Optimising an Air Engine

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[@TomStantonEngineering]

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[@TheKnexMaker]

I tried to email you, but no reply. I want to make a magnetic launch like your airplane launcher, but I want to use it for my model roller coasters. wonders if you could send me the reserch sources or any info or tips.

[@xmysef4920]

I believe this type of engine is called a ”head-valve” engine. It’s so interesting how incredibly simple it is and that it’s used in co2 plane and airhogs planes engines! (basically engines that have the piston hit the valve)

[@heinrighbeukes6010]

@Tom, good work on the engine design and printing. As for the Formlabs printer, I recommend you print the cylinder barrel slightly under by 0.1mm then use a sized rheem to get it to the correct size but remember to use rotate the rheem backward otherwise, you'll crack the resin print. (have made many smooth formlabs printed cylinders now)

[@berkelek]

Could you try to make it inline 4 or 6 ????

[@GenBumbleBee]

been watching for 6 years now. happy to u got a air hogs. every time u uploaded i would "get a air hogs" it would make the build easier to understand.

[@judechandler5102]

This series is an internet treasure. I can't wait to see where it ends up. Please never stop having ridiculous ideas about using compressed air for propulsion.

[@Doribi117]

I'd argue not a ridiculous idea, just difficult to pull off in an efficient manner

[@jonslg240]

It definitely is super awesome He should try getting the compressed air by using heat from gasoline or a fuel oil.. 😉

[@IronGoober]

Tom is my hero

[@jonslg240]

@@Doribi117 something can be ridiculous and awesome at the same time =p This wasn't even his idea, it was someone else's..he is just improving on it =p

[@chandlerknight-dl3uv]

Connect a really long hose to a ground vehicle with the air supply!😁😁😁😁

[@secondengineer9814]

Awesome to see the clear piston/chamber! Also, the methodology of using the syringe to pour the silicone was a really smart fix!

[@MisterFizz]

Agreeeeeeeeeeeed !

[@privatepilot4064]

First rule of thumb. If you’re going to launch your model airplane into a field with only one branch, the plane will always gravitate to that branch. It’s a law.

[@averitiamiku]

If you are going to let an object gain motion and preferably travel through air with no real influence from the ground, any object that isn't grass will gravitationally attract it

[@lilguilty]

Same goes for model rockets

[@robertrainford301]

I flew the original airhog in a field in Pennsylvania USA. The kids I wowed are now adults. I kept the carcass of that plane to showcase energy storage and transfer in my science classes. You really have done us a huge service dissecting and improving what you’ve uncovered! Thank you so much for your persistence!

[@DrenImeraj]

Would be interesting to replace the metal pin with a screw and see how adjusting the length of the pin affects the performance

[@giovanefortuna]

Or create a cylinder head with screw to adjust height

[@PedroGarcia-fl1fu]

maybe an Idea? firstly you could increase the piston total movement (increasing chamber/cylinder length), when piston is going down and reach in middle of chamber the piston also reach in the chamber roles, releasing the air pressure and after that this roles will close (maybe using more rubber valves) and the piston will continue its movement going down, at this moment it will create a vacuum in the chamber when piston reach on bottom of cylinder helping the piston up again with vacuum in the chamber, this could create more power?

[@wololo10]

yes it would be like ajdusting your camshafts

[@Rebar77_real]

Or notching back a steam engine's reverser.

[@user-io2mk5ki2b]

@@PedroGarcia-fl1fu kzbin.info/www/bejne/kHzYlqmnaa9nd80

[@michaeljirava8404]

An aircraft motor factory and aviation research center combined into one person. Impressive dedication and ingenuity. Wish you the best Tom, never stop!

[@Judas1911WR1]

if he can simplify his design and make a "toy-plane-air-engine" made out of items you can find at home like a 2liter pepsi bottle he could sell those "kits"

[@_..-.._..-.._]

Crazy to think how little thrust you’d get by simply letting the air shoot out of the bottle through a jet nozzle, but through the miracle of science, it’ll make a ton of thrust for minutes on end. Very amazing! I’m impressed.

[@statementleaver8095]

Requires reservoir bottle for Exhaust return 🤔🤔🤔 Run time increase due to Return to source instead of vent to Atmosphere.

[@wildesage4172]

I often think about this as it relates to modern ICEs. You can push a few thousand pounds more than a hundred miles with just a few gallons of gas. That's crazy.

[@-Pkji-]

crazy ?

[@OOICU812]

@@-Pkji-crazy amazing.

[@funnyberries4017]

everything in the world is reliant on shapes and geometry

[@EvanAndKatelyn]

Engineering is so freaking cool 🙌

[@xmysef4920]

Very fun too :)

[@therubberniton2170]

thats why i want to do it lol

[@yvan2218]

I'd love to see the original engineers of the toy plane react to this vid and see if they had the same issues or discoveries as you did!

[@danolver913]

I bet they wouldn't believe a (dare I say) hobbyist at home 3D printing his own computer designs and reviewing the slow motion footage to improve it. Technology ❤ no disrespect Tom you and your content is very professional but I feel you aim for the hobbyist vibe!

[@OliverReinhard]

Wouldn’t be too surprised to learn that the original design was also done by hobbyists!

[@TwitchyMofo]

I really do hope someone from that team sees this video. I agree it would be amazing to see the discussion on the airhog design.

[@Pomaufour]

​@@danolver913well he is studying engineering right ? So ofc it's a hobby. I definitely was not doing that on the side when I studied engineering.

[@malloott]

​@@danolver913judging by the fact this was first released in the mid 90's they probably didn't use any computer to design this and just did hand drawn designs and calculations like almost everything back then.

[@ytrichardsenior]

I am a British gen x engineer. I have to say you are great. Your content is great generally. Your delivery, editing, choice of project... every detail... but mostly it's your infectious tenacity and dilligence. Thank you for being a highlight in my youtube playlist. More power to your elbow!

[@bisopbisopbisop]

+1

[@ChrisHarmon1]

Wow i was not expecting the first jump in performance and then the second jump also blew me away. Love the use of resin printing as well, amazing what a $200 machine can produce these days.

[@one_of_gojos_simps6286]

try more like 2000$ , but yeah still a really low price compared to most industrial grade ones

[@Mister_Mike]

I have been watching your videos for quite some time, and it's amazing to see your persistency and how far you've gone, great job!! Excited to see a plane working with it!

[@Nighthawkinlight]

3d printing is good for a lot of things, but a low friction piston cylinder is not one of them. You should design a piston and housing that fits a standard diameter glass or acrylic tube for the cylinder.

[@TomStantonEngineering]

I've bought some acrylic tubes for this exact reason! I couldn't find any 12mm inside diameter tubes (diameter of my current seal design), so I ran out of time to re-design and mold new seals. But I will definitely experiment with the acrylic tubes for the 'aircraft worthy' engine!

[@rbuddsdiy]

​@@TomStantonEngineeringmaybe something similar to the glass tube/graphite pistons from a company called Airpot. I got a free sample years ago to try and make a Sterling (Stirling?) engine and the fit and low friction is outstanding.

[@daveycmusic]

@@TomStantonEngineeringwould steel tubing work? You can get seamless hydraulic tube with 12mm ID

[@vihreelinja4743]

@@TomStantonEngineering Better option is to use a conical cylinder. and MACHINING. 3d printing is FAR AWAY from precision. as you stated there are air engines already in the market. why try to re invent the wheel since 3d printing will never have enough precision for something like this.

[@VulpisFoxfire]

@@vihreelinja4743 On the one hand, note that even with his techniques, he's still improved over the engine on the market multiple times. On the other, imagine combining his techniques with their production quality...

[@1123pawel]

There is a lot to learn from this video. I especially liked the silicone moulding process and the R&D of the seal. Very rewarding to see it work better and better with each iteration.

[@RcAircraft]

I am glad you have returned to this project as I enjoyed your previous attempts. So much looking forward to seeing the model you will make for this project. 👍

[@CFHoneyBadger]

This is now one of my favorite videos on KZbin. It scratched that itch of designing and refining so perfectly. I loved watching this process. Keep up the great work!

[@FPVenius]

Dude... I love the way you break things down, show your process, analyze your "failures" (more like steps along the path forward,) and diagram things along the way. It's truly inspiring stuff.

[@woody3dp436]

It's already been 4 years I made a 4 cylinder remix of your engine, and it's still an enjoyment to see you improving your design and sharing it. Thank you very much for everything.

[@greggv8]

Try making a compressed air version of a double or triple expansion steam engine. Those used pistons of increasing size and flowed the steam exhaust from one cylinder to the next to capture more of the power of the expanding steam.

[@TM450FI]

@@greggv8turbo in a nutshell lol

[@pilotavery]

@@TM450FI no, it would be more like the equivalent of running one of these engines off the extra air pressure coming out your tailpipe

[@itzFYEB]

how did you solve the problem created by the single sided crankshaft? did you use a traditional big end on the con rod or did you make a radial engine?

[@itzFYEB]

@@greggv8 there might not be sufficient pressure to allow for multiple cylinders, steam engines used these kinds of cylinders due to the fact that they had very high pressure and stroke lenghts that would allow for a limited amount of pressure difference between TDC and BDC.

[@AnotherFreakingDude]

That slow-mo footage is incredibly high quality, always a good day when Tom uploads another compressed air video.

[@billbates7810]

I had one of the early air hog planes similar to the one in the video. I think your video, research & development are really superb, I haven’t seen 3D printing in a “hobby” sense used to such exacting measures. God bless, Bill.

[@ColinRichardson]

Absolutely LOVING these research and development episodes.. I absolutely love that you got hold of the original designs from decades ago, and then smashed the record of it using lessons from their own design.. It does make me wonder if the seal inside the 25 year old box has over-hardened over all that time so is not working as well as it did new.

[@charleshartlaub3725]

I'd love to tell you the story of designing the airhogs, the engine and how long it took to perfect it. That seal was a breakthru to achieve consistency in production. The spring was equally important. keep up the good work.

[@CFox.7]

you were involved ?

[@chevyinlinesix]

I hope he sees your comment.

[@JordansDroid]

Following hoping he sees this

[@onedimensionaldave8147]

Interesting 👀

[@Zepdos]

Were you part of the design team for air hogs?

[@thqp]

Very interesting to see the whole build process behind this engine!

[@clayballard6400]

I’ve been watching this project since the start and I have to say it’s been awesome seeing you progress it. Thanks for the awesome content!

[@GoofballPaul]

YYEEEEESSSSSS this is one of my favourite series on youtube! I love to see the development of a technology unfold in front of my eyes! Keep it up! 👀 With the performance of the older engines I felt like a model that more or less flies in a straight line is all that could ever be achieved, but this new design’s insane performance gives me hopes of one day seeing you put RC controls on it and being able to actually maneuver it! And there’s still the possibility of putting more bottles for longer runtime, seeing if it can withstand more than 60 psi... eheheh I drool at the possibilities.

[@1123pawel]

Orgasmic engineering!

[@macswanton9622]

at some point a pressure regulator might be the biggest hurdle

[@1123pawel]

@@macswanton9622 I'm sure Tom can come up with a neat design for an adjustable pressure regulator.

[@haulngrassracing]

I found myself giggling with the efficiency numbers of the new engines because I couldn’t believe how efficient you have made these. Congratulations and well done. Looking forward to the next video.

[@limpingcow]

Bloody brilliant work. Also a great example of the iterative process. A lot of engineers who come out of projects, struggle with iteration. I think this is a great example of how reflection and research get you closer and closer to the optimal solution. The key is not allowing previous failures to discourage further iterations.

[@nicgurkweitz389]

I used to have one of those air hogs when I was a kid and honestly didn't understand it too much because I didn't have much of a thought between my ears back then but I was really surprised on how well you explained it all and I really want to see you build a plane for this! This is looks so cool! Thank you for all your hard work and data!

[@rccrazer]

I genuinely treasure these videos and hearing that old airhogs sound again is great. I'm amazed at your improvements over this design and love seeing how your designs have actually been original! Please don't stop. I want to see how far this can go!

[@nick_riviera]

I admire your resilience and passion to keep pushing and looking for better and more efficient options!

[@chandlerknight-dl3uv]

Connect a really long hose to a ground vehicle with the air supply!😁

[@bisopbisopbisop]

+1

[@burgundyknight6826]

Oh wow, has it been that many years. Really love watching how your designs evolve.

[@Billiegoose]

I had one of those Air Hogs toys as a kid! And I've loved watching your journey to recreate and improve on the air engine!

[@eric1393]

So excited to see one of your air powered planes really flying! Love this series!

[@neilsawhney7182]

I remember watching your initial air engine designs which largely influenced my choice to major in mechanical engineering. 5 years later and stuff like this still excites and inspires me, can't thank you enough.

[@jazz1on]

Yes please - more. Always thinking and trying, great work.

[@mickv7545]

Good job on improving the engine, it's amazing to see your progress!

[@karyjas1]

Wtf, thats like the thing that i wanted to see most for months. Thank you so much! This is my favorite content of which there isnt much. And you is how i found out what my favorite content is - optimisation, upgrading of designs + pneumatic and weird engines

[@BensMiniToons]

I've spent most of my life wanting to understand the Air Hogs air piston motor. It pops into my mind from time to time for the last 30 years. Amazing work! Seeing yours work puts my mind at rest. Thank you.

[@jamesgeorge4874]

Back in the 80's, in the US, the "Air Jammer" compressed air powered car was my favorite toy, it utilized a cam lobe to activate the intake valve (a ball) , attaching a thick washer to the output gear, resulted in slightly slower speeds, but much longer run time. Cool vid.

[@theinspector1023]

Splendid.Excellent r&d! You really throw your heart and soul (and, I suspect, quite a lot of dosh) into your projects. Thank you.

[@julias-shed]

I’m impressed with the engineering that went into the original toy. Kudos for getting nearly 5x efficiency that’s incredible 😀

[@sygnusadun4832]

This has been a wild ride of a channel watching you R&D this project phase after phase. Glorious.

[@hkstrongside]

Man, I really enjoy your videos. Awesome work!

[@JoshHenderson16]

I'm not a massive gearhead or anything but I do so look forward to a Tom Stanton video dropping. It's such a perfect formula of sound chap breaks down relatively complex principles in a fun and absorbable way. And no KZbiny bells and whistles (obtrusive adds, shoutiness, OMG faces, overwrought camera work etc) Legend!

[@squishysheep5862]

Amazing! I think you should make a version where the piston is much smaller, increasing the run time significantly. Then, you can cut the engine weight down by making the walls thinner and using ribs and whatnot. Once you have an engine that has a long run time and is very light, you can make a plane out of light materials such as balsa wood and mylar. Then tune the plane and try and get it to fly for 2 minutes!

[@parkeropatz-johnson9124]

Amazing work bro I've loved your air engines since the start it amazing to see you make such I big jump in progress keep up the good work

[@patrickdoyle6519]

I can't tell you how pleased I am with my KZbin algorithm today. So glad I "stumbled" on to your video today. Shared with friends I knew would appreciate it just as much. Cheers!

[@ethanhermsey]

I honestly didn't think this project would get this far, those are some amazing results!

[@J4R3D_07]

11:49 "It's my first time"

[@CortexSashimi]

Thats just beautiful man- Thanks for sharing this with all of us.

[@Lumencraft-]

You sure put a lot of work into these videos Tom! Thanks for sharing

[@duanewente457]

This makes me miss my old Air Hogs plane, they were so much fun! Great detailed breakdown, same tactics I use while creating medical equipment. Keep up the great work!

[@zenmark42]

I love your channel. You opened up a brand new toy from the 90s, took high speed photography of it's inner workings in operation, disassembled it, cast it's parts, published the findings of using it's methodology... I love how you're bringing out the forgotten engineering work people did and making what theoretically anyone could do... available for us all.

[@ryanrehfuss]

Hi Tom, you might consider glancing at the piston heads used in airsoft cylinders. They use pressure to expand standard-sized nitrile o-rings outward which delivers very good sealing and high speed/cycle wear life. The design tolerances around the o-ring would need altering because existing designs only seal while the piston slides in the forward (for your engines, upward) direction. Not sure it's applicable for your engine but it does its job very well.

[@Killin_365]

I had that exact model as a child. Thank You for the Nostalgia Bait. 😊

[@redheathan1386]

I don’t ever look for his videos but when they pop up I’m so captivated by what he’s doing and how that I never can skip them. I live watching and learning.

[@alexpym8216]

It would definitely be worth trying an offset crankshaft to optimise power and efficiency on the piston downstroke.

[@alexchapman7157]

this is the first video of yours ive seen. Had me subscribed in the first 3 mins. Looking forward to following your content!

[@chaseman113]

omg that was my favorite toy growing up. Thanks for playing with it.

[@willmorr]

Very cool build! In addition to all the obviously fascinating engineering, I love how you label your graphs with outlined pictures of the motors instead of just text. It's a small detail (that I may steal) which really helps to make the data clear and follow-able.

[@weeliano]

I just simply love the step by step iterations you did to make the compressed air engine even better and also resorting to reverse engineer the original air hogs motor to get the highest efficiency. The thought process and the steps that goes into making this compressed air motor is extremely interesting to watch! Can't wait for the motor to fly! Great work Tom!

[@apollow4153]

Awesome stuff! Very impressive that so much was self made in these projects🔥

[@terradaktill1179]

I think these are really cool! I used to watch these awhile back and was amazed and I was very happy to see that they are still being made

[@GuitarSamurai17]

The amount of pure dopamine I receive from watching you make the engine more efficient and present it in such an understandable way is shocking but well done Tom excellent progress on the engine and really clever upgrades I absolutely love it

[@richuar]

The reason your original 40 shore seals were so hard to remove from the mould is that it’s a polyurethane resin being poured into a polyurethane resin mould so the materials actually want to bond to each other! You need to use a release agent on the mould to create a barrier between the materials or instead of using 40 shore PU material use a 40 shore silicone like RTV 240 or T4

[@longonbon9676]

Good point!

[@gebhardt244]

Great that you came Back to that Projekt.

[@rinshoragnarshid6162]

This is so cool. I am glad you have found some awesome solutions!

[@Londrino]

Having been a follower of the air engine saga from the beginning, it's pretty cool to see the massive improvement that happened after going back to the source. The real lessons were inside -us- airhogs all along.

[@Corrodias]

What cruel irony that he practically re-invented the original design before getting ahold of one. But, oh well, at least it was fun.

[@AerialWaviator]

Tom has gone full circle, re-inventing what had be forgotten, or unknown to him. This not unlike the real world, where NASA is reinventing technologies to land humans on the Moon again after more than 50 years.

[@iDubbbzTV]

optimizing down to the smallest details is incredibly satisfying. thank you tom

[@tekrit3249]

When are you gonna throw down with the candyman?

[@Fred-jc7rc]

beautiful that he innovated his own design while incorrectly replicating the airhogs one.

[@Tyler_18_]

Didn’t know you watch this channel

[@ryannebrich9869]

I’m glad we share the same intrests

[@Ardeact]

wtf Ian actually willing to learn stuff?

[@avoirdupois1]

I enjoy the way Tom shows his iterative process for solving engineering challenges.

[@elmzsni]

Awesome to see the progress and R&D; great content!

[@fredrikcarlen3212]

This is impressive! Like really impressive! Experimenting with multi cylinder engines would be cool. I'll bet a V-twin version of this would be sick!

[@TrollingAround]

Multiple cylinders will multiply the: A: Thrust (is good) B: Friction (is bad) C: Other Losses (is bad) E: Air consumption (is bad depending on point A) F: Coolness (is COOL!) Feel free to comment on point D!

[@asdaneedsfunds]

It will also go some way to eliminate the requirement for the flywheel to create the cylinder compression, since the other cylinder can now provide that. Unfortunately a V2 would probably be a bit unreliable (especially on a plane) because the ball valve is sealed by gravity as well as pressure - although maybe the effect of gravity isn't very much given the high pressure air pushing the ball out? Either way, I'd vote for an inline 2 engine.

[@TrollingAround]

@@asdaneedsfunds - 2x Inline = 2x COOL!

[@TakeNoShift]

@@asdaneedsfunds Wouldn't you still want a flywheel? Stores energy for the compression stroke, helps keep the engine running smoother. I wouldn't eliminate the flywheel, I would just adjust the weight of it until you get peak efficiency.

[@jttech44]

@@TrollingAround Double expansion makes it worth it. Steam engines used this technique, works on air engines too. Basically you just run a second engine optimized for lower pressure and feed it off the exhaust of the first engine. You're not consuming additional air, friction is still fairly minimal, and you extract way more power because your two cylinders are tuned to run at the pressures they'll normally see. Only real downside is complexity.

[@Grebogoborp]

It’s always cool to see people who devote immense amounts of time and effort into such completely niche topics purely for their own enjoyment

[@ramble7717]

its so satisfying seeing how much better each iteration is

[@user-nm1gh1gc4j]

its so satisfying seeing how much better each iteration is. its so satisfying seeing how much better each iteration is.

[@theawesomebrick]

It’s so easy to get caught up in one half of the R&D process that you completely forget about and neglect the other. This video is a good reminder of the strides you can make when you remember to stop and do a little more research, or a couple more iterations. On a different note, I’m very interested in seeing how much further you can improve the engine! The Air Hogs design is likely optimized for mass production rather than performance, so there’s probably many strides you can make on that front. It’d be interesting to see the effect of adjusting bore&stroke measurements, but that’d be a lot of printing… I’m sure there’s probably some equation for that somewhere 😊

[@user-db2oo6wj2d]

You do a fantastic job creating these animations. Great video Tom!. Congratulations on your engineering successes. Those last graphs entered beast mode .

[@christianmcbain810]

Man childhood memories unlocked!!! That exact airhogs airplane taught me how cylinder engines work when I was a child.

[@mungtor]

Pretty cool. About 40 years ago, my brother and I had some toys called the Air Jammer Road Rammer made by a company called Tomy. You would use the included pump to pressurize a tank on the car, and then give it a push and off it went. We spent hours upon hours jumping it down the kitchen step or who knows what else. Thanks for the cool content (and the memory).

[@michaelmaloy6378]

I remember those! Never had one, but I remember that the commercial's tune was a bit of an earworm. LOL Thanks for the memory! :D

[@tommccallister]

I think this is my favourite video on the channel so far. I love the thought process you go through on these neat projects.

[@jghanson25]

I love that you are revisiting this. Easily my favorite series of yours to follow. I’m excited to see what you end up finding in the end.

[@MrSullyTheKnight]

First video I have seen from you. Wow, honestly intriguing beyond words. Was not expecting to be so interested in your work when I randomly stumbled across it.

[@bananasandbass]

This is awesome Tom! I love to see the development process

[@austiwawa]

You do a fantastic job creating these animations. Great video Tom!

[@vne5195]

I appreciate the tremendous amount of work that went into producing this video. We are fortunate to have your content.

[@jerrymcarthur2062]

what a great video and never would have suspected the airhogs had some decent engineering behind them!

[@guilhermechirigatti3065]

Very good! Congratulations! I'm already imagining a new version of the twin-cylinder engine with opposed cylinders!

[@Enderbro3300]

This is so cool!! I love seeing the whole development process and everything!

[@watermelon5521]

Wow, it is so satisfying seeing your engines improve so much!

[@Turnaround_]

Have always loved watching How It Made, and I absolutely adore the sound of the engine - thanks for entertaining a layman 😎

[@shady123x]

Congratulations Tom. You were able to make this new piston better in so many ways. This really does show that the simpler, the better.

[@davidhayes3257]

"Too many moving parts" is a real thing!

[@coryman125]

I could genuinely watch these videos all day. Something about carefully iterating an engine like this is so viscerally satisfying, and seeing how slight changes result in huge developments is so rewarding. Plus they just sound cool too!

[@chigeryelam4061]

Really interesting to see you work through this process.

[@sharpie0226]

When you picked up the air shark my days as a young tyke in the 90s. Major nostalgia

[@hvip4]

I love it, you make the R&D part so interesting. Looking forward to seeing it fly 😊

[@Zac.J]

Love this little series on air powered engines! It's crazy how far you've taking them!

[@bisopbisopbisop]

+1

[@tomadevil1]

I have been following the iterations of your air engines and also wondered about the limits of this type of propulsion. I would love to see you perfecting the base idea, then seeing how far can choosing the best materials and manufacturing techniques can take you. As others have suggested, I would also use acrylic for the cylinder and perhaps for the piston too. I know it involves using a lathe but I think the gains will be great. If I may, I would like to suggest that you use a solid but low friction connecting method between the conrod and crank shaft, ie. 3D printed parts with brass inserts perhaps? Then, you could focus on cutting weight off from the moving parts, if you have time of course :) When is your next video coming out? All the best!

[@mgjk]

when I was little I tried making slotcar tires by moulding household silicone in a mould made of wax... the result worked but it was messy with air bubbles. I've never seen the technique you've shown, interesting... I thought I needed a bell jar to pull this off. Your results are awesome.

[@imageingredients8110]

This has been such a great series, I remember watching it when it was brand new. Seeing how much these engines have improved, and now in this latest video the huge gains made using a new seal and other new design elements, has been really fun. I really love that you ended up going towards a seal design that turned out to be pretty similar to the original Air Hogs engine without ever having seen it. I'd love to see more work done to reduce the friction in the engine, but I think that's probably the hardest part. You could manually sand things, but I think a vibratory tumbler could work really well with the right media.