many related philosophical subjects. Every politician should read your books or have their advisors read them.

[@TerryBollinger]

The interesting thing about setting new bounds every time you get a negative result is that under that criterion, every religion in the world counts as a science.

[@deltalima6703]

Sure, if you are counting with imaginary numbers. Explains why religion is so disordered.

[@TerryBollinger]

@@deltalima6703, I suspect you've never had a delightful conversation with a Talmudic scholar on whether pushing an elevator button on the Sabbath is work. This kind of conversation was a new experience, but I got into physics so deeply that it was an enormous amount of fun. Until then, I had never appreciated how carefully Talmudic scholars go over their sets of premises. They treat them as axioms and hypotheses and get strikingly rigorous from that point forward. My point is that it is inaccurate to think of all religions are disorganized piles of superstition. I don't doubt that some are, but many are incredibly deep in their intellectual detail to elaborate on this or that premise. Another example is that the first Jesuit missionaries to China were avid and powerful advocates of the emerging European physics of that time and made no apologies for doing so. What is always distinguished science is a relentless pursuit of experimental reproducibility. If you abandon that by treating every negative result as a reason to do more research while never changing what you believe most fervently in your heart, it is no longer science.

[@parallaxe5394]

Hello. Option 4: It is something completely different. I put my money on this.

[@danmercer8139]

Illegal in most states. In Minnesota you ll get cited for anything in that location. My wife’s phone holder attaches with a microfiber pad and is immovable unless you intend to move it. It does not leave a mark.

[@user-om1pp5qe5z]

I am glad the standard model is not finished yet. Gives physicists something actually to do.

[@aaronjennings8385]

there is a relationship between neutrinos and Bose-Einstein condensates. The concept of neutrinos forming a Bose-Einstein condensate has been explored in the context of cosmology and dark matter. If neutrinos were to violate the *Pauli principle and obey Bose-Einstein statistics, they could form a condensate that could account for all or part of the dark matter in the universe... *The Pauli principle, also known as the Pauli exclusion principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics that states that no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. This principle was first proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 to explain the behavior of electrons in atoms.

[@SabineHossenfelder]

never heard of that

[@shkotayd9749]

Aren’t BECs only able to be formed in absolutely extreme and specific circumstances?

[@m4inline]

I dunno about their condensates but my 4 channel amp is wonderful.

[@drdca8263]

Doesn’t local conservation of angular momentum, along with the spin statistics theorem, imply that neutrinos must be Fermions? (Due to the interactions they are known to be produced by, I mean.) Of course, composites of Fermions can act as Bosons (as occurs when people make a Bose-Einstein condensate out of atoms), so maybe that’s what you mean? But, that still wouldn’t be well described with “neutrinos follow Bose-Einstein statistics” so much as “certain combinations of neutrinos follow Bose-Einstein statistics”.

[@aaronjennings8385]

@@drdca8263 if I actually knew anything about this subject, I would probably not have tried to understand it using chat gpt. But since we're discussing it...

[@sjoncb]

Physics needs new physics, apparently. Shout out to Terrence Howard for getting criticism for questioning the status quo.

[@brixomatic]

The bigger detector cracked me up. A double thumbs up for that, which, if it finds a Higgs, is a massive thumbs up!

[@ormrinn]

Im not sure trying to find a "new particle" revolving around particles we can barely detect is good science ... why should neutrinos have to follow any of the rules that other particles follow? They surely already dont follow the rules other particles follow.

[@wiadroman]

Elon talking about the Standard Model is like my cat knocking over my chess pieces.

[@O_Lee69]

Well, he studied physics. You, too?

[@johnbeckman492]

Have you done an episode explaining how those single socks lost from the laundry become Tupperware lids without bowls in the kitche cabinet?

[@lizlemon9632]

Love the comedic element. Thanks again for making me laugh and a bit smarter.

[@jeffryborror4883]

So if I understand, Elmo found a failed experiment from ten years ago to be noteworthy. Slow day in the narcissist ward.

[@SabineHossenfelder]

I'm not sure really what happened there. I can only guess he might have wanted to make a more general statement about this sort of experiment, and decorated it with a pretty much random example.

[@jeffryborror4883]

​@@SabineHossenfelder I think you're on to something. It makes sense in the context of his series of experimental releases of the now (oxy)moronic Supervised Full Self Driving, each of which provides interesting bounds on autonomous driving.

[@helicalactual]

Hater

[@jeffryborror4883]

​@@helicalactual Hardly a hater. I'm on my 2nd Tesla car, I have three Powerwalls, a Starlink subscription and I'm an early FSD purchaser. I am still waiting to be able to summon my FSD car from across the country as he promised within two years...in 2016.

[@helicalactual]

@@jeffryborror4883 I'll let him know

[@treesoul00]

A red landline to Elon 🤣 and ‘love you too bye’ 👏🏼 I do wish I could live 40 years ago when deciphering memey billionaires didn’t have as much impact on the world.

[@nihlify]

That sounds like a quite naive thing to say

[@oskariKN25]

Ah yes back when the world was run by... huh I wonder who? billionaires was it? but surely they didn't have much impact on the world, right?? Its not like money gives one means to control policies and laws favouring the ones with money and making decisions that benefit those that have money. Right?

[@user-do2rq3oh4u]

Sabine has that Quantum PhD rizz

[@salsaman]

CPT invariance. Neutrinos have no charge, so right-handed neutrinos go backwards in time, and look just like left handed particles going forwards through time. (That was a physics joke, btw).

[@joechip4822]

If academical physics hasn't already realized, that it will lead nowhere if we expect reality to reflect what we with our very limited senses can perceive and understand, then even the umpteenth newly 'discovered' (or merely postulated) 'particle' will not help our understanding. Physics took the completely wrong turn when their protagonists though they could abandon or replace philosophy like Kant, Nietzsche and Schopenhauer practiced. When I first dug deeper into quantum mechanics I already saw those problems coming more than 30 years ago. Reality is not made of 'particles'. What we call 'particles' is merely the way, the higher level of reality is manifesting to our limited senses. And even the assumption, which many physicist hold, that the next level is already the 'ultimate' level is so laughable and mere human hubris, that it explains much about the mess we brought the world into. Nobody who is refusing to even think in this direction will ever add a significant new insight to physics any more.

[@blackshard641]

Even a broken clock is right twice a day

[@dogwalker666]

Exactly.

[@surrealsurrealism]

Depends on how it is broken… it may still be moving intermittently, so occasionally it may only be right once a day etc

[@scribblescrabble3185]

my first thought

[@DrDeuteron]

why you guys hating on Elon so much?

[@dogwalker666]

@@DrDeuteron Because he is a conman, And a fraud, People actually think he is smart!

[@babyperry628]

My Sabine x Elon musk fanfic is coming true

[@Ryan-ff2db]

I believe there is a Scientist named Sabine that stated something along the lines that we know the standard model is wrong we just don't have a better explanation.

[@user-nf5ko9sd4v]

I like that the question you pose in the first minute is answered in the title. It's like reverse click bait that leaves me wanting to see the explanation!

[@mshotz1]

Musk misread the article, he thought it was Marijuana.

[@lhurst9550]

Peanut section much.