You can see the crab being put back in to the ocean at 4:08
@karensmith60745 жыл бұрын
Lol it's chasing that harvester for another ride
@ILoveCat035 жыл бұрын
Mr Krabs looks like he needs new oysters for his Krabby patties
@izzy-monkey71126 жыл бұрын
This guy is the only narrator I want on how it's made
@budmeister6 жыл бұрын
What about the woman with the annoying-ass Canadian accent?
@cademancaden6 жыл бұрын
Agreed. I like him.
@char_shine6 жыл бұрын
i really like the narrator with the british accent, but this dude is good too.
@tomblanco41066 жыл бұрын
He IS how it's made!!!
@honeylyn48936 жыл бұрын
Tom Blanco I like How To Basic to Narrate this
@coolerthanafrieza47263 жыл бұрын
The fact that humans went through trial and error to find a method such as this is insanely impressive
@user-ho9pd2zp8n3 жыл бұрын
impressive but also, why?
@VineFynn3 жыл бұрын
They probably didn't, likely someone ate a raw oyster out of hunger, and then we've harvested wild ones until marine biologists figured out enough about their lifecycle that they could be farmed reliably
@indigo00863 жыл бұрын
Economies of scales is a gift to all mankind.
@_labacanitaz6 жыл бұрын
"they act like miniature adults and stay put." and people wanna say i'm lazy. nah , bruh ive just spritually been an oyster my whole life
@gutenman71125 жыл бұрын
Im an adult responsible oyster
@briancooley87774 жыл бұрын
Me TOO
@artjoeyjameslarena79533 жыл бұрын
@@gutenman7112 and more stable
@chrispyy92946 жыл бұрын
3:47 me trying to fit in
@Hunter-dg6ix5 жыл бұрын
😅😅
@pepperxwx96325 жыл бұрын
Chrispyy XDDDDDDD
@annedrieck73163 жыл бұрын
🦀🦀🦀
@baronvonkaiser99123 жыл бұрын
felt. but dont worry. society wants you to conform to their cookie cutter set up. be yourself and revel in the fact that your not like everyone else. because you cant extraordinary by just being ordinary.
@SoN4a2ba0G0n6 жыл бұрын
"There are fields, Neo, endless fields where oysters are no longer born... they are grown."
@hinokamikagura25804 жыл бұрын
😂😂😂
@ahoorakia3 жыл бұрын
where do they get the oyster seed to grow?!
@cademancaden6 жыл бұрын
This is actually fascinating
@floraguilar606 жыл бұрын
Cademan Caden hell yeah!! Earth is magic
@leviburns895 жыл бұрын
I found this to be amazing, I had absolutely no idea.
@briancooley87774 жыл бұрын
Ikr. I had no idea they had shells even when they were babies they are so cute lol
@Borger39414 жыл бұрын
Indeed
@trickntreat14 жыл бұрын
1:12 Never thought i would see an oyster nutting 😂
@nyahoward57824 жыл бұрын
Wow there buddy wrong site🥱💀
@anguirus99933 жыл бұрын
lol
@Strickalator3 жыл бұрын
"ONLY OYSTERS" $9.99 Subscription
@ebonimom69643 жыл бұрын
Yea I could have lived without ever seeing that
@Dr.Frasier_Crane5 ай бұрын
Clam’s chowder
@amberrose74952 жыл бұрын
I don’t even like oysters but this answered so many questions and shown me visuals of actual things I was always curious about like how the the shells grow and what not
@masteriangamer6 жыл бұрын
This video makes me moister than an oyster.
@jaiyuzivert6 жыл бұрын
Moister than me
@vivigesso37566 жыл бұрын
oyster lives matter.
@Phaze5116 жыл бұрын
I'm borrowing that indefinitely
@Starvingrobots6 жыл бұрын
Do you take criticism on your comments
@kentoistt6 жыл бұрын
Oi
@yaz03335 жыл бұрын
2:37 Not sure why it bother me so much when he said "two tenth of an inch" instead of "one fifth of an inch"
@Der_Kleine_Mann4 жыл бұрын
Learn the metric System, Neanderthals😄
@JamezOwnU1014 жыл бұрын
@@Der_Kleine_Mann What?
@v7ran4 жыл бұрын
GermanBurleyLover 320 haha Americans are so stoopid, right? They use a DIFFERENT SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT THAN US *slaps knee*! Imagine NOT using the same system as us! How embarrassing! Such a BAD system, where division ACTUALLY works!
@videogamemusic29624 жыл бұрын
Jax Trần what do you mean by where division actually works? I use metric, so I am confused.
@floo14654 жыл бұрын
GermanBurleyLover 777 dude no, we’re not “neanderthals” because our previous generation refused to accept anything new. sure, the metric system is practically superior in every way, but it would still take a very long time to rework every single thing to accommodate the metric system. i live in texas, the most ‘murica place around, and i can read the metric system well. i thought we were the ones who stereotype/generalize other countries constantly, but i guess not. stop being a smug (xenophobe? can’t think of the right word) and learn that not all americans are stupid. just the boomers.
@jasondaniel9185 жыл бұрын
This is a very informative video. Thank you. For as much as I love oysters, I never inquired into the farming methods. I also never realized that the majority of the oysters we consume are farmed. I was naïve enough to think they were wild caught. - Now I need to go to the grocery store to get some oysters. ~ I have always loved raw oysters. I usually eat them with (fresh) lemon juice, salt and cocktail sauce. Lately, I have taken to eating them with soy sauce and sliced spring onion. I find that combination a welcome change.
@petergreatbatch1092 жыл бұрын
This i not is how it is done
@jasondaniel9182 жыл бұрын
@@petergreatbatch109 And?
@jeromedavid7944 Жыл бұрын
The Oyster Bar in VA Beach at Pacific and Atlantic Aves is great! Last time I was there happy hour was from 4 to 7 and raw, fried, or Rockefeller style which are delicious are a buck a piece and the Jaws beer 🍺 Nassatucket lager was 2 bucks a can! I dipped a few raw ones in a white vinegar cracked black pepper mix and it tasted almost as good as dipping steamed blue crab 🦀 meat in it! My all time favorite is a shot of Louisiana Red 🔴 Dot hot sauce, little squirt of fresh lemon 🍋 juice sitting a top a saltine cracker dude!!!
@carlshneebly71366 жыл бұрын
“Squirt out semen”. How scientific.
@happyfish12126 жыл бұрын
cum outside... that is the proper scientific term
@VeeAmericanEagle6 жыл бұрын
Lmaoooo
@gray23065 жыл бұрын
Pornography ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
@princesscat_30194 жыл бұрын
u ok?
@mm-hq4qh4 жыл бұрын
1/64 of an inch lol
@MrDrew14 жыл бұрын
Oysters| how it's made....... You see when a mommy oyster and a dad oyster fall in love... some bearded guy puts them in a bucket and films them making baby oysters and posts the video on the internet.
@hinokamikagura25804 жыл бұрын
Porntub 😂😂😂
@kyon-kyon-2 жыл бұрын
hahahaaa
@bellerocks82275 жыл бұрын
I like how everyone is talking about the crab 😂
@reimufumofan41956 жыл бұрын
You know Mr. Bean hates the oyster’s taste.
@Knallsack6 жыл бұрын
Yeah in the french restaurant
@reimufumofan41956 жыл бұрын
XD
@DelinaSilence6 жыл бұрын
There was another episode of him eating expired oysters
@richardgoring87526 жыл бұрын
YES I SAW THAT HAHAHHA It was so funny XD
@PhantomFilmAustralia6 жыл бұрын
In the TV series, he loved them. To outdo another diner in a restaurant, he was downing a dozen by the second. When the other questioned their freshness to the waiter, the waiter gave them a smell, and discovered they were off, then removed them from the buffet. Mr. Bean saw this with a petrified look on his face. By the next scene, he had the runs.
@Mina_El_Nemr6 жыл бұрын
I live on the mediterranean sea in Alexandria, used to gather a similar type of oysters off the rocks and small islands, it's similar to oysters but small as a pestachio and more flat color is grey mixed with blue or violet, after gathering it i put in a cold water and leave it for like 5 to 10 minutes and it opens up it's shells, at that moment i put it under the running tap water to clean out the sands with the help of some vinegar to kill bacteria, then i take it out from water and add the lemon, it tastes very nice as an appetizer it needs no cook, but gets a little tricky some times to open up the shells as it closes as soon as you touch it :D , Yes you eat it alive xD it's the best way to eat it, we have that pearl oysters but it's bigger and has to be cooked nice too, Sea urchins also very nice it's the one like ball with hard long pointy spikes, crack it open add the lemon and enjoy :) *A bit of advice DON'T try to get near it if you don't know how to pick it up as some types are poisonous and it's painful like hell you may need a medical care*
@TRPGpilot6 жыл бұрын
Interesting! Thanks for sharing.
@ToXic_WeaponZ6 жыл бұрын
Can i throw the spiky death ball ?
@lilliedawnwarriorscatsfan65525 жыл бұрын
Is it like a tiny muscle? (The little shell animal, not like lifting weights.) Because it sounds like you ate a baby one. But I'm just guessing.
@canna_craigy_uk1725 жыл бұрын
A winkle or a cockle?
@miiigoreng6 жыл бұрын
'How it's grown'.
@sadiaansari45746 жыл бұрын
D'Vonte Dawson the name of the program is "How it's Made", dumbass.
@miiigoreng6 жыл бұрын
oysters can be made? fucktard
@FILALOHA8086 жыл бұрын
I mean they also showed how the oysters are made. They just made it more interesting by showing how it's grown
@polishjerry63896 жыл бұрын
@@miiigoreng they showed how these shells can reproduce
@koootoshidayo6 жыл бұрын
3:48 Are you feeling it now mr.krabs?
@ripplewavess5 жыл бұрын
😂😂😂😂😂😂🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣
@candybar4154 жыл бұрын
okay this got me. lol
@Aequitas_RJ6 жыл бұрын
1:37 Dude, just give up the fight and shave your head.
@TRPGpilot6 жыл бұрын
Best comment on this video ever!
@shoooooooooooooooooooooooooobi5 жыл бұрын
Lmfao
@abeginnerspov59686 жыл бұрын
3:49 Crab be like, *What the hell am I doing here?*
@silentknight23293 жыл бұрын
*i don't belong here*
@jonsnow33006 жыл бұрын
3:50 *Day 28 they still haven’t found out my real identity*
@StoneUSA4 жыл бұрын
I absolutely love oysters, but after watching this I am baffled at their cost. They are absolutely numerous and far easier to produce than many fish. Also why don't we see any curators producing 2 lbs oysters? Is the flesh no good by that age?
@SalishCascadian2 жыл бұрын
Here are some reasons that might contribute to the cost: --> Fish can be farmed in way more places than oysters can. Oyster production usually requires tidal flats near river mouths with low to no pollution, specific salinities, and mild temperatures. The number of locations which meet these requirements are relatively limited, especially when you consider that humans love building factories, farms, and cities (all of which are huge sources of pollution) next to rivers for trade (economical) and irrigation (logistical) reasons. With fish you still need clean water but it doesn’t have nearly as many other constraints. --> In-shell oysters have a high ratio of heavy inedible shell to meat content. When you buy a live oyster at a store you mostly pay for the shell which is by far the heaviest part (and therefore responsible for most of the shipping cost). Fish and shrimp on the other-hand have a much higher meat to bone/shell ratio. --> Live oysters have very short shelf lives (about a week). Fish and shrimp can be flash frozen and stay good for several months. --> Out-of-shell oysters must be shucked by hand, which is a slow, labor-intensive, and hazardous task. --> Many consumers eat oysters because they’re considered a ‘fancy food’. If they were super cheap they wouldn’t be considered fancy anymore. As to why they don’t grow oysters to their full size: --> An oyster of that size cannot be eaten whole (the most common way to eat them). --> Bigger older oysters generally taste much worse than the small ones and have an unpleasant texture. --> It would be uneconomical to produce and ship oysters of that size. --> Older oysters have accumulated higher levels of pollutants and heavy metals.
@yyg46322 жыл бұрын
Did you see how much effort, movement, time,and transferring this took?
@panostsak6 жыл бұрын
Is 1:14 considered oyster bukkake?
@vincentnguyen30686 жыл бұрын
LMFAO
@panostsak6 жыл бұрын
How come?
@irocc6 жыл бұрын
Xvideos:Oyster gets a huge bukkake
@Dannybythebanana6 жыл бұрын
you stop that
@soulfreaz5 жыл бұрын
That was a oyster gangbang.
@aristo04485 жыл бұрын
3:50 Crab:WHERE AM I?!?!?
@ninadachrekar72155 жыл бұрын
3:49 Oysters to the Crab be like: You Picked the wrong house fool
@ValAllenSamonte5 жыл бұрын
3:50 today's episode of "how did i get here?"
@clairyboots.3 жыл бұрын
"How DID you get here!?"
@brad55753 жыл бұрын
3:48 I like how that crab is just chillin on the coverer belt
@rcy115 жыл бұрын
3:47 They see me rolling, they hating...
@abe64956 жыл бұрын
Oysters, mmm. Lol, as a kid I always thought they were disgusting, but when I became an adult I realized they were delicious! I'm having some this week.
@grantmccoy6739 Жыл бұрын
That method of growing them is really productive. I bet they could use that same method to regrow the wild populations. They really only need to start a colony, because they'll obviously sustain themselves. It's of interest, because they filter the water, and clean water is really awesome to look at.
@ray74193 жыл бұрын
Oysters: How it’s made.... Well it’s when a mommy oyster and a daddy oyster really love each other.
@milosnipez27534 жыл бұрын
when a daddy oyster and a mommy oyster love each other veeerrryy much.
@cerenulugulyagc6404 Жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@friedricedan99115 жыл бұрын
3:49 yo that crab getting a free ride
@superidoldexiarong74065 жыл бұрын
3:48 The crab is like ahh sh*t here we go again
@codalisa0074 жыл бұрын
With walking sideways it wasn't a case of it seeing what was coming. It was probably not the first time either if that was its local patch.
@camillepailan44693 жыл бұрын
4:09 he goes back in the water again haha
@teonesterov91413 жыл бұрын
Wow, this is so interesting! I eat several raw oysters every single day, btw.
@khenanthonypacker6 жыл бұрын
Raw oysters the best..
@ZooTycoonLord6 жыл бұрын
agreed
@tou73316 жыл бұрын
Jeong said it
@mmontgomery70695 жыл бұрын
Nature's Viagra.....E D doesn't stand a chance! Ask Sam Malone!
@huh23406 жыл бұрын
Oyster and mussel are my favorite clam-like shellfishes. If I had to think of the favorite in the entire shellfish category, shrimps are No.1 and Oysters are No. 2.
@CaptCinnamon6 жыл бұрын
This is my favorite narrator when I think of how it’s made I think of this guys voice
@DanleyNuksGoneFishn5 жыл бұрын
3:49 when you lie on your cv but still get the job
@xians32163 жыл бұрын
Dude if I ordered oysters at a restaurant and the waiter brought out a plate of 2.2lb oysters I’d probably go into shock. 😂
@tabthecabbit33544 жыл бұрын
And now I have a hankering for oysters, and a shrimp cocktail.
@asmodeusasteroth71375 жыл бұрын
Wild oyster has grit, pearls debris Same with mussels That's why the oysters usually has no tooth breaking stuff at restaurants and stores I found a 1/4 inch mussel pearl
@Ynek2375 жыл бұрын
The crab and oysters are paid actors.
@thekingmagnum73313 жыл бұрын
Best narrator ever!
@thomopolusrex84366 жыл бұрын
Oysters, shrimp, lobsters, and scallops. Time to eat.
@marcusolivier14075 жыл бұрын
Dorset where i live in Bournemouth and poole oysters are home grown learn something new every day.
@cornythecorn40445 жыл бұрын
3:49 are you feeling it now Mr.Krabs?
@SBIFILMSminivan5 жыл бұрын
Gold
@cornythecorn40445 жыл бұрын
*yes*
@fishingandfilming44644 жыл бұрын
I would love an oyster right now. But ya know, the apocalypse is currently happening so I guess not.
@DorothyDollLee3 жыл бұрын
Same
@papireddy48053 жыл бұрын
I am from the future
@dadinicolas85576 жыл бұрын
Well, mama oyster meets papa oyster thus an oyster is made.
@jesuspg1836 жыл бұрын
Pizza Dip they dont even meet, they just cum and the water carries eggs and semen to each other. Imagine fapping and your semen reaching a vagina vía air
@austinsears16376 жыл бұрын
Shirokuro Max Ahahahaha!!! LMAO!!! YOURE RIGHT THO!!!
@dadinicolas85576 жыл бұрын
Shirokuro Max papa oyster's semen meets mama oyster's vagina thus an oyster is made
@alexsmith12076 жыл бұрын
Shirokuro Max that would make lots of babies to every women in the world
@ishutiwari55673 жыл бұрын
i have searched about oysters life cycle and i found this video at top.
@TyngdkraftLive6 жыл бұрын
2:41 sounds like a line in a rap song
@Godesses_child_4 жыл бұрын
More like a nursery rhyme
@Garrb4 жыл бұрын
1:00 "Aye yo you guys fuckin in there?!?"
@daxmocsin84795 жыл бұрын
Idk how many times ive watched this but this still entertains me hahhahaa
@kjkj23224 жыл бұрын
see kids, when a daddy oyster and a mommy oyster love each other very much...
@outdoorfreedom97786 жыл бұрын
Tried them raw, kind of like having a cold and swallowing snot. Then i tried them deep fried and really like them.
@ThexBorg2 жыл бұрын
Oysters were originally the food of the poor who lived on the coast and ate them straight off the rocks from their colonies. Many capital cities had large oyster colonies which were eventually dwindled away. In New York children used to shuck oysters. Now they are a fine dining delicacy consumed in the millions and farmed all around the world.
@LGSPTJ Жыл бұрын
The same with lobster. It used to be used for prison food.
@ghostparty2062 Жыл бұрын
Same with salmon too. Use to be peasant food and now it pretty damb pricy
@EnerJohn945 жыл бұрын
One thing I find amazing... The farmers can ACTUALLY tell male from female.
@BeanieNinjay06 жыл бұрын
Smoked oysters are amazing.
@alexissandoval12845 жыл бұрын
That crab is in heaven. A bunch of immobile meals with juicy meat in the middle. And he has the perfect tools to shuck them!
@AcidMushTV4 жыл бұрын
3:49 the crab looks so confused
@bluekeet6 жыл бұрын
I like how that oyster farm feeds the harvested oysters clean water so that they can be eaten raw.
@susiecurtis28965 жыл бұрын
Title: oysters: how its made Mother nature: am I a joke to you
@salahahmed4195 жыл бұрын
Hi from Egypt
@jacksonchan68225 жыл бұрын
that some good simple yet comprehensive writing
@Fruitarian.6 жыл бұрын
Wow thats a lot of work, i bet oysters from them are expensive
@travismoffat67013 жыл бұрын
At the end of the day the farmer Doesn’t make as much money as for the restaurant for the end product it really sucks as an x farmer I no it to well
@Senaihh6 жыл бұрын
I've seen this video before. But here I'm again watching. Lifelessness
@an_entire_vibee6 жыл бұрын
Was that thing just shooting his load😣😥😂
@TeamLegacyFTW6 жыл бұрын
Yes.
@miko51676 жыл бұрын
@@Buddhadan100 Then why are you saying dirty things like that?
@ZariainYT6 жыл бұрын
@@Buddhadan100 So Wtf is Wrong to ask If an oyster is "Shooting its Load"? You're Actually the one having dirty thoughts, even you've said you're 10, jackass 😑
@garretlover94026 жыл бұрын
@@Buddhadan100 Roblox
@dsangel41356 жыл бұрын
@@garretlover9402 lmao
@Flappmeister6 жыл бұрын
0:33 - 0:46 I'm certain this is the Seasalter Shellfish Co., near where I grew up in Thanet. They supply the juvenile oysters to fishers in Whitstable, where there's an annual oyster event there.
@malcolmcarter55415 жыл бұрын
Dorset oysters in Poole
@zihaoding48646 жыл бұрын
3:48 crab:"Is this the party bus to oyster orgy?"
@peanutschannel75595 жыл бұрын
That really cool, I learn something new today 👍👍🍤🍤
@bbbbbb-dc5bb5 жыл бұрын
3:49 I don’t think that belongs there 😂😂😂
@alexm80104 жыл бұрын
Thanks for the information. I've learnt something new.
@zachary42796 жыл бұрын
3:49 crab: wtf am i doing between al these oisters
@glenncarles98873 жыл бұрын
ive been watching forever jimmy
@UrDomb3 жыл бұрын
Honestly I want to give a big shout out to How It’s Made for pretty much always being upfront about how gross or fucked up the production of a product is. They don’t tell you it’s fucked up but they just tell you the facts. Oysters are farmed because we destroyed the oceans. Bubble gum is plastic that you eat. :)
@phroggy85633 жыл бұрын
you really shouldn’t be actually eating bubble gum tho lol
@noobdeswoop3 жыл бұрын
AThey forgot telling you that eating them raw means most of the times alive.
@j-rocd95073 жыл бұрын
@@noobdeswoop it should always be alive. Eating dead ones is how you get food poisoning.
@boxychubbo6922 Жыл бұрын
Yeah, the oceans are "destroyed." HAHAHAHAHA ooook
@candykatkittylichiousisthebomb2 жыл бұрын
3:48 rip crab
@xdxd-uc6hd6 жыл бұрын
1:09 𝐒 𝐐 𝐔 𝐈 𝐑 𝐓
@gorgess6 жыл бұрын
This video makes me feel guilty about eating oysters but I'm not sure I can stop because I feel a lot better than I did before I started...
@brodyorsomething26626 жыл бұрын
3:49 there’s a crab! XD
@claudiaswayorhighway Жыл бұрын
I work as an oyster shucker🤓 and this was very educational
@Vin2q6 жыл бұрын
I have never thought once in my life that I would see an oyster nut
@net81j6 жыл бұрын
3:53 "Put's the Lotion in the Basket" LOL
@GUWOP2035 жыл бұрын
"It"
@TIGERZY2K3 жыл бұрын
Oysters are one of the oldest sources of animal proteins especially for the rich.It would be interesting to see how expensive crustaceans like Oysters fare in its Lab Grown meat forms in near future.
@fuzzytop47464 жыл бұрын
I watch this like 2 times a year it seems
@Lyokalita3 жыл бұрын
I love how oysters had their "internships" when they are grown up to gain some real world experience in order to grow bigger to be "qualified"
@tomtheplummer73224 жыл бұрын
She wants a pearl necklace. Mother of pearl.
@pelicanbeater61005 жыл бұрын
There's absolutely no way I'd eat a raw oyster. What about parasites???
@boxychubbo6922 Жыл бұрын
I've eaten thousands of raw oysters.
@rituchaudhary78782 жыл бұрын
Glad to know this method after 21 years since my birth😌
@PotatoTune6 жыл бұрын
lol that MrCrab dunno why he got sucked in xD
@obamastolemyvcr14462 жыл бұрын
0:00 You’re telling me you can smoke oysters. I bet that’s the craziest high ever!
@wes22625 жыл бұрын
Imagine if humans were made like this
@TeamLegacyFTW5 жыл бұрын
Please elaborate.
@MubashirullahD5 жыл бұрын
Why? Haha
@kathrynford66366 жыл бұрын
I'm a great lover of the oyster, and I really like ur video 📹.
@synthsol55224 жыл бұрын
Wow, ive learned raw oysters are cleaner than factory made rice
@dabigcheezprod3 жыл бұрын
When a mommy oyster and a daddy oyster love each other very much...
@negan30426 жыл бұрын
I used to eat oysters. UNTIL I bit into a SAND BAG!!! Never AGAIN!!!
@reggie83706 жыл бұрын
Wait what?! I freaken love oysters. What do you mean?
@angelevo6 жыл бұрын
sometimes oysters ,clams and such have a bag full of sand. i've had this happen to me a couple of times with clam chowder.
@novelnouvel6 жыл бұрын
And sometimes some heavy metal too.
@myqueen98116 жыл бұрын
Negan explain more 🤐 I'm scared now
@iikysixanimations35566 жыл бұрын
Negan ok... obviously you’re a kid that thinks you can eat anything...
@anniehyams11694 жыл бұрын
Got a question for Discover UK where does the pearl in the oyster shell come from? Thank you so much for the interesting video
@SupurrrCat3 жыл бұрын
Pearls are mostly artificially inseminated into the oyster, like a grain of sand aka a contaminant. The oyster covers the grain of sand in fluid over a time to protect itself and over time a pearl is made
@asyx_mv90605 жыл бұрын
No one: KZbin : *puts on recommendation*
@seancampbell43616 жыл бұрын
Wow this is cool to watch cause I’m an oyster farmer