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It's a convention that a poet will refer to his muse as his "lute", his "lyre" or his "song": it doesn't usually mean a musical accompaniment. As in Milton's Lycidas, "Begin, and somewhat loudly sweep the string..."
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"Think not alone under the sun unquit to cause thy lovers plain" is a baffling at first sight. "Unquit" means unresolved, "plain" means a complaint in the old-fashioned sense, like a sad song. In Gray's Elegy there's a line "The moping owl doth to the moon complain." So it means,"Don't think you are alone in not responding to your lovers' entreaties." He then suggests that she will suffer a similar fate when her beauty has faded and nobody cares: which would be poetic justice.
"Love's shot" is Cupid's arrow.
"Plaining" means complaining.
"told" meant counted - a teller counts money in a bank.
"list" means listen
Wyatt was a courtier and an ambassador for Henry VIII, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London when his friendship with Anne Boleyn made him the object of suspicion. While he was there five men were executed for being her lovers, all of them almost certainly innocent , then Anne herself was executed.
It's unlikely that this poem was written to Anne Boleyn because they did have a close relationship, but it was probably somebody like her so her portrait is included. .
The portrait of Sir Thomas was by Hans Holbein the Younger.