244 ‒ The history of the cell, cell therapy, gene therapy, and more | Siddhartha Mukherjee

[@PeterAttiaMD]

In this episode, we discuss: 0:00:08 - How the cell brings the genome to life, and how Sid’s recent book fits into his prior work to tell a story 0:09:13 - How the germ theory of disease and an understanding of the cell fueled a big leap in medicine 0:18:46 - What is the evolutionary drive for multicellular life? 0:29:21 - Four types of cell therapies and the challenges of gene therapy 0:42:09 - CAR T-cell therapy: promising gene therapy for cancer 0:48:25 - The possibility of using gene therapy to treat germline mutations like sickle cell disease 0:52:54 - The incredible revolution of gene editing with CRISPR 1:02:13 - Ethical questions around human gene editing 1:14:24 - The complex role of genetics in mental illness 1:20:33 - Two types of problems in science: the “eye in the sandstorm” problem and the “sand in the eye” problem 1:23:38 - Understanding neural networks: an example of the “sand in the eye” problem being solved 1:33:16 - Importance of learning by doing: comparing the learning styles of a doctoral student to a medical student 1:38:45 - Sid’s unique and brilliant style of writing 1:44:34 - Falling as the leading cause of accidental death: a liability of multicellular existence 1:49:05 - Sid’s struggle with depression and his desire to change the stigma around mental illness

[@NeetuSharma-kv3xx]

😅😅

[@cassandrabrecht]

Dr. Mukherjee is one of my absolute favorite writers...the man is a poet.

[@blue..ridding..h00d]

Same!!

[@Woodstock258]

Dr Attia, In recent months I discovered your channel while researching the benefits of fasting for longevity. To my delightful surprise I learned that you where from Toronto and my home during my college years. I was not smart enough to be accepted to QueensU so York settled on me. That's was 1973. As dual citizen born in Woodstock Ontario, I am proud to recommend my friends and colleagues to your Drive KZbin Channel and letting them know your a fellow Torontonian. I blame you for my 40 lb weight loss since Nov22. More importantly the lifestyle changes and exercise adaptation that both are now my life. Thank you for sharing your knowledge and the groundbreaking work you and your colleagues provide. I now can get off the floor unassisted.😊

[@jackiebardsley9946]

This is not my technical field so I learned a lot. Sid has a great way of making complex topics accessible.

[@Bellatrix9245]

I have so much admiration and respect towards geniuses who make so much effort to simplify complex topics of science and medicine making them accessible to the masses

[@octatonicgardenmarcospi4978]

He is a master. What a wonderful conversation. Thank you, Peter!

[@gro16]

i checked out the sample in his audible version and all i can say is that i wish he had done the narration. It would have made it enjoyable as his inherent understanding of what he has written and his tone in reflection would have made a big difference to the audible only community. Peter would you say his book is also for the non medical community, your average lay person?

[@dianed4190]

Absolutely fascinating! (Thank you for introducing me to Weiss. Reminds me of Tesla.) I like the way your mind works, Sid. Can't wait to read your books and ride your wave.

[@stuartsiegel2327]

Absolutely fantastic episode, thank you. As a side note, on the topic of why dinosaurs (among many other organisms) got so big in their day, the topic is discussed (with ample references) in Bill Bryson's wonderful book "A Short History of Nearly Everything" (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Nearly_Everything). Much had to do with higher oxygen concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere that allowed for these extraordinary large lifeforms to exist (six-feet-long centipedes, for example).

[@mayurim9839]

I learnt a lot from this fascinating podcast; thank you so much! It's sad that this is the first time I'm hearing of Samuel Weiss; wish we'd been taught about him at school.

[@samieramohamed2467]

As a medical doctor Obestetrician we learned about Samuel Weiss. Thanks,In British school of medicine we were taught observation is first tool to diagnose diseases and health,

[@samieramohamed2467]

Viruses are incomplete living organism who lives on living cells like living sick humans who can not survive on their own and live as parasites blood suckers for various reasons and justifications. But viruses a step in evolution of different types of lives.

[@samieramohamed2467]

Thanks once read a book depressions area choices of choosing your inner thoughts positive and or negative and ratio of both.

[@kazoz3520]

The auto-transcription was a bit off. It is Ignaz Semmelweis, who was the early pioneer of antiseptic procedures (hand washing).

[@mayurim9839]

@@kazoz3520 Yeh I realised this a bit too late when I mentioned this to someone in the field and they were like, "Do you mean Semmelweis?"...thank you for putting it in the comment section anyway as I forgot to update the comment with the correct spelling :)

[@IvicaOS]

what a fantastic pod ❤️ now just to decide in what order to start with Shri Mukherjee books, after finishing Peter’s book of course…currently listening to Goggins 👊🏻💯😀🏃🏿

[@billytheweasel]

Solid Gold - just add those dancers ! Quick 2 hours, well spent, it's an honor really.

[@samieramohamed2467]

Most writing is about self because this is really what we know in relation to our environment.We are limited in time, space,senses ,and part of whole ecosystem and our bodies are ecosystem so parts represent the whole and the whole is representing the parts.

[@simonpc123]

Bloody wonderful. Thanks to both gentlemen yet again for clarity and the joy of understanding/s. Stay groovy. Be well all.

[@tinguarogarcia9606]

Fantastic! very accessible knowledge. Thank you

[@ravishankarsrivastava2212]

Siddhartha Mukherjee the problem we are facing today that WE STILL DONT WHAT IS LIFE ? ITS A MILLION DOLLAR QUESTION. IF WE KNOW WHAT IS LIFE, WE ARE IMMORTAL, NOBODY WILL DIE

[@FirstPrinciplesFitness]

Can anyone point me in the direction of the essay about volume to weight ratios and aerobic capacity he referenced at min 26:00 ish??. Thank you!

[@bennguyen1313]

In the next interview, would love to hear what Sid thinks *HOW* a cell knows what part of the DNA tune to play... and how the brain produces consciousness (1h48m). How does CRISPR compare to silencing gene expression using RNAi/RISC complex? Aubrey de Grey suggests that CRISPR is great at removing short sequences, but isn't well suited for inserting kilobases of genetic information. Is there a technique that DOES support that? Also, what percentage of cells would need to be targeted in a selected tissue, to repair disease? And even if you had 100% coverage, don't you still need another mechanism on top of it in order to express that new dna? Regarding gene-therapy, what prevents the body's immune system from noticing and killing the modified-virus before it's done any work? The Atlantic had a great story, "You May Already Be Immune to CRISPR". BTW, why is the audio/rss-podcast version of the interview, shorter than the video?

[@samieramohamed2467]

Balance exercises are essential to practice so our bodies correct itself automatically because when we trip over within milliseconds the body correct itself subconsciously. 33percent died after falls in old age( taught in general surgery).Essentials are diet, sleep,muscles movements to last to the end.

[@AnnTsungMD]

It's fascinating to learn how our bodies have the ability to correct themselves subconsciously, especially when we trip or stumble. As we age, our risk of falling increases, and falls can be a significant cause of injury and even death. It's alarming to hear that 33% of older adults who fall may die as a result, underscoring the importance of taking proactive steps to maintain our balance and prevent falls from happening in the first place. You're absolutely right that essentials such as a healthy diet, good quality sleep, and regular muscle movements are all crucial components of maintaining our overall health and well-being, especially as we age. Incorporating balance exercises into our daily routine can be a simple yet effective way to promote better balance and prevent falls from happening. Thank you!

[@umeshchhikara]

Loved this. Thanks you. At 1.30 hours - you guys are discussing the need for synpase. I've been thinking about the need for synapses between neurons and why electrical signals need to be converted to chemical and then back to electrical signals. It's been bothering me for a while, so I have a question for you: Do you think that synapses are what differentiate humans from robots/AI? Without synapses, everything would be purely electrical with no evaluation or assessment, much like the flow of electricity in our homes. Humans, on the other hand, have the ability to interfere in any process or signaling and override it. For example, when we eat our favorite food, we inadvertently override the leptin hormone. Similarly, with strong beliefs, we have the potential to safeguard ourselves or even heal from acute or chronic ailments. So my question is, if the brain were to interfere with our signaling process, could it be at the synapses somewhere in the brain?

[@zaynkandal]

Ask chatGPT also mention the channel name and time

[@santoshkumarsingh8432]

NAMASKAR SIR

[@yvonnehyatt8353]

Please study - Bruce Lipton and Ernesto Sirolli thanks 🌎

[@richardhastings5860]

Loved the Dinosaur question.

[@rigaleb]

There is also a fifth type of cell therapy - the one that controls the ways the cells communicate so that they interpret the dna in another way to achieve homeostasis, without ever changing the genome or epigenome. This is not pseudoscience, not vodoo, this is provable and it has been proved, for now, in animals. Checkout dr Michael Levin's research. I really hope you read this and just consider to check this out.

[@TheDraghun]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/oH3MeX96p7SHjZo

[@MZell6789]

Michael Levin is super fascinating.

[@marcellocapone4925]

Great listen.

[@josh_wags]

Phenomenal as always 👏

[@samieramohamed2467]

Knowledge is by experience ( Emanuel Kant).when listening to Kant books try to be at same wavelength of his thoughts but listening in English is not the same as listening in German language. So is Plato to dive in his brain should know the old Greek so human understanding is understood.

[@jamesgordon8867]

Brain: we don't have the blueprints how this organ works, it's like asking a surgeon to work on a Roles Royce😊

[@kristinewineland8032]

It's Semmelweiss.

[@user-um4di5qm8p]

@1:41:27

[@jamesgordon8867]

Multicellular life: God created 😊

[@ilevitatecs2]

Fairly interesting discussion on depression-presumably all genetic mental disorders will have genomic targets to explore and ultimately replace with a “healthy” genome. For those that perhaps suffer from an epigenomic expression of depression from lifestyle/environmental choices, it seems so self-centered given the ability to switch those genes off

[@AnnTsungMD]

While it's true that genetic mental disorders may have genomic targets that can be explored and replaced with a "healthy" genome in the future, it's important to remember that mental illness is a complex issue that often involves a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Regarding epigenomic expression of depression from lifestyle and environmental choices, it's important to acknowledge that while there may be certain environmental factors that contribute to the onset of depression, it's not always a matter of "switching off" certain genes or changing lifestyle choices. Many individuals who suffer from depression or other mental illnesses may not have the resources, support, or ability to make certain lifestyle changes, and it's important to approach mental health with empathy and understanding. Additionally, it's important to consider the potential ethical implications of gene editing and replacement. While it may seem like a simple solution to replace "unhealthy" genes with "healthy" ones, this approach raises questions about autonomy, informed consent, and equity. It's important to ensure that any genomic research or interventions are carried out in a responsible and ethical manner, with consideration for the potential risks and benefits for individuals and society as a whole. In summary, while genomic research and interventions may offer potential solutions for certain mental health conditions in the future, it's important to approach mental health with empathy, understanding, and consideration for the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

[@ilevitatecs2]

@@AnnTsungMD yes, it's assumed there are environmental factors as well as adjustable psychological factors, although genetic dispositions should be the forefront of ongoing research.

[@jamesgordon8867]

Mitochondria: evolution says could be from a bacteria, Creation says proof of God's existence: mitochondria is used for good, bacteria for bad, wheat and chaff😊

[@jamesgordon8867]

Music: we were designed by God to replace Satan when he fell😊

[@TheVietnameseDevil]

😎

[@danielmccarthyy]

Peter should mail that guy a comb.

[@karlpk3907]

Sid is a polymath genius. Wild shocks of hair are something you might expect from such a sensibility.

[@danielmccarthyy]

@@karlpk3907 Personal hygeine...

[@akhilsharma83]

@@karlpk3907 yeah, Daniel’s right being a polymath is not as important as having your hair right. Having your hair right is a big sign of personal hygiene.

[@akhilsharma83]

Peter don’t have a comb, genius. look at his hair.

[@danielmccarthyy]

@@akhilsharma83 Even the ancient Egyptians had combs. Surely a modern Egyptian like Peter could acquaint Sid with comb tech.

[@GreenishSloth]

Way too opinionated: Who is Attia to decide on behalf of others what is deserving of CAS9 gene editing? And who are "The Scientists" who are all of one opinion? This is the antithesis of science. To boot, in China you can't get an IVF certificate if you are HIV positive, so this may have had something to with the decisions taken. There are other issues, as CAS9 is not as precise as this interview makes it seem like, but the moralistic pontifications are at least partially uninformed.

[@hantla]

…Claiming to be wise they became fools… Romans 1:19-22

[@jamesgordon8867]

Read Job, God tells us these were God's first creation 😊

[@healthque6129]

Did it ever occur to you guys that evolution DID NOT figure this out. That their was an intelligent designer. You guys don't play these mental gymnastics with any other intelligently designed object except the human being. Why is that?