Paterae- Io’s Most Common Volcanic Feature- Surprisingly Different Than Earth Volcanism | GEO GIRL

[@GEOGIRL]

Remember to check out the ONE MONTH FREE offer for Skillshare! -> skl.sh/geogirl11221 The first 1,000 people to use this link will get a 1 month free trial of Skillshare, which access to thousands of courses for free!

[@edwardmacgregor1233]

Happy belated birthday, and this is my favorite of your videos (so far), and that’s saying something!

[@GEOGIRL]

@@edwardmacgregor1233 Wow! That is so exciting, thank you so much! I am so glad you enjoyed this one so much ;D

[@jimalbi]

Earth and Mars's mantle and core have a lot of gasses and water trapped within and some is released when eruptions occur. But Io has certainly outgassed most of it since billions of years so it should make a huge difference in the type of volcanism and eruption. Also, one thing I never hear about, is in what context Io has formed. I'd like to see some studies about that (and see if my hypothesis are bs). Jupiter 4,5By ago was a huge inflated globe (bigger than today) of red hot gas irradiating a lot of IR. Chances are no ice could accumulate on the surface of Io, contrary to the 3 other moons. Just like ice under a gigantic heat lamp. Only rock could remain. In the cas of Europa, its surface probably couldn't properly freeze for tens or hundreds of millions of years and probably got for that time a relatively dense atmosphere. Due to its low gravity, Europa has probably lost most of it in space before the surface got cold enough so the atmosphere could condense and freeze on the surface. So it is possible Europa might have lost a significant amount of mass that way, meaning Europa was possibly a bigger moon then. Also, it had the opportunity to get highly differentiated. Ganymede and Calisto were too far away from Jupiter and that could explain the mess they are. Mountains never thawed. Craters were never filled by liquid water. Impurities never sank through the liquid water since it never really was any liquid surface.

[@ChemEDan]

@@jimalbi Yep, that and higher impact velocities at that distance. May or may not be a significant factor for Io but it's a major problem habitable zone exoplanets around red dwarfs would have to contend with. 1kg impacting Proxima b has same energy as 2.5kg impacting earth assuming equal eccentricity of impactor. I would imagine that's a bad assumption unless red-dwarf forming nebula are proportionally small in volume. Highly eccentric retrograde impactors would be lethal af. Like over 100km/s 💀

[@bluewhalestudioblenderanim1132]

actualy yellowstone is pretty far from largest . . on land the largest is "lake toba" with a massive 100km long oval shaped caldera . and the largest overall caldera is 150 X 150 km . . so pretty close to that 200km mark

[@thelostone6981]

After reading Arthur C Clarke’s 2001 book in the early 90s,and it’s sequels, I became super obsessed with astronomy. Yes, 2001 originally took place on Saturn, but Clarke changed the setting to Jupiter in later books. And it helped that I lived in a very rural area without light pollution and could spend nights looking at the night’s sky!! So here I am, 30 plus years later and I still can not get enough videos on our own solar system!! Thanks for venturing out from Earth and doing a video outside our humble planet! How numinous is our cosmos and our scientific discoveries??? I love being alive in a time where we have a method to follow the evidence!

[@KerriEverlasting]

Your tidal stress explanation of why Io is so hot while so far from the sun was perfect, I always wondered that! 💖

[@gaufrid1956]

Low shield volcanoes. I think that the Philippines has one of the lowest shield volcanoes on Earth. It's Taal volcano in Luzon. It has been quite active over the last few years but fortunately I live in Mindanao which is hundreds of kilometers away from Taal. Its activity has caused problems for those living in the vicinity of the caldera. Because I have flown between Australia and the Philippines a number of times over the past five years I've been able to get a bird's-eye view of the Taal volcano and it's quite amazing. Obviously Io is an intriguing place to study!

[@genegray9895]

Hey I know this was months ago but I wanted to say Taal is not a shield volcano. Shield volcanoes, even very flat ones, are characterized by low-silica effusive eruptions. Taal is characterized by large scale high-silica explosive eruptions. It is more similar to a stratovolcano than a shield volcano, but is better classified simply as a caldera. While no VEI 8 eruptions are confirmed for Taal, it is morphologically and dynamically the same type of volcano as a supervolcano

[@gaufrid1956]

@@genegray9895 Point taken! Thanks for the correction. Of course I'm not a geologist, but it's interesting to know the correct description of Taal. It certainly is a caldera. Having flown past it on trips to and from the Philippines to Australia, it's an awesome sight. To think that poor fishers and farmers actually lived on the volcano island in the middle of the caldera is amazing. As for classic stratovolcanoes, you can't beat Bulkang Mayon in Albay, Luzon. Classically beautiful, but very dangerous.

[@davidrice2652]

I really enjoy your very educational, yet engaging content…Knowledge does not have to be dry and boring…You make it fun and interesting…Keep up the great work! Happy Birthday, Rachel! Many Blessings! 🙏❤️🎂🎁🥳🎉

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you David! :D

[@genegray9895]

Happy birthday! Btw Tvashtar Patera is larger than Loki, about 300 km along its major axis. Yellowstone does not have the largest caldera on Earth - the largest active caldera is Toba, ~100 km along its major axis, and the largest known caldera is Apolaki, a circular caldera ~150 km in diameter. It's also rather misleading to say we've only observed hot volcanism on Earth and Io since there's pretty strong evidence for active volcanism on Venus and Mars as well. Specifically, InSight has detected quakes indicative of volcanism in the upper mantle, and olivine weathering on Venus suggests some observed flows were only weeks old at the time of observation.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! And thanks for the interesting info ;D

[@santiagomartinez8292]

At 5:12 you talked about cross-correlations between mountains, and paterae. It reminded me a book I recently read on causal inference by Judea Pearl. While the book's thesis is brilliant, its presentation was rather dry. It would be very interesting to see an exposition from you on the topic, including it's applications to Geology.

[@GEOGIRL]

Oh gosh, thank you very much for the thought but I am not sure I am smart enough yet haha! Maybe someday! ;)

[@santiagomartinez8292]

@@GEOGIRL well, maybe someday :) Thanks for the great content!

[@hallowacko]

3:40 "this black thing, it's got like an island in the middle" An island in the middle of a lava lake. I know I shouldn't, but I want to build an evil villian fortress there.

[@GEOGIRL]

Hahaha, that does seem tempting LOL

[@richardrahl1001]

Wonderful video! Jupiter’s moons, well all of the Jovian’s and their moon/astrological interactions are fascinating and why I almost triple majored into astrophysics. Beautiful jewelry. Happy belated birthday!

[@SamtheIrishexan]

Good ole Io, always going with the flow of the tides. Great channel and happy belated birthday!

[@jupiter-blue]

Oh hello GEO GIRL 😍. I'm working on a computer game that plays around Jupiter and its Moons, and I probably saw most videos on the material that's on KZbin. But nobody except you spoke about the distribution of and heat dissipation from the Paterae. This is invaluable and incredibly interesting to me.

[@GEOGIRL]

So glad you enjoyed it, not a lot of people are that interested in paterae, but I just think they are SO INTERESTING!! :D

[@brentwilbur]

0:08 These types of images have always fascinated me: the darker plates of cooling crust separated by thin, glowing lines of lava. I've seen the phenomenon described as "foundering." But the phenomenon also describes the irregular mosaic of mud cracks or the "caustic" optical phenomenon cast on the walls of a pool as light passes through the water. Is there an overarching word to describe a random pattern of irregular-tile features separated by gaps?

[@GEOGIRL]

That is a great question! I have no clue if there is a word for that. Now I am so curious! haha

[@brentwilbur]

@@GEOGIRL - I acknowledge it's an artistic/linguistic question as opposed to a geologic one. I was hoping it might have been described in some obscure texts you might have read. Alas. I've been referring to them speciously as _mosaics,_ but that word feels qualitatively lacking. If you discover anything, let me know. Thank you, angel.

[@jackdaniel4446]

Very informative, thank you. I appreciate the style as well, with good information delivered with enthusiasm, like a good lecture at university.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! So glad you enjoyed it ;D

[@Inlocked]

You have very well intrest and teaching skill in geolgy.. 😅😁👍

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you so much! ;D

[@deantheot7296]

Happy Belated Birthday!!! Good presentation and comparison between Earth and Io's vulcanism. Thank you

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! So glad you enjoyed it ;D

[@michaelparker8657]

This is the first time I have run into the term "paterae". If I hadn't seen the video I would have thought it referred to some female thing which I didn't and wasn't meant to understand, so again I started my day learning something useful. Thanks Geo Girl!

[@user-nz6ug4ru8f]

Happy birthday. So many active processes on io, that is so very much different from any other moon or planet. Thx again for very informative video.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;D

[@rickkarrer8370]

Happy belated birthday! I really love these astrogeology videos. Thank you!

[@tedetienne7639]

Wow, I’ve seen promotions for Skillshare several times, but I’ve always put off signing up. Today is the day! Also, I’m really looking forward to all the Geo Girl merchandise I’ve ordered. I just couldn’t resist the “Ask Me About Geology” cap! And a very happy belated birthday to you! 🎉 🥳 I hope you had a jovial time! (Get it? “Jovial”! 😁)

[@GEOGIRL]

Lol that is so funny! I knew Jovian meant jupiter but I had no clue that jovial meant happy/cheerful, I just had to look it up hahaha I love that I knew the sciency version, but not the normal, that is so me!🤣 And yay! I am so glad you ordered some merch! I hope you love it ;D

[@KerriEverlasting]

Ted Etienne - I ordered the Ask me about Geology cap too! Please let us know if anyone asks? 💖

[@KerriEverlasting]

@@GEOGIRL jovial I knew, but not that it's a derivative of Jupiter! Great pun Ted! 💖

[@tedetienne7639]

@@GEOGIRL - By Jove, I think she's got it! 😁

[@Ozymandius_corn_maze]

Well happy birthday! And thanks for the gift of great geology videos

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you so much!

[@darkonc2]

Happy birthday, and I love the thoughts behind your jewelry gifts.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;D

[@YuriyKuzin]

I like this exogeology series :) upd I've just finished watching ) nice necklace 😍

[@GEOGIRL]

Hahaha thank you! :D

[@Giavani-t4k]

Excellent presentation. Precise information made relevant to viewers.

[@Brit0martis]

Do you have a link to where you got those earrings and neckless with Jupiter and Io? They are wonderful!

[@GEOGIRL]

Sorry this took so long! Here's the necklace link: www.amazon.com/gp/product/B076QX147B/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o04_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Here's the earrings: www.etsy.com/listing/532167053/jupiter-and-moon-earrings-io-earrings?transaction_id=3118789859&campaign_label=delivery_confirmation_subjectline_exp_treatment&email_sent=1660726953&euid=SEZBv07i9l8jTQVJT6tclqAe1KHB&eaid=19283421709&x_eaid=551ee9d1c8

[@Brit0martis]

@@GEOGIRL Thanks! ❤

[@Alberad08]

Interesting video! BTW the vivid way you speak does transport your own fascination of these matters in a way that draws your audience with - not everyone has this ability. I'm sure, you students will benefit very much from this 🙂

[@GEOGIRL]

Wow thank you so much, this comment made my day! The next time I teach an in person class, I will feel a bit more confident that my students are listening now ;) haha

[@pascalsevigny1627]

Hahaha I love nerdiness. I was learning to make some nodes during that video. Thanks for the insight, you triggered in me some interest for that moon :)

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! I am so glad you liked the video and of course my nerdiness hahaha ;)

[@jasonworks1454]

Happy late birthday! Awesome ear rings. Great video.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;D

[@joshadams8761]

Fantastic to discover a channel for geology nerds like me! Here is a video idea: the New England Hotspot. It’s like the Hawaiian Hotspot but goes (or went) from Quebec to off the coast of New England.

[@meesalikeu]

io playlist: hot stuff -- rolling stones hot, hot, hot -- david johansen fire -- ohio players heatwave -- martha & the vandellas on fire -- van halen dance on a volcano - genesis heat miser song -- year without santa claus another girl, another planet -- lonely ones 💥 whoops ps -- a belated happy birthday!

[@wrekced]

@Geogirl: Could the bands of more paterae at 330W and 150W be there because of where Io is in its rotation with respect to where it is in its orbit? E.g. closer or farther from Jupiter plus the tendancy towards tidal locking equals a split between two halves of the body. That would make a weaker band that would run around the body parallel to its axis. It could start as just a randomly heavier spot gets pulled and creates a little crack which would let magma out. That would slowly widen the crust from that area like the Earth at the mid-atlantic ridge. I don't think the effect would be large. Perhaps a fraction of a percent of the diference in the density of the crust in that area would be from that sort of "stretching" effect on the structure of Io. The bands are 180deg out from each other so it seems like they define two halves of Io. If the internal structure was soft enough, this split could make two lobes in the body of Io. VERY subtle lobes like the way rotating bodies expand slightly from centrifugal "force". Gravity would keep the lobes from getting larger. Just a hypothetical answer, but I think it makes sense.

[@Smilo-the-Sabertooth]

Of all the lakes that I’ve had fun playing in, this is one kind of lake that I would never want to jump into, for.... very obvious reasons. 😅 But in all seriousness, the magnificent wonders beyond our world are truly nothing short of mind-blowing and remarkable. 👍 What incredible new discoveries will we make next?

[@while.coyote]

I wish we'd give NASA the budget to send out probes to every planet and moon. The surface of Io must look so incredible in real life.

[@SamtheIrishexan]

Even bigger shame i probably wont live to see anywhere but earth, born a few generations too early =/. Io probably smells awful though lol

[@billwheeler3687]

Happy birthday, Rachel

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you!

[@gingazaurus]

Great video, keep on the good work.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you!

[@Hellbender8574]

As a child, I knew Io as the Pizza Moon due to its colors and hot molten exterior. It's amazing how much more we've learned about Io. And how much we still don't know yet. ❤‍🔥 Hot Pizza Moon

[@chrisconnors7418]

It’d be cool to find microbial life on Io that is using sulphur as a substrate. Certainly seems to be a lot of sulphur. Happy Birthday!

[@daniel.Armando]

Hello Raquel I love your channel greetings from Chile 🇨🇱

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you so much! So glad you enjoy it ;D

[@daniel.Armando]

@@GEOGIRL Your channel is very interesting, greetings from Chile 🇨🇱

[@Giganfan2k1]

I wasn't watching the opening. You said "Lava lakes" my brain goes "Oh, we got to the Io video" lmao.

[@robbabcock_]

Great stuff, GG!🙏

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you so much! ;D

[@hazardousmaterials1284]

When I heard someone say that Loki is hot, I assumed they meant the MCU actor. But it works in this context too!

[@GEOGIRL]

Yes, both Loki's hahaha ;)

[@KerriEverlasting]

I absolutely love how you tell us what still can be researched for future students to understand that there is still so much to find out! Someone said "you don't do a degree to get told what to think, you do a degree because you think you might have something to offer." That statement was profound and I see how important it is for people considering a degree to realise. And there you are every video "just sayin" kinda way that there is still so much every student can achieve. Great video and happiest of birthdays dear geo girl. May you keep inspiring strangers for many years to come. 💖

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you so much!! So glad you think I express the unknown well, that is one of the main things I strive to do because when I was a student and thinking about switching to a geology major, at first I thought "hasn't it all been done? hasn't everything been mapped?" and boy, was I wrong!!! I hope students can see the potential future discoveries pointed out in my videos! ;D

[@stevecooperman9258]

There may have already been a comment on this, but might the latitude differences, especially near the poles, have to do with the electrical flux tube there from Jupiter? Also, the Fe-FeS system has a eutectic, and so its viscosity is highly dependent on composition and temperature simultaneously.

[@ChemEDan]

If sentient frogs had death metal bands, ya know Lava Ponds would be shreddin'

[@Scorpiove]

Thanks for the great informative videos, and Happy Birthday :)

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;D

[@aresgalamatis7022]

@5:30 I don't want to sound like an ass, but this is not how correlation is defined. Nevertheless, this is a planetary (and their satellites in this case) presentation, not math :p

[@GEOGIRL]

Oh haha, well Idk man I am not a mathmatician! LOL The book I was using as a reference discussed this 'correlation' in like two sentences that I had to re-read like 50 times to try to understand it and I thought by the end of it I understood what they meant, but maybe not! hahaha🤣 Oh well, the point of that statement in the video was just to emphasize that we don't understand the relationship between these two landforms ;)

[@aresgalamatis7022]

@@GEOGIRL Sorry if I sounded pendantic :( I guess the book used correlation in a common language context, rather than statistical term that gets used and abused in my line of work by several disciplines ;)

[@GEOGIRL]

@@aresgalamatis7022 Actually, I think in the book they just said 'possible correlation' so maybe there is still hope! haha Yes, I must admit I do typically use the common meaning rather than the statistical meaning, but from now on I will try to be better about that because I am someone that dislikes when people use the word 'theory' incorrectly so I should not be hypocritical haha ;) From now on I will say 'potential relationship' rather than correlation :)

[@aresgalamatis7022]

@@GEOGIRL Understood, being a foreign-english speaker, I tend to take words used by natives on their strictest definition. Also its a video about the general public, however much interesting I find it and wished to study it after that one semester in astronomy, way back :D

[@ElicBehexan]

Happy Birthday... mine is coming up, however, I consider it still my birthday until people stop giving me presents!

[@GEOGIRL]

Haha Yes! I love that policy ;D

[@Synthiman2600]

Excellent!!!

[@ExoticTerrain]

Happy Birthday!🎂🎉🎈

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;D

[@realcourte]

Well done again! :)

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you ;D

[@SeaScienceFilmLabs]

Io was Mentioned in a book about space… I forget…

[@jamesreilly6612]

Being from New Zealand, it seemed strange to me to hear you say without qualification that calderas on Earth form in shield volcanoes. Some do, true, including the most classical examples. None of NZ's several extant calderas did, though. Another caldera you mentioned later in the video (Yellowstone) is a counterexample, too.

[@GEOGIRL]

Sorry I should've made it more clear that I was only talking about ash flow shield calderas in this video because they are the closest morphological analogues to Io's paterae (even though they are on shields). There are many other types of calderas on Earth but I did not discuss those in this video, sorry for not being more clear on that! Thanks for pointing that out! ;)

[@jamesreilly6612]

@@GEOGIRL That makes sense. Thanks for explaining!

[@KerriEverlasting]

Oz Geographics AND Geo Girl as I'm rushing out for work! Whaaa! I will be back! 😍

[@GEOGIRL]

Haha, no worries, it'll be here when you get back ;)

[@AnnoyingNewslettersPage6]

Happy belated birthday 🎂🎉 Maybe you can do a collaboration with Dr. Becky about her favorite planet Saturn, and you two can compare your cool, nerdy, science jewelry. 🤓

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;D Also, collaborating with Dr Becky would be a DREAM, but I doubt she has any idea who I am haha Maybe someday ;)

[@Beastclub679]

Very nice video.. it's a fire..🔥🔥✨🙃🤩

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;D

[@Beastclub679]

@@GEOGIRL most welcome..🙃🙃✨💓

[@YeenMage]

I participated in one of NASA's Live Chat on their live feed video as they assembled Europa Clipper. It seems that Europa Clipper will be deorbited by crashing into Ganymede instead of Jupiter. I tried to request them to deorbit it on Io instead because it might give us last minute data about this least-observed moon - even JUICE will not go to Io. It might also help protect life in Ganymede just in case we were barking at the wrong tree (i.e. Europa) Unfortunately, they say that the orbital mechanics on deorbiting to Io is almost equally as hard as crashing into Jupiter, sadly. So they will proceed with Ganymede.

[@kaile4684]

I really enjoyed

[@GEOGIRL]

So glad you enjoyed it! ;D Thanks for the comment!

[@thaq8.2]

So we need to idiumize io 32 28 pi chain cordon systems magnetist. For the otters.

[@avishalom2000lm]

Is Yellowstone really the largest caldera on Earth? Isn't the Bay of Naples a caldera also? Or the Thera caldera in the Mediterranean? Or the Toba caldera in Indonesia?

[@alijadoon5196]

nice video. Please make one video on biomarkers🙂. If you already have one, plz send me a link of that. thanks🙏

[@GEOGIRL]

Oh great idea! I have videos where I briefly discuss biomarkers, but not a whole one on biomarkers, I will work on that! (Assuming I find enough resources and understand them all haha ;) Thanks for the suggestion!

[@oker59]

Io - I feel like re-watching 2010. The book is better than the movie; but only because, somehow the dolphin pool house scenes, and the little kid didn't have the same magic as the book - imo. Also, they left out the Chinese spaceship that landed on Europa and got swallowed up by European life. There was something romantic about that. King of like pirates stranded on a distant island.

[@oker59]

Planetology is so underrated, imo*(lol!), as a science. It compared planets, and looks like you've found something interesting between Io's volcanoes and Earth's supervolcanoes! I consider supervolcanoes, and I'm forgetting the other major discovery, to be one of the major Earth geology discoveries since one of my favorite science documentaries came out( the original Planet Earth that came out in 1986, and not the later Sigourney Weaver, which was more eye candy than intellectual candy). - I always assumed(lol!) that the Io volcanoes were regular cone volcanoes. So, it was cool to see that they're actually much more like supervolcanoes. The only question I have is that I would think a supervolcano started before a caldera formed. The caldera is a result of the formation/eruption of a supervolcano. We're still a bit iffy one what makes a supervolcano form than just a regular cone volcano(other than it's just bigger). Also of some interest, that maybe doesn't have an analog with Io is the Flegrie, or Phlegraean Fields in Naples - Italy. It's a supervolcano, but it's also dotted with numerous cones volcanoes!(including Mout Vesuvius, which I got to see, along with Comet Hale Bopp whiile in the Navy)

[@oker59]

You are definitely a nerd. It's rare to see a scientific mind - imo(!) I mean you're not just a nerd, but a scientific spirited person, and I love to see that. Thanks for sharing all fun you have with your nerdyness!(the bed quilt and the earrings now!)

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! I will never stop sharing the fun I have as a nerd! hahaha ;)

[@mrln247]

So many Gigawatts, I need a flux capacitor.

[@herbertkeithmiller]

IO the pizza moon. Seriously I was in high school in the first Voyager images of IO came back. I kept thinking it looks like something familiar. Ah pizza with mozzarella cheese maybe olives and big patches of red sauce poking through.

[@ashajacob8362]

Very interesting Happy Birthday

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you!

[@mspicer3262]

A very happy belated birthday to you!

[@Jefuslives]

Happy belated birthday, you wonderfully nerdy person.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;D

[@thehairywoodsman5644]

so on Io the floor actually is lava .....

[@GEOGIRL]

Haha yes! Exactly!

[@KerriEverlasting]

😂

[@ketonshaw4809]

Once again thanks for 🪨 ing my Sunday. GEO GIRL 🪨 ‘s my world!

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! So glad you enjoy my videos ;D

[@MTBOSS09]

Happy birthday that's some awesome jewelry.

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;D

[@fungi8460]

Happy Birthday! 😁

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! :D

[@michaelogden5958]

Paterae - plural form of the Latin word 'patera' - a shallow bowl or saucer. 🙂

[@Inlocked]

Next topic intrusive form of magma??

[@GEOGIRL]

I actually have a video over intrusive/plutonic magma forms: kzbin.info/www/bejne/jJu8ooV_fZp0ntU ;)

[@nicholasmaude6906]

A very interesting video, Rachel, what I'd like to know is why is there so much sulphur on Io? Will you be doing a video on Jupiter taking into account the recent scientific findings from the Juno probe? On another note here's an interesting video that I think you'd find interesting - kzbin.info/www/bejne/a2HVinubpKmVa68 Perhaps you could do a similar video also if any film maker is wanting to do a film having aliens they should consult palaeontologists specialising in the Ediacarran and the Cambrian as some of the strangest multi celled lifeforms that ever lived back then.

[@futeramonfuturamet4830]

How can there be liquid on the surface of Io? It has virtually no atmosphere!

[@GEOGIRL]

Well that's the crazy thing, these lava lakes cool immediately, but then they are constantly fed new lava from below (and/or are constantly overturning and then the below lava cools to form a new hard crust that is then quickly replaced again with new lava from below), so it's the constant activity that keeps these lakes as 'lakes' :D SO COOL RIGHT!!

[@1969kodiakbear]

My husband John, whose login this is, has aphasia. He asked me to request that the subtitles that appear on these episodes be "printed" word by word, as they are on some other channels, so that he can read along with exactly what you are saying. If the subtitles appear line by line, he gets lost.

[@GEOGIRL]

Yes, I saw a comment not long ago requesting that, I will for sure look into it. I unfortunately do not have time myself right now to devote to typing them out word by word and timing them so I trust the automated system, which I checked on one video and it seemed to do very well, but maybe it is worse on others so I will certainly look into it. Once I get more time (or money to outsource this) I will absolutely do that for all the future and previous videos on my channel ;)

[@GEOGIRL]

Ok so I am replying once more just because I wanted to let you know that I just checked the subtitles on this video and they are almost word for word correct, so I am wondering is it the lack of punctuation that is the problem? I just want to understand the problem so I can fix it. Thanks so much for your patience with me, I am not an expert with this stuff! ;)

[@1969kodiakbear]

@@GEOGIRL John's wife again. The issue is that on some channels each word appears only when it is spoken. If the speaker says "Well, now it's time," each of the four words appears one after the other. So if John can't understand the spoken word, he can refer to the written one, and vice versa, because he knows exactly where to look. On other channels, such as yours, words appear a line at a time. In other words, the speaker says "Well," and the screen immediately displays "Well, now it's time to answer questions from my viewers."

[@GEOGIRL]

@@1969kodiakbear OOOHH I get it! Thanks for explaining, I think there may be a way for me to do this without having to rewrite the transcript. I just need to figure it out haha. I will work on it and let you know what I figure out ;) thanks for pointing this out to me!

[@joseph96345]

Happy (late) birthday!

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;D

[@RashidKhan-bk8cz]

Geo girl your voice so clean and also beautiful face from afghanistan

[@GEOGIRL]

Thank you! ;)

[@footfault1941]

Is this within an ordinary range of geology? I doubt it. A stunning scale of research is done! Gone too far (to me) though, the content is fascinating! I wouldn't be surprised if Hsp90 was featured next!

[@GEOGIRL]

Absolutely! Io is perhaps the most relevant body in our solar system to Earth Geology because of its volcanic activty! And the only way we can understand these volcanic features on Io is by studying analogous ones on Earth, so I would say it is absolutely within the range of geology ;) But hey, I think everything is geology hahaha

[@footfault1941]

@@GEOGIRL astro-geology! Yes, you're right!

[@nigelwoodley3656]

ITS ME AGAIN. WHAT ARE YOU LIKE ON; THE ROLE THAT, QUANTUM DYNAMIC FLUID MECHANICS PLAYED IN PLANETARY FORMATION AND PLANETARY EVOLUTION..??? STARTING POINT “THE KUIPER BELT” ; STICKY PEBBLE ACCRETION, PLANETESIMAL’S, PROTO-PLANETS, PLANETARY MIGRATION, ORBITAL MECHANICS, AND ORBITAL DECAY. THINK ABOUT IT, BECAUSE YOU AT LEAST LOOK INTELLIGENT. HAVE A NICE DAY…

[@nyoodmono4681]

The caption says Potatoe when you say 'Paterae', maybe it is all potatoe mash on Io?

[@GEOGIRL]

Hahaha Yea, I figured paterae is not a word that google knows well LOL