Planck's Constant and The Origin of Quantum Mechanics | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

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Planck's Length is the length below which the concept of length loses its meaning. What exactly does that mean and what are the incredible implications this fact has upon our reality? To find out check out this episode of Space Time where Matt digs into the early history of quantum mechanics.
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)
Comments by:
BrunoJMR
• The Strange Universe o...
Prasad Deshmukh
• The Strange Universe o...
Gary Palmer
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Dylan T
• The Strange Universe o...

[@tompenny5684]

This has to be possibly the most professional and well put together physics channel on KZbin. From the animations to the logical descriptions which make difficult concepts make sense! This has given me so much to write about for my formal report on Black Body radiation. Thank you!

[@T33K3SS3LCH3N]

Math teachers: Zeno's paradox is easy. You can overtake the tortoise because we have calculus. Quantum Physicists: WE DONT EVEN KNOW WHERE YOU ARE

[@manspider9152]

An underrated comment

[@Reach3DPrinters]

You can only describe how the overtaking would be approached and that overtaking would take infinity... as well as what quadrant one is overtaking in.

[@Sunspot1225.]

The elements that go zero in calculus, don't. So the resultant answer is a little bit off by the Planck's Constant.

[@Reach3DPrinters]

@@Sunspot1225. Planck suggests reality is digital! :)

[@fghsgh]

We especially don't know where you are if we know you're running at a speed.

[@harshitshukla7382]

After watching these lectures i really feel science has scratched the surface, there's so much to learn, and thanks to channels like these, we are getting to question again and wonder at the world around us, a trait long lost with childhood!

[@jaybyrdcybertruck1082]

Im a highschool graduate with no schooling in Quantum Physics but I Have a real passion for it and these videos are absolutely fantastic! I was never good at math but I understand the theories very well!! love these videos!

[@javiercastro8466]

Don’t give up. I am horrible at math and school in general. I am self taught in physics and was able to work in an engineering capacity despite not having a real formal education. I am a student of science although I have no aptitude to being a student in school.

[@Bill-ou7zp]

Sorry, but you don’t understand any ‘theories’ without the math. The day you think you understand quantum mechanics is the day you can be certain you don’t

[@mysmirandam.6618]

Same. So weird never took it outta all the college I've had

[@mysmirandam.6618]

​@javiercastro8466 how did you do that because same. I would always get c's in math in hs but inly passed because I would try and get tutored. I tried 4 times to pass algebra in college Then got a's in a different college because my math professor taught me how I learn? I figured out I have dyscalcula because of his genius

[@ttrestle]

I just love how popular this channel is. Many times I don’t understand what’s being talked about but I always watch every vid. Sometimes multiple times.

[@Woodmakerstudios]

I love watching PBS, it makes me feel more intelligent than I am.

[@raidermaxx2324]

-Woobywooo dont sell urself short man.. the fact that this type of content interests you instead of honey boo boo's channel already sets u apart from 90% of the population.. also reading books on these subjects are a great way to compliment these videos to help comprehension.. another great channel is Isaac Arthur's channel.. he talks about more hypothetical concepts like the Fermi paradox, Rocheworld's, transhumanism, Dyson spheres, etc.. dude is very smart, and doesnt include so much math and science.. its more conceptual.. check him out:)

[@Woodmakerstudios]

Cheers Neo, I will most certainly check him out! I have a lot of theories myself but I lack the knowledge of actually proving them right ( Or wrong ). I will hopefully change that in the future! Either way, these video's are fascinating

[@wholeNwon]

Complement.

[@busteraycan]

Wot! It does exactly opposite to me!?

[@AG-sy4wt]

ya id like to see them show us how to use some of the equations, that would be sik!

[@Moonbo]

Damn I love this channel!

[@clarkfeeley1959]

Yeah this dude is so intelligent it's frightens me.

[@ayylmao2710]

not to hate on him, but with enough time and research anyone can become as smart as him. it's one of the more awesome parts of being human!

[@clarkfeeley1959]

LeFlyingSaucer LOL sorry I don't get that vibe. He's likeable and all but I'm not a switch hitter. My brains incapable of thinking in those terms.

[@CarlosMats]

i can't stop repeating it either! Best content on the web as of today.

[@TrailRunnerLife]

Totally agree!

[@EchoL0C0]

I feel like this video doesn't give Planck enough credit. Trying out lots of different ideas to re-create a distribution is not the same as mashing random buttons. For one thing, all buttons have a chance of getting pressed, but not all ideas (such as dividing the whole equation by 0) are valid. Also, it makes coming up with all these ideas sound a lot easier than it is. Lastly, his result was caused by trial-and-error, not pure random chance.

[@ArthurCammers]

Yes the video did not give Planck enough credit. He was studying entropy and a student of Boltzmann's work. He too stood on the shoulders of giants.

[@KipIngram]

Planck was completely brilliant. He also understood the full impact of what he'd just done, because he HATED IT.

[@gaussianvector2093]

@@KipIngram yup, it wasn't until Einstein believed him that people saw it as fundamental and not just a classical puzzle. Enter Quantum Mechanics, then Einstein hated what he'd done! Bohr was really the one we needed, a true believer in h and all of its consequences.

[@Kevsterr158]

When bro actually studies 8 hours a day :

[@Sett86]

So. Einstein discovered dark energy almost a century ahead of everyone else because his math wasn't working out without it. Planck discovered quantization of light because his math wasn't working out without it. Do I see a pattern here?

[@phoenix03ist]

What do you mean?

[@deathbydeviceable]

If you wanna get technical the dark energy is all around us, it's called gravity. It's the lack of gravity that creates anti-matter, cause no gravity is there to keep it intact. I'm off my rocker, let me just get back in my seat

[@Asijantuntia]

So you're implying this was all made up because someone just had to invent new stuff to make their theory work? Then how do you explain that we can actually detect these quantum phenomena? For example physicists are having trouble making computer processor chips in smaller scales, because the quantum tunneling effect makes the transistor gates randomly not work.

[@sidewaysfcs0718]

@Bob Harris Well, technically, they are. Doesn't mean they can't be true. We know for a fact that the h constant is good, Planck just plugged it in to make the theory work.

[@janinduherath5974]

And we get an F when our math doesn't work out........

[@vinayseth1114]

9:27- Who else laughed when he said 'As usual, it took Albert Einstein...'? :D

[@riptorn4722]

Seems tv shpw for them object moving all around adderall only works on in nechanics little nemo on hbo: am-jazera which hbo v ecplain I in..

[@tomrhodes1629]

I like to look at it this way: "Heck, you know he was smart. His name was Einstein!!" Give me a "click" if you're open-minded and want the secrets of the Universe...no joke.

[@golfinhocomchamas4054]

@Goble By solving what their original creators coulden't...

[@419Audio]

me too 🙂

[@Sunspot1225.]

Albert Einstein once said that if you want the smartest physicist go see Tesla.

[@MaBuSt]

I'm a PhD in Materials Science. I also had a phenomenal Materials Properties course as an undergrad. This was still one of the best ways of diagrammatically showing the origins of the UV catastrophe (at 6:43)

[@MooImABunny]

"I'm glad we could help you guys entangled" holy crap that was the most wonderful geeky thing I've heard in a while XD

[@rudiepunk85]

As they say.. I'll science anybody I want

[@tubeofvideos]

He should have completed saying "not in a quantum entanglement".

[@BeCurieUs]

There have been a lot of great episodes here, but this one is by far my favorite. I like hearing the history of the math and scientists as much as the science. The story about Plank and him going "huh, try this" was really fun. And I really like the integration of the tortoise analogy with BB radiation and Plank length. Everything just worked for me :D

[@gmtoomey]

Its a great explanation, probably the best I've seen.

[@albertrenshaw4252]

Favorite line of the video: 9:22 "As usual, it took Albert Einstein, to..." Lmao

[@filthyactsatareasonablepri8136]

Actually, quantum mechanics forbids this.

[@TheDearestHunter]

|FilthyActsAtAReasonablePrice| KILLA QUEEN

[@berniexs1500]

Timestamp of clip

[@samsungsmartfridge8632]

Saltee Potatochippr sadly it isn’t in this video but it is here kzbin.info/www/bejne/fneQaneva851lZY at about 4:30

[@xQuiero]

100th liek

[@xxxxxx5868]

@@bobito3861 r/wooosh

[@n4thanfv]

*The best* channel on YT!! Thanks for another video that enlightens us all on the beauty of the universe! *Q:* _Is there an independent experimental method to measure the Planck's Constant?_ I ask this because for what I understood, they calculated it based on previous measurements, so it was more like a math trick.

[@ArgoIo]

One can actually derive Planck's Constant from the photo electric effect itself.

[@LKAChannel]

+Lorenz Zahn Exactly, we did that in 12th grade.

[@adamhogan4267]

the photo electric effect can measure the planks constant by an experiment where a light source is shone onto a specific metal which cause some of the electrons to be ejected from the metal. there will be a certain voltage within the circuit which you can measure just by using a variable voltage supply and so because of the equation V=J/Q you can rearrange to get the J=VQ where J is the minimum kinetic energy that the photon needs to overcome the voltage which is also know as the stopping voltage. once you know this you can use the equation E=Hf-Ø to work out planks constant where E is the kinetic energy of the photon, F is the frequency on the light and Ø is the work function, which is the minimum energy that needs to be given to a photon to be ejected from the surface of the metal, hope this helps

[@LKAChannel]

MultiMdave What was posted here is not even theoretical physics, it's experimental physics. Theoretical physics is where it gets completely crazy and where without very advanced math skills you will despair. (trust me, I'm studying Physics and Astronomy in Bonn University)

[@valeriobertoncello1809]

But why is plank's constant called "h" ?!

[@SayyadinaHeresy]

Thank you so much, PBS Spacetime for these videos on the quantum realm! They are so clear and concise! I'm very much enjoying these!

[@johnasgonzales4503]

VERY HARD PROBLEM “As usual it took Albert Einstein”

[@MegaBaddog]

www.amazon.com/Albert-Einstein-Incorrigible-Christopher-Bjerknes/dp/0971962987 The name "Einstein" evokes images of genius, but was Albert Einstein, in fact, a plagiarist, who copied the theories of Lorentz, Poincare, Gerber, and Hilbert? A scholarly documentation of Albert Einstein's plagiarism of the theory of relativity, "Albert Einstein: The Incorrigible Plagiarist" discloses Einstein's method for manipulating credit for the work of his contemporaries, reprints the prior works he parroted, and demonstrates through formal logical argument that Albert Einstein could not have drawn the conclusions he drew without prior knowledge of the works he copied, but failed to reference. Numerous republished quotations from Einstein's contemporaries prove that they were aware of his plagiarism.

[@Thundralight]

They have studied Einstein's brain and the folds in it are much deeper than a normal brain

[@achyuththouta6957]

@@MegaBaddog Nobody cares. Anyone who has read a book written by Einstein knows your comment is bullshit

[@filename1674]

@@MegaBaddog well thats how science works buddy. We copy the work of others to make an even greater statements to understand the universe

[@MegaBaddog]

@@Thundralight nice comedy

[@kermanguy1877]

Imagine just accidentally figuring out one of the universal constants.

[@abhirajdutta327]

WoWoWoWoWoWoW

[@Reach3DPrinters]

I don't agree, Its only a constant relative to what is needed to make measurements. The actual constant doesn't exist. Space time has no segmentation, it is analog, even if it can only be perceived digitally... in fact all real numbers are digital... we would have to describe nature with only unreal numbers to achieve a decent representation of our universe.

[@l0kexh]

Nothing is random they spend their lifetimes doing and calculating things . I repeat nothing is random

[@narajuna]

Hum must not be hard to imagine; aint there a LOT of Chance accidents around here? Primates sustain on accidental figures...

[@Thundralight]

@@Reach3DPrinters I think it has to do with different states of consciousness Do animals or insects have what is needed to take a measurement in the way we can take a measurement of something.

[@iainballas]

"I'm glad we could help you guys get entangled" Keeping education Classy. Thanks, that made my day!

[@RyanCelsiusMusic]

Love this channel, can't wait for next weeks episode!

[@noahforester7715]

why are YOU here

[@nenmaster5218]

@ok What kind of doubts? You dont wanna tell us you belong to the Flat-Earthers that say the Sun is a Hologram or a Painting, right?? ?

[@yuke...]

DAMN

[@ayseraysertaha7594]

Again why is the ultra violet is catastrophic

[@DavidTJames-yq9dr]

that was great. I love going back and watchig these. New, or as a refresher, a seriously good watch.

[@vishalmishra4408]

Max Planck may have never imagined that his constant would be used in 2018-19 to define New/Quantum SI unit of Mass (the Kilogram Kg).

[@BoomBrush]

That moment at 9:40 was a "lightbulb" moment for me. The explanation is amazing here, well done with the video!

[@MrGyulaBacsi]

Although it might sound exaggerated IMHO, this "math trick" was the single most important moment of the entire history of Science.

[@maycksonvogas3129]

Awesome!! That was the best explanation of Plank constant since my high school, I never got very well this subject. When you think of a limit of the quantum scale, really simplifies it. Thanks

[@Atodaso]

LOL'd @ " *_Space Time and Chill_*" / "I'm glad we could help you guys " *_get entangled_*."

[@AutisticBoardGamer]

who wouldn't get entangled to science?

[@dbartholemewfox]

Wow, I think this might be the best episode yet! Can we get a part 2 on the origin of quantum mechanics?

[@jackhill2765]

Thank you for (1) a clear, concise and comprehensive explanation of exactly what the "ultra violet catastrophe" was and how reformulating conventional wisdom (the Rayleigh-Jean Law) by incorporating Plank's constant to form the Plank Black Body Law, quantized the relationship between frequency and energy, resolving the issue, (2) for confirming that the flaw in the Rayleigh-Jean Law was fundamentally the same misconception as that leading to Zeno's paradoxes, and finally, (3) for tying it all together by showing how the fallout from Plank's idea essentially resolves both issues not to mention giving birth to QM. I also appreciate seeing the actual Rayleigh-Jean Law & Plank Black Body Law. Understanding the history is a necessary first step toward understanding the result. Extremely well done!

[@no_more_free_nicks]

Absolutely brilliant episode, I was wondering where from this constant came from, but the process is just amazing!

[@cec831]

"When he (Planck) came up with in his moment of desperation..." A powerful statement!

[@Xollas]

Our hero wandered down the mean streets of Blackbody Radiation and stumbled upon the Ultraviolet Catastrophe. The hero thought he must have taken a wrong turn somewhere in the past to be forced to confront this horrendous monster. The Ultraviolet Catastrophe wrestled aggressively with our hero. In a moment of desperation our hero discovered a weapon. He took Planck's Constant and used it against the Ultraviolet Catastrophe. Then out of nowhere a friend appears and blasts the Ultraviolet Catastrophe with his powerful laser the Photoelectric Effect. The friend helped up our hero and both were awarded medals for their achievements. At that moment everything in the city had changed...

[@davep8221]

Now we need a "Far Side" illustration.

[@jumper7625]

70% edgy kids that came from stranger things 30% Actually quantum mechanics forbid this

[@SweatFPS]

Jumper Memer cuantum

[@5mamiya]

I’m in the 70% LOL

[@tylerhaverland9026]

One of my friends pressured me if I knew this and I was like no???? So now I’m here

[@thombruce]

@@tylerhaverland9026 Well, if you're going to be peer pressured into anything, quantum mechanics is... Who am I kidding? Listen to your parents: Quantum Mechanics, NOT EVEN ONCE!

[@Max_Le_Groom]

People who get Their science knowledge entirely fed to Them *from TV* sicken Me

[@bdz_4206]

The BEST episode. Never fear being silly!

[@Bobby-fj8mk]

My university professors never explained Planck's constant as well as this. We just learnt the formulas to pass our exams - how bad is that?

[@JoshYates]

Institutions are dying. Society probably collapsing and rebuilding because of the internet disruption. Damn my student loans!

[@Bobby-fj8mk]

Hopefully your lecturers were better than mine & as good as this KZbin video?

[@jorymil]

Depending the class or classes you took, it's not _that_ surprising. They're trying to fit 400 years of science into a semester or two, so the history and justification for the physical laws sadly gets left out sometime. I'm not sure why that's acceptable: it seems better for entry-level chemistry/physics students to cover a little less material, but understand where it comes from. If you majored in chemistry or physics and your professors didn't cover the blackbody spectrum, the ultraviolet catastrophe, Planck's solution, and give you problems to derive the formula for yourself, shame on them: this is something that should be covered in a thermodynamics or intro to quantum mechanics class.

[@conorm2524]

@@jorymil I always wished lecturers would give a heads up on what we were going to cover next time. I find it much easier to learn something "new" when I've had a chance to introduce it to myself for a little while first. Brand-brand-new concepts usually overwhelm me somewhat.

[@jorymil]

@@conorm2524 Preach it, sir! A good syllabus can certainly help with that, but providing that context in-lecture, almost like a TV serial, certainly would be helpful sometimes. Depends on class size and format, too.

[@sholmen1872]

This was a mindblowing explanation to the tortoise problem. Never thought about it from a quantum perspective!

[@Kehlvowen]

"...help you guys get entangled." I love everything that you stand for.

[@los1wochos]

As usual it took albert Einstein to fully understand this. God, fuck, how can one sinlge human be on a level so far above everyone else. This line had me laughing, and then just baffled.

[@nickieshadowfaxbrooklyn5192]

los1wochos bs. Pr and money to hide etherium. So much wrong in GRT and SRT, but it comes by steps. When you make wrong assumptions, your theory can’t be right. Another ultraviolet catastrophe is about to happen, if not that we have crisis in physics already.

[@Phobos_Anomaly]

Nickie Shadowfax Brooklyn "When you make wrong assumptions, your theory can't be right." That's actually incorrect.

[@angusharvey686]

los1wochos Indeed! ........🤔

[@jpaine619]

These videos are freakin' awesome. The host does a great job of making it easy for a non-scientist to understand.

[@madierenee473]

I had to pause around 2:00 just to appreciate how amazing this is, my mind is blown! I haven't gotten to take any quantum mechanics classes yet, but now I'm even more excited!

[@januszpawlikowski6627]

You want to take classes in quantum mechanics based on KZbin? Anyway, 3 years passed since your comment, I hope you somehow made it.

[@calculon000]

If Space itself is expanding, does that mean that the Planck Constant of that space is expanding as well? If not, does this imply some kind of universal framework of distance?

[@Kaepsele337]

No, because ħ doesn't really pixelate position, it pixelizes the so called "action". If you fix momentum, this is equivalent to position pixelation, but that's not fundamental. Also, note the difference between "position in space" and "spacetime" itself. Nobody knows how to quantize (i.e. pixelate) spacetime, but in any case expanding space would probably just mean more pixels and not larger pixels. Planck's constant is constant.

[@peterburgess9735]

Great question, and great answer!

[@JuBerryLive]

Conservation of energy relies on the symmetry of your system under time translation (see Noether Theorem). In a system that is not time translation invariant, eg expanding universe, energy doesn't have to be conserved. The plank constant is not expanding. Only more space is created.

[@escupetube]

No cause it's a constant, doesn't matter if space is expanding

[@SkyAce200]

The Loop Quantum Gravity theory basically describes a quantized spacetime with a granular structure. We're a little far to being able to prove it, but it's a good theory in my opinion.

[@MattRieckman]

These topics are so... badly unexplained in most other places. This channel does an absolutely perfect job of making it understandable.

[@bohanxu6125]

3:03: "everything in the universe glows with its own internal heat" dark matters: how about no?

[@buttlesschap]

dark matter is fudge factor

[@gaminghunt5837]

Event horizon?

[@hackerulroman]

Because it's not a charged particle

[@afshinmansoorieh824]

Thank you PBS for another excellent science episode. The video production and story telling is built beautifully and logically so it's easy to follow and understand . Excellent, thank you .

[@abundantsoul6487]

i am so grateful to god that he made me stumble on this channel . as i am an indian student the people from my country who create videos on this stuff are all occupied by JEE , NEET AND CBSE no one is interested in science rather all r interested in marks . thank u for this beautiful explanation

[@schmetterling4477]

Which god? We invented so many of them. Especially in India. ;-)

[@theambient1]

My favourite channel by far! Great video and excellent explanation! But actually the one thing that really made my day was the fact that you used Terry Pratchett's Discworld-Tortoise. He sure would have loved to see this! Keep up your amazing work!

[@professorfoxtrot]

The cover looks like Dark Side of the Moon by Planck Floyd.

[@therenjoseph]

What happens if you increase the temperature of an object to a point where the wavelength of light it emits is smaller than the Planck length? Is it impossible to increase the temperature any more?

[@KohuGaly]

that's where currently known physics breaks down. A wavelength of planck length has such amount of energy, that gravity becomes comparable with other physical forces and we currently lack a theory which would describe such state.

[@joeybeauvais-feisthauer3137]

KohuGaly is right, our understanding of physics breaks down at that point; your object would have the Planck temperature. But the energy density of such a thing would be such that it would have collapsed into a black hole way before that point.

[@shrekogreton6405]

look up "Kugelblitz"

[@garethdean6382]

That's not possible. In so many ways. Firstly at a temperature far below that 'pair production' causes hot objects to start emitting electron-positron pairs as well as EM radiation. Keep pumping in energy and 'electroweak symmetry' is restored which stops photons and the electromagnetic force being a thing entirely. Keep pushing past that and a few billion times the Planck-photon length the energy density is so high that any bulk mass will collapse into a black hole. Masses with de-Broglie wavelengths on the order of the Planck length are possible, at least in theory., they'd have some interesting properties in regards to measurement.

[@MrTripcore]

The temperature of the big bang doesn't exist because the effects of the hottest temperature is equal to the effects of the coldest temperature. There is also no need for a 'temperature' at all at the moment of the big bang because temperature itself is a type of measurement. You cannot 'compare' a single entity against another entity if that 'other' entity doesn't exist yet.

[@zikermu]

Awesome. thank you very much for this very educational video (the flow of words is correct, the tone is not monotonous, the verbal and non-verbal languages are adapted, the subject of the course is very well mastered, the sound and video are qualities ). I had a nice and informative time.

[@satori92]

you are seriously THE BEST, you bring me back to the school desk, when I was discovering such things for the first time, and then reading on books and science magazines, watching Carl Sagan on the tv... amazing

[@RSP13]

3:03 When he says "Science fact" I immediately remember of Beakman!

[@xgozulx]

thankyou so much for leting me understand the link betwen the vibratotion of the atoms and the radiation than an object emits. It was really pissing me off.

[@Master_Therion]

How many Planck Lengths would a wood plank length be?

[@jfhow]

How many planks would a Planck length nail, if a Planck length could nail wood?

[@Mnomphalos]

How many planck lengths would a platypus platinum plate if a platypus platinum plated plancks?

[@genesanborn2367]

As long as a wood plank length could be

[@deanwinchest3906]

"If a wood plank could plank wood"

[@aprameyaneopane7766]

We will never sleep cuz sleep is for the weak!!!!!!!!!🤘🏻🤘🏻🤘🏻🤘🏻🤘🏻🔥🔥🔥🤘🏻

[@psychyouout709]

I'm glad to see PBS never lost its mission to educate. Thank you.

[@0GRAVITYGAMER]

Wow im so amazed, i never knew what plancks constant a question always probing my mind. But now I know the plancks constant represents the boundary between classical and quantum physics. Truly spectacular

[@ewanhassall7350]

Or as v-sauce would say... "Plunk length"

[@Like34ninjas]

"hey! v-sauce!"

[@guitarheroprince123]

"But who is Micheal? and how much does 'here' weigh?"

[@guitarheroprince123]

+Ender Haha, man I know who he is. I'm just continuing what he says in his videos.

[@ruisilva5758]

As always...thanks for watching...

[@guitarheroprince123]

"@tweetsauce"

[@Teddy0567]

Wow, this video was really easy to understand, the videos about the space-time curvature equasions were a lot harder for me to understand. Really well explained! thanks.

[@accadia1983]

So, a full round circle of seven years rediscovering advances im physics brings me back to pixels, like whaaa? It's like welcome back to Matrix, Neo, except this time the pixels are spinning, rotating (referring to Higgs particles) and there is more to the whole rabbit hole thing

[@amazinggolfshot]

This is the best explanation of the shape of black body radiation curve I have ever seen. Great job!

[@MindfulAttraction]

you know your video is good when people elect and plan to watch your videos when they're high.

[@texini8368]

🎵A NEVER-ENDING STORY!🎵

[@yourmom-cr5xv]

AH AAAAH AAAAAAAAAAAH STORYYYYYY!

[@Sunspot1225.]

Nothing right?

[@WiscoDrinks]

the flat earth tortoise is awesome.

[@robertvanpiggelen4625]

Google Sir Terry Pratchett's Discworld

[@jluna8715]

What Planck came up with is so beautiful. An equation for the absolute smallest unit by mathematical definition.

[@douglasstrother6584]

Planck's approach was to analyze the entropy of blackbody radiation as a function of energy. To make both high-frequency and low-frequency data consistent with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, he included an additional "guess" term proportional to the frequency (hf); this results in Planck's Law. Planck's subsequent application of Boltzmann's Statistical Mechanics to justify his guess then led to his revolutionary conclusion that the material of the walls emit and absorb radiation in discrete quanta. A paper titled "Planck’s Route to the Black Body Radiation Formula and Quantization" by Michael Fowler (7/25/08) gives a nice discussion.

[@danielmunoz-lifeideas5124]

Finally a well put together science video, and i love you pace, keep it up brother!

[@heinrichgoebbers2234]

"Einstein saved the phisycs as usual" Damn, that guy is the RL superman of nerds.

[@irokosalei5133]

Except that time when quantum entanglment won.

[@manfredpseudowengorz]

5:01 Not so fast You PBS Space Time Peepz! Max Planck presented quantized EM force postulate on 14th of Dec 1900 - two weeks before the end of the 19th century.

[@موسى_7]

You mean 1899?

[@whatthefunction9140]

OK was not expecting to get my comment featured... My wife is going to freak when we chill tonight.

[@supersonictumbleweed]

A friendly bi-annual reminder this happened

[@winstonknowitall4181]

@@supersonictumbleweed I'd like to check if they're still together, but I don't want to collapse their wave function.

[@ascohn]

I think this is my favorite episode of Space Time.

[@peace2u4eva59]

YOU SINCERELY. SAVED. MY. ASS. I HAVE BEEN CHRONICALLY STUCK FOR 2 YEARS AND AM HOPING TO PASS A/"this" UNIT, FINALLY, BC OF HOW ETHEREALLY PALPABLE YOU HAVE MADE THIS.

[@mariscotesgerald174]

Me: No one: The comment section: *StrAngEr thIngs BrOuGht mE heRe*

[@eternal9303]

NEVERENDING STORRRYYYYY AhAaaAAaaaAAaAAHH

[@mariscotesgerald174]

@@eternal9303 y33t they vocalised like beyonce

[@eternal9303]

@@mariscotesgerald174 Yeah hahahaha

[@abelroblero2894]

NO! Practical Jokers brought me here!

[@a.wolfgang6423]

5:10

[@Harryandleo]

i keep watching these videos thinking i'll get smarter. so far nothings happened

[@pbsspacetime]

As much as we try to pack into these episodes, you're not going to learn quantum mechanics from a KZbin video. However you can gain some insights to guide further reading and further watching (and re-watching).

[@Harryandleo]

I've just checked and I'm pretty sure the fault lies at my end. Exceedingly high cranium bone density, although....... not quite as thick as a Planck

[@KaizerSozaye]

Harryandleo yeah I guess it doesn’t work like that...

[@conorm2524]

@@Harryandleo Don't worry. We are in the vast majority.

[@Roedygr]

Thanks for explaining how planck's constant was computed. I have wondered about that for 55 years.

[@johnboze]

Regarding the MASS OF A PHOTON and QUANTUM SUPERFLUID: My Father John W. Boze believed that "Inner Elementary Particle Quantum Superfluid" was a Bose Einstein Condensate of Electromagnetic Dipole Particles 10^(-42) meter in diameter, the Planck Length being the RMS distance between them in the chaos of the EM Field. My father helped launch Apollo 11 from inside Firing Room 1 as the IBM DDAS Telemetry Network Controller. After his space industry career was over he had launched Apollo 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, and Skylab 2, 3, and 4. After Skylab at IBM Owego NY he built, inspected, repaired, and re-inspected Space Shuttle Flight Computers on every single shuttle. More on his career @ProjectApolloFilm. He knew "for a fact" that PHOTONS HAVE MASS given by Mass of a Photon = m = (h/cλ) (kg) , therefore Energy of a Photon = Energy of a Photon E = mc^2 = (h/cλ)c^2 = hc/λ If you checked out the ProjectApolloFilm you now know Dad knew Wernher von Braun and Alan Shepard and that they understood gravity to be a local EM Dipole Momentum Transfer Force ... NOT ACTION AT A SPOOKY DISTANCE. Mass of a Photon: m = (h/cλ) (kg) where, m = mass of a single photon h = Planck Constant c = speed of light, λ = wavelength of photon Gravity, according to this theory, is a local force due to the local Electromagnetic Dipole Mass Density Gradient in the Vacuum. Big "G" converts: Local (r^2) EM Dipole Mass Density Gradient (Delta kg/m^3) and maps it to acceleration (1/s^2) due to the local collision of EM Dipoles and the shear induced forces by the local EM Dipole Mass Density Gradient. The Mass M sets up the initial condition in Newton's Force equation but Big "G" converts EM Dipole Mass Density Gradient (Local Slope of the Local Vacuum Mass Density Function ) into the accel force we call Gravity. Apparently according to Dad "Electromagnetic Kinetic Dipole Theory" Gravity is an EM Dipole Momentum Transfer Phenomena NASA failed to inform people of ?!?. According to "Electromagnetic Kinetic Dipole Theory" PHOTONS HAVE MASS. Given by: Mass of a Photon: m = (h/cλ) (kg) where, m = mass of a single photon h = Planck Constant c = speed of light, λ = wavelength of photon The constant “b” which is a EM Dipole Compression Constant is as follows: b = h/c (kg m) b =6.62607004x10^(-34) (kg m^2/s) / (299792458) (m/s) b = 2.210219x10^(-42) (kg m) The Mass of a Photon Is: m = b/λ (kg) or, m = 2.21x10^(-42) / λ (kg) A typical red photon with a wavelength of 700nm has a the following mass: m = 2.21x10^(-42) kg m / 7x10^(-7) m Mass of a 700nm Photon: m = 3.1574557x10^(-36) kg The energy of a photon can be given by E = mc^2 where m = (h/cλ), Energy of a Photon E = mc^2 = (h/cλ)c^2 = hc/λ Gravitational Forces on a Photon: F = G M m / r^2 = G M h / c λ r^2 = THE MAX FORCE ON A PHOTONS MASS DUE TO GRAVITY Depending on location and trajectory .... So according to theory Photons Have Mass, and experience Gravity the Same Way As Particles !?!? Please Verify And Enjoy the Breaking News, Not To Me, I have known this since he told me in 3rd grade (1977) when he taught me algebra and shoved books about Einstein in my face ?!?! This would make an awesome episode since it is most likely fact and to be published soon. I guess the Planck Constant is "Mass of Photon X Speed of Light X Wavelength" and converts mass based momentum into energy. Dad knew a lot of people. I have always believed this to be true!

[@AngelaGonzalez-sf1yx]

this is a weird question but something that is very could would it give off in the radio wave spectrum? if so would there be a way to "listen" for it. i wonder what it would sound like.

[@garethdean6382]

Yes, but VERY cold. 1K objects emit mainly micowaves. The emission rate becomes incredibly INCREDIBLY low, wile regular radio equipment would work, the signal would be incredibly weak.

[@ColinCarmody]

How are people already commenting? The video was posted about 7-8 minutes ago yet it is 15 minutes long!

[@AnimeTheAmv]

Because for some reason being the first to comment is some sort of achievement for people? It seems trivial to me.

[@petergimeno6547]

Didn't you watch the episode? The tortious can be overtaken, at the quantum level. Thus, comments can precede the video, at the quantum level of course!

[@ColinCarmody]

+Peter Gimeno I'm sorry, but the comment section of this video does not look like the quantum level to me.

[@petergimeno6547]

+Colin Carmody Yes. Apparently it lacks humor too.

[@calebboud90]

The same reason you commented

[@xionpentagast]

given that I have a natural glow does that mean im a super saiyan?!

[@AntonioBarba_TheKaneB]

yes, you are over 9000!

[@garethdean6382]

Are you a blue-eyed blonde?

[@DvDick]

Or you just ate radium

[@valeriobertoncello1809]

+Silvio You are nauseating... ..detto da un italiano.

[@KevinP32270]

MIND BLOWN.

[@recreationalchannels8693]

Nothing is accidential. Results of their whole life devotion and their curiosity are enjoyed by us in various ways

[@MrGreglego]

This is like the first PBS spacetime videos I've understood... Feels like I just ran a marathon...

[@flopsnail4750]

3:42 the sun is actually white. Green and yellow and the rest of the frequencies of the light mix and white is the color we see, ignoring the scattering earth's atmosphere does to it.

[@jeffbrinkman684]

"Glad we could help you get entangled" Dirty Physics Pun....Nice

[@dulat]

Sounds spooky!

[@OhtheSuffering]

The answer to our neverending story.

[@kokroucz]

shout out to your graphic and animation artists, this is job well done.

[@johnhuldt]

Best video I’ve seen on this topic. Thank you.

[@garypalmer997]

WOW! so psyched that you used/answered my question. Thank you😃 I like watching your guys shows even though I don't understand most of them😁 thus hence my question lol. keep up the awesome wrk ☺

[@TheChampionofthepeople]

Stranger things brought me here... loool

[@2061526]

5:06 attack a problem? i'd say take it or leave it.

[@elir7184]

Its crazy to think that certain instantions of particles vibrate at certain frequencies which are multiples of plancks constant, and which together "trade" photons of certain frequencies between them. Its like kinetic energy and electromagnetism are equalized by the quantization of energy. So cool. Then its like, if you see a different color of light in a localized region of a larger object emitting light, then the particles there are vibrating at a different frequency than the whole and therefore the energetic values of their photon absorbtion and emission differ from the larger frequency of the object.

[@prajwalnakure19]

"Everything in the Universe glows with it's own Internal Heat." Now that is deep!

[@nocturne9257]

Why are there no green stars if green is in the EM spectrum?

[@IsYitzach]

Because black-body radiation follows a specific curve through color space shown in figure 2 on the wikipedia page on the topic. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-body_radiation#/media/File:PlanckianLocus.png

[@minimooster7258]

I'm not an expert, but I think it's because green ends up being absorbed (kind of) into the other colours. Well not really absorbed, but green wavelengths interact with other wavelengths in a way that the stars appear to be other colours. The sun's wavelengths actually peak in the green part of the spectrum.

[@IAMN0TGAY]

Very simple, because there is no known star that burns at the corresponding temperature. For a star to be formed, it needs to have at least a certain amount of mass and that mass causes the star to burn at temperatures that don't allow for the emmitence of green light.

[@potato-hj9nm]

+minimooster What about non visable light? Are there some stars that we can't see?

[@IsYitzach]

potato 123 There many astronomical bodies we can hardly see because they are so dark and red. I think some are classified as stars. There are temperature classifications for stars beyond OBAFGKM that were taught once upon a time. The search terms you're looking for to find out is "Brown Dwarf" and "Red Dwarf."

[@georgerickard5509]

That's a turtle bro 1:05

[@SineOccasu]

With a flat earth on its back o_O

[@william41017]

+SineOccasu and elephants

[@SineOccasu]

william41017 .... Mind blown haha.

[@william41017]

+SineOccasu lol

[@m33p0]

no no no. it's Great A'tuin. there's 4 world elephants standing on it's back holding up the Discworld. there used to be a fifth but it crashed into the disc during it's creation.

[@xShonFrostx]

15:04 I see what you did there.

[@solowinterwolf]

Clearest description of the Ultra-violet Catastrophe and Plank's resolution of it that I have found.

[@kaufmanindustries5538]

The best explanation on the subject I've ever heard.

[@AngelaGonzalez-sf1yx]

can a star be so hot it has no color. i know when you turn a bunsen burner all the way up you get a clear flame so can this be the same in terms of stars

[@dragohammer6937]

no. to the point where it you would have enough gravity to make fusion with heavy materials it already became a nova/super nova/hiper nova

[@DIEKALSTER8]

That flame is only clear to your eyes. It is still emitting electromagnetic radiation.

[@RichieHendrixx]

there is also a an upper limit for energy distribution in a confined space. I'm not sure anymore but I think it was around 35b Kelvin? But don't quote me on that number.

[@AngelaGonzalez-sf1yx]

the plank temperature is 10^32 k. i wonder what would happen if you would to add more energy to it?

[@alpsoysal3586]

I do not know if a star can reach temperatures that high, but if it can the answer would be yes. As it got hotter the frequency of the electromagnetic waves would increase, eventually exiting the range of visible light spectrum and entering the range of ultraviolet light.

[@degraj418]

Who else in NOT from Stranger Things Season 3 and just genuinely just interested in the beauty of physics?

[@EchtMartijn]

yeah, right here.

[@itsscience8115]

0:52 very nice Easter Egg you got over there The tortoise carrying the "flat earth"

[@KauanRMKlein]

I didn't know that story about Planck's desperate move haha! We aren't taught the story like that in school. Awesome video, as always.

[@marcellorossini5490]

Thanks for the perfect explanations. You are an excellent communicator of concepts that are truly out of everyday life. I am just an engineer but with a degree taken 30 years ago. My physics texts lacked a lot of things that are now taken for granted. In my time, exoplanets and higgs' bose were not discovered and it was still almost science fiction to talk about black holes and multiverse. Personally, I believe that if we can study and fully understand the fabric of space at the Planck level, then the human species will be able to manipulate gravity and also allow us to travel among the stars in the blink of an eye. Thanks again and keep informing us.