Metabolism | Urea Cycle

CORRECTION @09:00 Step 1 of the Urea Cycle should be NH3 + HCO3 + 2 ATP forming Carbamoyl phosphate Instead of NH4 + 2 HCO3 + ATP
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Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will present on the Urea Cycle. During this lecture we will be talking about the oxidative deamination of glutamate giving off ammonia to enter into the urea cycle. We also talk about the various enzymatic processes that occur within the urea cycle. We hope you enjoy this lecture and be sure to support us below!
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#ninjanerd #UreaCycle #Metabolism

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[@tonnern2611]

There was a small mistake at the start. Glutamate can't travel in the bloodstream because it is charged. What actually happens is glutamate will donate the aminogroup to pyruvate (which becomes alanine), then alanine will travel in the blood stream to the liver. There alanine will donate the amino group to alpha keto glutarate (which becomes glutamate). The end product is the same, but it is not glutamate that travels in the blood!

[@kameliasali9639]

Could you please explain to me why glutamate being "charged" doesn't allow it to travel in the bloodstream?

[@TimmyTangents]

@@kameliasali9639 I'm assuming it's because the charged residue prevents it from leaving the cell, similar to how phosphorylation of our glucose to glucose-6-phosphate prevents the glucose from leaving our cells. The hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer prevent hydrophilic or polar molecules from passing through.

[@kameliasali9639]

@@TimmyTangents I got it, thank you so much!

[@alihaleem884]

Thx

[@MissBeautyE4]

So you're just saying that the process doesn't actually take place in the muscle, but in the liver?

[@kaymavel7971]

The spatial representation of the cycle is so helpful-I always struggle to understand the chemical mechanisms we’re supposed to know when it’s represented as a cyclical diagram without context but this makes sense thank you!!!

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[@indiankpopper4759]

Wanted to point out two major details in the beginning of the video that are wrong. First of all, Glutamate isn't directly transported from the muscle to the blood. In the muscle, Ammonia is first added to Glutamate in the presence of the enzyme Glutamine synthetase to form Glutamine. This Glutamine is then transported to the Liver via the blood and is acted upon by the enzyme Glutaminase and is converted back to Glutamate and Ammonia. The second thing is that, while Glutamate undergoes oxidative deamination to alpha-ketoglutatarate in the liver, NAD+ is used as the co-enzyme and not NADP+. In fact, NADPH (and not NADP+) is used as a coenzyme during reductive amination of alpha ketoglutarate to Glutamine. And other tiny details, -> The Glutamate dehydrogenase reaction occurs in the liver mitochondria and not in the cytoplasm as you have drawn it. -> The Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-1 reaction requires 2 ATP and only one bicarbonate ion, not 2 Bicarbonate and one ATP. -> The Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-1 reaction also uses Ammonia (NH3) and not Ammonium (NH4+) ion. Ammonium ions are excreted by the kidneys whereas Ammonia can be actually transported to the liver cells. -> The name of the substance formed after incorporation of the nitrogen atom of Aspartate to citrulline is called Argininosuccinate and NOT arginosuccinate. Other than these details, Keep up the good work though 👍

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[@vee2643]

True

[@rukkiabimbola1993]

NADPH is actually the Coenzyme So he is right 😅

[@cys1817]

⁠@@rukkiabimbola1993it should be NAD+ to NADH and NH4+ in oxidative deamination

[@beinghimself]

Arginosuccinate is right. Gluatamte can circulate in bloodstream. The deamination doesn’t care about it being nadph or nadh but generally the context is catabolic and it’s nadh. So in short, he drew the deamination in the wrong place. He accidentally put a 2 in the wrong place with bicarbonate because he doesn’t go into biochemical reactions details. He’s a bit overrated but it does the work

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After a lifetime of illness & disability from a young age, genetic testing showed Argininosuccinate Lyase deficiency. You have helped me understand how a buildup of ammonia could be causing many of my health issues including brain inflammation & severe fatigue. Thank you!

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What a fantastic video, my son has a urea cycle disorder (citrullinemia) and this video explained everything so well. Thank you

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This video was so helpful! Thank you for explaining each step and giving a good visualization of how they work together.

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I can understand the urea cycle! and it was actually fun to learn it ! Thank you very much . You really are a student's life saver ( I have a test about this subject in 4 days ). I HIGHLY recommend this channel to anyone who wants to understand biochemistry.

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