Ocean Currents: Terrestrial, Waterworld & Tidally Locked Planets

How to construct some ocean currents.
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LINKS:
► GENERAL STUFF ABOUT OCEANS: www.amazon.com/How-Ocean-Work...
► WATERWORLD OCEANS: paoc.mit.edu/paoc/papers/aqua.pdf
► TIDALLY LOCKED OCEANS: www.pnas.org/content/111/2/629...
► WORLD ANVIL: www.worldanvil.com/about
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Music:
Hard Boiled Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
creativecommons.org/licenses/b...
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Thanks for watching everyone. It means a lot. :)

[@badday4885]

How am I supposed to know what this video is about if you don’t say “let’s worldbuild?”

[@PaulMab9]

HOP ON. huh? HOP! ON! WERE FUCKING GOING!....where? OCEAN CURRENTS RIGHT FUCKING NOW!

[@casimiriii5941]

it was about cookinɡ pasta, I think.

[@Ggdivhjkjl]

Were you thinking this video would be about dried fruit?

[@kairon156]

"Let's build, Ocean currents."

[@Win090949]

@@Ggdivhjkjl idk maybe. I heard something about currants too.

[@LordRavensong]

I really hope you aren't getting tired of me asking this question, but how does mineral distribution work? Like, Tin is super rare on Earth, which lead to the fact that only one of the Bronze Age empires actually had access to Tin. That lead to a very complex system of trade similar to what we have today. But why is Tin rare af? And how do you decide where it goes on your map???

[@duckrutt]

The heaviest element given off when a (regular boring) star explodes is Iron so anything heavier than that is going to be "rare". Heavy stuff also sinks to the core of the planet which is inconvenient so you need a volcano to help out. It's basically the same with gold, silver, diamonds (for different reasons), uranium and whatever else you've got.

[@LordRavensong]

@@duckrutt but Tin is lighter than iron is

[@duckrutt]

@@LordRavensong Tin is element 50, Iron is 26?

[@Akronsus]

​@@LordRavensong well actually tin has an atomic mass of around 119u, while iron has something like 56u. Although you're not completely wrong, cause the density of tin is less than iron, so an object made out of tin is lighter than an equivalent one made out of iron

[@virutech32]

As far as I know mineral deposits accumulate/form due to biological, hydrological, or seismic systems & defined by ancient geography, climate, & atmospheric conditions. Iron banded formations settled out of earths early oceans as rising o2 levels rusted the soluble iron compounds. Limestone settled out of ancient seas as the shells of microorganisms. Ceramic clays, generally aluminum & silicon compounds, are the result of thousands/millions of years of weathering aluminates/silicates into lakebeds, basins, & through fault lines. Tin is found in ancient stream beds & places that were higher up & drained rain water(basically water eroded soil). Malachite(copper ore of primarily ancient importance) is weathered out of presumably sulfide ores near limestone deposits. Native sulfure is found near fault lines & along convergent continental plate bounderies where volcanic activity is high. Coal is found in ancient swamps & forests. Just some of the more anciently important stuff but a more comprehensive overview would be an interesting video if a bit long-winded.

[@JustAnArrogantAlien]

I was asking myself, “okay, I’m designing a city that is primarily a fishing port. Where would it likely go?” Literally the exact instant I asked that question: “cool coastal waters are nutrient rich; these will be your world’s fishing hotspots.” Thumbs up.

[@benharris3100]

Anyone else want to comment on the "spaceship shaped ocean"?

[@aroventalmav888]

Tidally locked down under 😉

[@ruileite4579]

Its so big

[@iLOLZU42]

D I C K O C E A N

[@thalesvondasos]

@@ruileite4579 and moist

[@davilimalol4612]

それはとても良い感じ。。。

[@kayseek1248]

Good morning Artifexian, this is inter web.

[@goobertsnoobert9015]

Seb In Spaace! This unsettles every atom in my body

[@Artifexian]

:)

[@kayseek1248]

Artifexian now it’s night for me

[@vincentsvirtues2777]

Hey, Artifexian! Edgar here...

[@johnberns8917]

Sebastian Brooks-Baker how the turn tables.

[@OokileyGMR]

At first I was like: Hmm, this is pretty simple. But then I tried applying that to my map and... OH GOD

[@lexvangraaf7870]

honestly same

[@chases7896]

Heckin mood haha

[@sterlingmuse5808]

It's ok, you just need to go step by step. And ideally make sure you have a copy of your map that is NOT getting marked up, if you're doing this all on paper.

[@jtraptor7776]

fax, I started this process today

[@Belliger1991]

Now try describe it in code xD

[@5aax]

Extremely pedantic but you made a common error: cool waters are not generically nutrient rich. I wouldn't expect an area to support a large fishery just because a cold current is present. Excellent fisheries typically occur where there is upwelling bringing nutrients up from the deep ocean (which, as a byproduct, causes the water to be cold).

[@Markk4kk]

So how would this affect the distribution of nutrient rich water and fishers on the map in this video? Can they still stay in the same area or could they essentially be anywhere?

[@fdumbass]

desbair

[@gwho]

@@Markk4kk correlation =/= causation.

[@jacobthome5913]

Really good job with the El Nino and La Nina. I am the field of meteorology, and you did really well with it, explaining the mechanisms and how they form. One thing that I would have added is that the ENSO effects the whole world's weather. Trying to figure out the effects of the ENSO on a different planet would be fairly difficult though, so you did a really good job with this.

[@aroventalmav888]

Perhaps you could revisit a toroidal world with plate tectonics, wind and currents? Also how they would shift season to season.

[@Artifexian]

Unfortunately, I don't know how these work on torus worlds. It's not a thing one can easily read up on.

[@johnhooyer3101]

The interesting thing about Doctoral Theses is that they have to advance knowledge in some way...I'd imagine that you wouldn't run into much competition if you wanted write a thesis of Toroidal Planet Physics and apply literally every question Edgar ever made a video on to this particular shape.

[@norielsylvire4097]

What to do when you have an inland ocean like a really big Caspian, or a Mediterranean? And what do currents do when they encounter archipelagos?

[@Nalhek]

After doing a bit of research on this, it looks like ocean currents tend to treat Archipelagos just like any other landmasses. i.e. ocean currents don't proceed through the smaller bodies of water in between the islands. As for inland seas such as the mediterranean, it seams that the currents are much smaller, much less drastically differentiated by temperature, and much more complex. i.e., if you are building a fictional map, the distinction between warm and cold currents within an inland sea is probably something you can safely ignore.

[@Grayald]

@@Nalhek I came to the comment section specifically looking for this information. Thanks.

[@adeptusmechanicus2859]

@@Nalhek thank you from the future

[@redpanda1765]

@@Nalhek thank you a lot

[@casimiriii5941]

Would you ever callaborate with Worldbuildinɡ Notes? You ɡuys have different approaches but different in a way that I think would complemant each other.

[@Artifexian]

Definitely!

[@smartart6841]

Who i that

[@torpidGlory]

fishing hot spots arent just at cool coastal currents! theyre any place where the wind direction causes upwelling at the cost. this is when winds are parallel to the coast and ekman transport pushes the water away from the shore. in the northern hemisphere (prograde) water is pushed 90 degrees to the right of the wind direction, and in the southern hemisphere (prograde) water is pushed 90 degrees to the left of the wind direction. theres also significant upwelling along the equator and the polar front due to the winds on either side pushing water away from the equator/polar front

[@Dragrath1]

Yeah he didn't address deep water circulation at all as he said he didn't want to touch on Sea Floor Geography He should cover that in the future whenever he gets around to that but I worry he might have written that off for now (though given his completionist top down approach I expect he will eventually get to that) After all it will be extremely important for sea faring societies and aquatic life in general.

[@wstevegaming593]

I usually watch YT videos at 1.5x speed... Yeah I can't do that with Artifexian videos

[@Artifexian]

Haha! Sorry.

[@yoironfistbro8128]

Something something ibx2cat

[@MrWheelman82]

I would love a similar explanation to how you explained the ENSO, about other oscillations we have on Earth, and how to use them in worldbuilding.

[@Monothefox]

The tidaly locked part was awfully short. Maybe a subject for a separate video?

[@shanerooney7288]

I'm sure he would have covered it in a 'tidally locked planet' video. Just a guess from my part: ~ Only the sun-facing part of the ocean melts. So the only place an ocean exists is in the middle of the sun-facing half of the planet. ~ Winds blow that ocean into the funny shape. Just apply wind/current logic to a stationary body of water. I'm a little curious if the warm water from the sun side would get blown over to the night side, freeze, and then never get back. Permanent night = permafrost. Then again, the build up of snow could feed glaciers that keep feeding the oceans.

[@Tordek]

@@shanerooney7288 Water piles up in the cold side, but pressure causes it to melt again and flow back towards the warm side, would be my guess.

[@Artifexian]

There's very little written about the topic unfortunately.

[@anniebot_45-73]

@@shanerooney7288 perhaps a kind of glacial tectonics?

[@rikospostmodernlife]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/gWiynaKGqrGApqM

[@Chris-rn9zx]

Artifexian just uploaded! What is this reality?!

[@ruileite4579]

Begone *N P C*

[@Chris-rn9zx]

Rui Leite orange man bad

[@n.l.g.6401]

@@ruileite4579 The Last Jedi is a good movie.

[@scantyer]

orange fan sad

[@n.l.g.6401]

@@Chris-rn9zx Basing your online identity around neo-Nazi 4chan memes? My condolences to your future self.

[@MuzikBike]

Will there be a video on creating religions? Or different numeral systems and their advantages? I'm a fan of Base 30 and Base 210 personally

[@natqevalhiindisguise141]

AYY A FELLOW BASE-THIRTY USER

[@GoofballPaul]

I have a feeling that if he starts speaking about base 12 he will never shut up about it.

[@MuzikBike]

i mean base 30 is considerably neater than base 12, but base 210 trumps both of them imo

[@blaizecramer6052]

What about base 6 tho?

[@MuzikBike]

too simple

[@atlas_of_prescottia]

Short & to the point, easy to understand, useful both for worldbuilding & real life, in addition to pleasing visuals, narration, & background music.... This video is a 10/10.

[@grimtheghastly8878]

Well Mr. Artifexian, consider my day made.

[@Artifexian]

Glad you enjoyed. :)

[@GamesplaceBR]

Man, your channel is amazing. I was trying to make a simple world and put some story to it, create the culture and all, and after a few torn out pages and shower thoughts, I realized that it is much deeper, thats when I started to research worldbuilding. From all the initial material I gathered, yours was the most helpful, thank you! I have a bit of astronomy background and started to think about making a close to 90° axial tilt planet revolving around a binary star system, and when I got to the biomes, it led me to air and ocean currents, and I got lost in this crazy world. Your videos just shed a light in this project and also incentivating it! Big thanks, and continue with the amazing content

[@camillelune4392]

With ocean and atmospheric circulation, we can now map climates. Waiting for the next episode then.

[@Artifexian]

Not quite. But yes it's close.

[@enkiimuto1041]

@@Artifexian I'll be very disappointed with you if you make an atmosphere circulation video and not make a rasenshuriken/mizushuriken joke on the hurricanes.

[@OviD11111]

@@Artifexian I would like to second this, I am also hoping for more on mapping climates. But for the next Q&A I'd like to phrase it like so: (a) will you map the climate in your world using to the (larger categories of the) Köppen climate classification; and (b) will we see a video on biome placement? I am VERY excited for this :) In the meantime, thank you for all the amazing work you do, it is a great inspiration and invaluable. I also admire your passion :)

[@TheRavenLilian]

I love how in depth these videos are. Thank you so much.

[@pablocastilla1176]

How do the ocean currents shape how the coastline looks like? E.g. barrier islands and how they form

[@Artifexian]

I may make on video and this. But for now, I'd advocate drawing in your ocean currents and they altering your landmasses slightly to fit the ocean currents. That is, if you happened to have a boxy looking currents, curve your coastlines/shelves so you can get a more organic look gyre and a more organic looking coastline/shelve. That way your world will look like it has, to an extent, been craved by your oceans.

[@sonbulan1425]

What if there are two terrestrial planets of similar size, mass, and density in a binary system in the Goldilocks Zone (basically, two Earths)?

[@theapexsurvivor9538]

It would depend on where they are relative to each other, are they at lagrange points? Is their barycentre their orbital path, and if so are they orbiting each other at the same angle as their orbital disk or a different angle. What's their orbital period of each other relative to their orbit around their sun? I can't provide details for all or even most of these, but if, for example, they're opposite one another (L3), they will have a more powerful king tide.

[@Artifexian]

Briefly covered in one of my moon-building videos.

[@travellingToast]

I've been struggling with figuring out ocean currents for years so THANK YOU for this! Very helpful and I can finally put some sailing issues to rest...

[@codyhodges1968]

As a meteorology major, it makes me so happy to see these videos. Keep up the great work!

[@naryfonrasth]

Outstanding work! This is just what I was looking for. What would single Hadley-celled-per-hemisphere planets that have no continents, just islands, look like in terms of oceanic circulation?

[@BelieveAndFlourish]

I have learned more about Geography from watching your videos than I ever have from anything else. Your videos are astounding, and I'm very grateful for them! I can finally understand the processes behind so many aspects of Geography in the real world AND in my own worlds.

[@lilalampenschirm3203]

Artifexian, Edgar. I just wanted to say thank you. You’re producing so informative videos about a so interesting topic and btw your videos look awesome too, so probs to your animation and editing skills. And though I am not a native speaker I watch all your videos because they’re so interesting and I’m noticing that you really inform yourself about your video topics so you can explain things in a easy but still correct way.

[@Artifexian]

Aw! Thanks, pal. I appreciate you kind words. FYI more and more people have started contributing subtitles to my videos so your language might be covered. It's worth checking.

[@lilalampenschirm3203]

Artifexian Thanks for the heart.☺️ And yeah, sometimes I check subtitles for a special and important word I didn’t know, but all in all I’m understanding enough so it still helps me. And it improves my English, which is convenient because it helps me at school.

[@shalberus]

Thermohalines! Would be really good to know how those work and how landmass distribution will affect them. I think you need an ice cap for them, right? It looked like your world would have one in the north.

[@Artifexian]

So, I deliberately talk about this because although Thermohaline Circulation (Global Ocean Conveyer Belt) is important we can only really begin to map it if we have a detailed map of the topography of the ocean floor. Which is a pain and for very little benefit. Just working with wind driven surface currents gets you 99% of the way to a realistic set up with only 10% of the work.

[@Dragrath1]

@@Artifexian It becomes more important the more the ocean becomes a setting in its own-right Perhaps the easiest solution would be to take the hybrid approach where based on established surface geography you set upwelling sites and then try and find a geographical setting to fit.

[@ExploreExoplanets]

Ive been looking for a video like this for hours, thank you

[@jaytea3085]

Hey I'd love to see an entire video on tidally locked planets, similar to the video you made on donut shaped planets. I'd be interested to see how having one side perpetually locked in day time and one in night time would affect the ecosystem and evolution, and how that could apply to civilizations.

[@ormica5847]

Your videos are always so good my boi

[@RainbowFishSaysHello]

Nice! Super well explained, super concise.

[@firejragon]

Absolutely love your videos!!

[@GL-uy3fd]

The amount of knowledge you provide is simply overwhelming

[@kalez238]

Awesome! Great video as always, Edgar! I think something you might have been useful to include would have been where things like hurricanes might form and how some land mass areas might have temperatures that are warmer or cooler than expected due to these currents.

[@Artifexian]

The former is the may atmospheric circulation video that latter ... I should have explicitly stated that. :(

[@evyiennetla9416]

Wow such an awesome video! Totally new dimension in world building

[@Qwayeasn]

Awesome content, thanks so much

[@MrMrlosteruk]

This is such good geography content. Absolutely brilliant channel

[@MrAntiKnowledge]

Your channel is a treasure mine. I started researching this kind of stuff about a year ago, but the information I found was either "eh don't bother with it just use this random noise for your worlds instead" or way too detailed and complex scientific explainations for my usecase. Your videos present just the right amount of information I need for my worldbuilding endeavors :)

[@Impuu]

Thank you very much for making this!

[@Alice-gr1kb]

This was very helpful! I used this and the circulation video to map out the most likely weather and conditions in an area, as well as coral reefs and fishing areas. It got a bit confusing on the equatorial sides though.

[@SabrinaPhynn]

Thank you edgar. thank you for making this

[@Artifexian]

Sabrina, thank you for watching. I appreciate it. :)

[@Neferkariusz31]

This is exactly what I was looking for; thx!

[@indianna1549]

Saving my godsdamned life, Artifexian. Been trying to work out this stuff for weeks, thankyou.

[@Artifexian]

No probs. Glad to have helped.

[@poliestotico]

I have no interest of putting to use the knowledge I get from your videos, but I learn so much I keep on watching. Also, the exposure to your content made me desperately need that someone put all this worldbuilding knowledge to good use trying to fix the song of ice and fire world

[@milanschouten6533]

The hype when you upload it so insane

[@Artifexian]

Thanks, pal. I hope the video lived up to expectations.

[@Jellofish777]

Fantastic content. You're a godsend friend

[@casimiriii5941]

I've been checkinɡ a few times of day for a new video, I needed my fix man.

[@Artifexian]

Hope you enjoyed it.

[@cameronjosephvideos5942]

Damn it you've got such simple land masses. My map has so many islands it makes it almost impossible to figure out.

[@samhainlegge9563]

Same tho ;-;

[@Tulin258]

Just make the equatorial currents go around the islands, it is not a weird thing as one of Earth’s equatorial current kinda does it

[@theunreadyone]

I have a lot of bays which really complicates things

[@AlexArthur94]

Thanks! I've never seen ocean currents explained in such a succinct manner, and I never understood the equatorial counter currents.

[@gospideygo6061]

These are the only KZbin videos I hav to slow down to 0.75 speed because there is so much info and he talks so fast!

[@aidanwansbrough7495]

Really interesting!!

[@physicsverse450]

Made my day!

[@reysolo3672]

Thank you!

[@rvoight92]

Love your videos! Can you go into more detail on how tidal locking would effect climate?

[@theorangeninja6486]

YEET NEW ARTIFEXIAN VIDEO

[@Krakenekark]

Following this video helped me to understand what the oceanography module of my literal marine biology degree course didn't haha, thank you!

[@NorwayTracking]

Hey, wouldn’t it be kind of funny if you used your intro phrase, “hello interwebs” and then you kind of made it into a podcast? And to make it even better, you could, like, take the first letter of Hello and Interwebs and make it the picture for your podcast?

[@mariabaxter8843]

YAAAY ARTIFEXIAN

[@OverlordZephyros]

Awesome video. You do amazing research and I didn't know about it. Any chance for exoplanet atmosphere colors?

[@Artifexian]

Yes definitely. Prelim research has already been done. Stay tuned.

[@periodicfive996]

I can't wait until the holidays when I can just binge the whole series again.

[@Artifexian]

Please do. :)

[@Eric_Pham]

ALRIGHT a new video

[@dishbo]

You should definitely do a video all about tidally locked planets, would be an incredibly useful resource

[@codekillerz5392]

CAME AS SOON AS I HEARD

[@pietrocelano23]

GF: talk to me lewdly ME: _whispers in ear_ *good morning interweb, let's worldbuild* GF: _comes immediately_

[@parthiancapitalist2733]

Leftie

[@n.l.g.6401]

@@parthiancapitalist2733 Yeah, but both of you guys are opposed to authoritarianism, so you should have some common ground to work with rather than being a huge, inflammatory doofus, right?

[@parthiancapitalist2733]

N. L. G. At least I actually support property instead of hippie sharing wealth bullshit

[@n.l.g.6401]

@@parthiancapitalist2733 Hey it's cool, misunderstanding the difference between personal and private property is a pretty common mistake. Took me a while to sort it out myself, tbh.

[@MrSeropamine]

This video flows pretty well

[@CaptainManaFruit]

Artifexian is that you?! My God sweet! I've been following your videos and it has really helped me in building not only my world, but also my galaxy. I have two major questions: How would having two major moons effect the tides and how to properly plot them on a retrograde world without blowing them to smithereens? And two, would there ever be a review on the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification System how it would work on planets? I know that there are a crap ton, but how would we best use it for world building purposes?

[@S1lva139]

Really hoping that you would go more into tidally locked planets, and habitable moons been trying wrap my head round one for awhile now trying to build one for a dnd game. You've been a massive help for inspiration and getting a lot of odd ideas. I'm curios about if a habitable moon rotated around its planet if the ocean would move around the planet and help keep a constant temp. Where was the world building thing at the start as opposed to all your other vids btw? Keep em up man :)

[@MalekiRe]

I'm on a mission to collect favs/hearts from my favorite youtubers and given that you rank in my top 5 I would LOVE it if you would plz give me a heart. P.S. Did you skip over Planet Crust Composition or are you going to come back to that?. P.S.S. I check your channel ever day for new vids, they are exactly what I want for worldbulding.

[@bobbob5255]

Are you ever going to expand into worldbuilding cities, societies and maybe even what organisms will look like?

[@daniel_rossy_explica]

He said a bunch of times already that he works in a top-down way. So, the micromanagment that you are asking for is, and I quote, "literally years" away.

[@Artifexian]

Yes, eventually but it is a long way off. Please be patient. I am but one dude.

[@casimiriii5941]

Bob Bob you could always check out worldbuildinɡ notes for some ɡood old bottom up approach. I like both, I dabble, I'm a dabbler.(but seriously her channel is really ɡood and you should definitely check it out if you haven't already)

[@bobbob5255]

Thanks for the recommendation

[@shanerooney7288]

Who would teach me more about ocean currents? 1) Years of schooling, years of wondering the internet, reading lots of sci-fi books, and having a passing interest in general knowledge. 2) A 6 minute video about world-building fictional planets.

[@VulcanTrekkie45]

So how do you end up with long non-gyre currents? The North Atlantic Drift off Norway comes to mind.

[@Artifexian]

All currents are gyres, if they weren't the water would just pile up in one location. Have a look at a map of Earth's currents and you'll see the N.A.D is in fact part of a gyre.

[@VulcanTrekkie45]

@@Artifexian I see that now. The other question I had though is from looking at the gyres especially in the southern hemisphere. It seems that there's only one gyre in the South Atlantic where your model predicts two. Same in the Indian Ocean, the South Pacific, and to some extent the North Atlantic too. How's that work?

[@Dragrath1]

@@VulcanTrekkie45 I think it has to do with the Thermohaline circulation which is the mechanism responsible for the formation of deep water currents. The mechanism works because when sea water either turns into a solid or a gas the salt is left behind leaving the water with a higher concentration of salt which by density makes the water heavier as sea salt is denser than water alone. And as some water sinks other water will be forced to rise resulting in upwelling zones which will be other major fishing zones as the upwelling water is nutrient rich compared to the already depleted surface waters. (For instance the Gulf of Mexico which is a major upwelling zone in the Atlantic basin. The Thermohaline circulation is primarily driven by freezing sea water but there are a few places like the Mediterranean Sea where Evaporation drives up salt concentrations but there you have the temperature of the water somewhat canceling out or opposing the tendency for sinking making it less likely.

[@maxwchase]

A note on how things can get fiddly with changing parameters: as you noted in Seasonbuilding, simulations of various axial tilts showed a net annual heat flow from the poles to the equator at tilts above 54 degrees. With that in mind, given a high axial tilt, the temperatures of the currents would work differently from the examples in this video, for at least part of the year. I think?

[@madmelon9993]

Dude your a lifesaver

[@Nalothisal]

... when I built my currents, I had a few hot spots made where a warm current was directly clashing with the cold. I thought about fixing it but figured I would keep them to create a more interesting area for potentially large storms to be formed here. I'm wondering if that would be immersion breaking.. *edit* So I did some fixes and found that there were several areas that I would call super storm hot spots. So things like hurricanes and tropical storms are incredibly prevalent in these areas.

[@LocalMemeFarmer]

I was making a map just now and thought "I bet Artifexian has done a video on ocean currents," and wouldn't you know. Thanks o/

[@MikeMartGames]

How did I not see this video until now!?

[@kenedyg.4509]

Do you think you could do a video that goes into a little more detail with tidally locked planets? Not just the environment but also what life might be like.

[@corvus_da]

Thank you so much for your videos, they help a lot! I'm working on a world which has a big mid-oceanic ridge, with a LOT of islands (so it must be pretty close to the surface). Would it affect the currents like a continental shelf, or would they pass through unhindered? Or something in between (weak gyres)?

[@abigail890]

It might take a while to work your way up to it, but I'd be interested in whatever you have to say about currency systems.

[@lifeofanauthor8630]

Q&A Question = What is a good fuel source for spaceships and space guns in a basic sci-fi setting?

[@-.-3772]

When will you be getting back to your conlang videos? I look forward to that eagerly. Do you plan on ever making videos on creating cultures, religions, societies/political systems, etc.? Will you make a video about river systems (and their effects on the surrounding geographicy, etc.)? What about a video detailing specifically how and why different biomes are formed?

[@Zhranzagul]

Was gonna comment something about spaceship shaped oceans but then I saw how stunningly handsome you look today and that kinda usurped theme of the message

[@Artifexian]

Haha! A haircut and a shave goes a long way.

[@sully9767]

A few questions: Would the same principles apply with other liquids? Like methane seas on Titan, etc. Could Enso events get permanently stuck in their loops? At what axial tilt would this system break down, if at all? Would a planet spinning at Tilt ≈ 90° still follow this pattern or would we need something else to model the gyres? Last of all (I swear) Could heat generated from sufficiently large tectonic events alter gyres without creating landmasses to do so?

[@omicron3869]

What is your favorite sound change?

[@Gibbons3457]

How would this work on a planet with an accel tilt of 60 degrees plus? So that the poles are tropical and the equator is artic.

[@codyhodges1968]

Would love to see another (maybe smaller) video on the other effects of the ENSO cycle.

[@Artifexian]

It's unlikely I'll make such a video as there are already a lot of ENSO related videos.

[@moonbender95]

I was going to say the first was unrealistic, until I checked the ENSO phenomena and saw the equatorial gyres.

[@Artifexian]

I mean look at Earth...for the most part it sticks to my rules.

[@moonbender95]

@@Artifexian yeah, I thought they don't exist, until El Niño starts. Also, the equatorial gyres don't align with the equator so... You can't blame me hahahaha... BTW nice video. I was looking forward for this after you've discussed the atmosphere and others. It really helped me a lot. Thank you :)

[@nicholasfolk5582]

I’ve been wondering for a while why all the world-building resources depict the currents as alternating AT the different pressure bands, whereas if you look at how the currents work on earth, they seem to only alternate at the equator, then almost to the 60 degree band, then just above that. I might be overthinking, but it feels like my worlds aren’t very realistic when they just aren’t doing what an actual planet would do.

[@CalebJMartin]

Is there a video about the formation of currents in a lake? The world I'm currently working one not only involves a lot of glaciation (So lakes and fjords galore), but has one enormous lake more than three times larger than the Mediterranean Sea.

[@gwho]

i love this. i always wanted to understand the principles behind the currents on a general level for other landmasses, not just memorize the one we have for earth and not understand why by the way, what determines how many cells there are?

[@Mark_Jonas]

Rotation sowed (faster means more)

[@deltainfinium869]

Will there ever be a video about how introducing magic abilities into a world will affect culture and development? Weather magic is common or rare, how that affects things, etc.?

[@josephengel2091]

Artifexian, I wonder if you could do a world building video on considerations for a world with an eccentric orbit?

[@lukesmith8896]

I have used this video at least 4 times, Unfortunately I have never not abandoned a project, hopefully this one works out

[@quentinlewis1874]

Q&A Submission: Regarding atmospheric circulation, did you find or see anything about the exact locations of cell boundaries with regard to rotation speed? Say, for example, a planet has an 18 hour day. Still in the "earth-like" regime so there should be 3 cells, but wheere should the boundaries be? Due to the faster rate we should expect the cell boundaries to retreat closer to the equator/poles, but at what lattitudes? Did you see anything on that? In theory the best place to look would be wherever your section on how many cells/rotation rate came from, but you didn't list that source in the video desc

[@ossi_2429]

Hey Edgar! Not sure if you already brought this up, but are you planning on doing any videos on biology? Like how to design species, ecosystems, etc?

[@deadknight1402]

How do you achieve a desired bond albedo? Do you work and rework your current surface composition until eventually you get what you want, or is there a special method we don't know?

[@minecrafttutorialsandhaxfo1735]

you kind of just have to mess with it

[@Hecatonicosachoron]

I'm reading the papers in the description and they are quite interesting, do you have some more links for ocean circulation in an ocean world??

[@rabbitspliff]

Red carries warm water from equatorial to polar latitudes. Blue carries cool water from polar to equatorial latitudes. Makes more sense than "higher" and "lower" latitudes, which only pertain to a single hemisphere.

[@theapexsurvivor9538]

Except numerically latitudes start at zero at the equator, so whether you head north or south, polar is higher, equatorial is lower...

[@Artifexian]

"Higher" and "Lower" are the correct terms to use. Equator is 0º and the poles are 90º N and S.