Cell signalling: kinases & phosphorylation

The way in which the proteins in a cell transmit signals to one another is hugely important for controlling cell division, cell migration and even cell death. If this process goes wrong, it can lead to the onset of diseases such as cancer.
This is the first part of a series of animations exploring cell signalling, this time focusing on kinases and phosphorylations. Within a cell, phosphorylations are a major way in which proteins can transmit chemical signals to one another. In this video, we're exploring what you need in order to perform a phosphorylation, how it works and what happens when proteins are phosphorylated.
Below are some references of seminal papers in the field. Early sequence alignments of ~100 protein kinases showed remarkable conservation of particular amino acid motifs (1), and these same residues were found to be important to activity when scanning mutagenesis experiments tested activity after sequentially mutating kinase residues (2). While these conserved motifs are far apart in the amino acid sequence, the first structures of a kinase (3, 4) showed that they are all close to ATP and the substrate in three dimensional space. The original list of kinases was massively expanded to 518 members using data gathered from the Human Genome Project (5).
References:
(1) Hanks, S.K., Quinn, A.M., and Hunter, T. (1988) ‘The Protein Kinase Family: Conserved Features and Deduced Phylogeny of the Catalytic Domains’. Science (New York, NY) 241 (4861), 42-52
(2) Gibbs, C.S. and Zoller, M.J. (1991) ‘Rational Scanning Mutagenesis of a Protein Kinase Identifies Functional Regions Involved in Catalysis and Substrate Interactions.’. The Journal of biological chemistry 266 (14), 8923-8931
(3) Knighton, D.R., Zheng, J.H., Eyck, Ten, L.F., Ashford, V.A., Xuong, N.H., Taylor, S.S., and Sowadski, J.M. (1991a) ‘Crystal Structure of the Catalytic Subunit of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase.’. Science (New York, NY) 253 (5018), 407-414
(4) Knighton, D.R., Zheng, J.H., Eyck, Ten, L.F., Xuong, N.H., Taylor, S.S., and Sowadski, J.M. (1991b) ‘Structure of a Peptide Inhibitor Bound to the Catalytic Subunit of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase’. Science (New York, NY) 253 (5018), 414-420
(5) Manning, G., Whyte, D.B., Martinez, R., Hunter, T., and Sudarsanam, S. (2002b) ‘The Protein Kinase Complement of the Human Genome.’. Science (New York, NY) 298 (5600), 1912-1934

[@pameladickson1478]

This is one of the best science animations/videos I have ever seen! It's clarifying, simple and informative, Great Job!

[@coolcasper3]

Finally, I can understand phosphorylation without reading a giant confusing article, thanks for the great video!

[@evalkaneval5596]

I never comment on videos....but this is an exception. Thank you. I dont know you, but I love you.

[@MikeB-sp6gp]

I agree with the commenters who preceded me-- I watch a lot of science videos. This is, simply, ONE OF THE BEST I've ever seen. Perhaps the most clearly explained and animated video of the thousands I've watched over the years. A profound thanks.

[@calebkebede3850]

Truly one of the best animations I've seen which are astoundingly useful. God Bless!

[@dannyholley]

Great video. Narration, animation, and content are all top-notch.

[@patrickeyers1040]

This is very nicely done and in a class of its own if you look around the internet for explanations of how phosphorylation works. Highly recommended.

[@freddifronzo8326]

Best video I have come across in explaining phosphorylation simply and clearly.

[@pbjohnny2201]

take note, this is what great education looks like.

[@mohamedthabit6426]

It is one of the best animations I see it in my life. Thanks so much

[@summerxia7474]

2020, still waiting for Part 2! Please!

[@Comments.section]

I love you for explaining what a kinase is!

[@namratagupta207]

thanks a lot for sharing very well explained. Pls make the second video the content is very useful wating for it😇

[@danyarezvani5998]

Wow if only biology youtube videos had more animations like this one!

[@oliviacory2199]

Incredibly helpful thank you

[@carmenfrias3882]

I totally agree, good taste and very well explained, thanks so much for helping us tho understand!

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This is the beauty of molecular biology.....

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This is amazing content! I am amazed you don't have more subscribers yet. I will be sharing your content with all my colleagues and students.

[@sergrenromero]

Incredible job.

[@PetMama16]

Excellent Video!!

[@hifrax]

what a mesmerizing animation and explanation

[@sparklypinkleopard26]

BEAUTIFUL video. Thank you for this :)

[@darinflamandita7917]

Well explained, nice! But also need the part 2:(

[@priscilamartinezavila194]

Beautiful video!

[@syedajuveriyafathima1338]

That was very helpful and interesting Thank u

[@ajahan9105]

Great summary!

[@kamariahrajainthiran1805]

Great Video & simple 🙏👍

[@AnonYmous-ob7py]

this is an excellent video thru and thru

[@CombustiveVideo]

Fantastic animation and explanation. Well done and thank you!

[@RaqibZaman]

What software did you use to make these animations? Very cool!

[@ConorZone]

Fantastic video, easy to learn from it, thanks a million!

[@hamidkiangaikani]

Fantastic!!! ♥️🙏🏻

[@kvvful]

wow you have done a great job with crystal clear explanation thank you so much

[@vikas1933]

the best video explanation ever. thank you so much!!

[@aali1134]

Amazing video and a fantastic explanation! Good job! Thank you so much :))

[@phsal5182]

very nice video, very useful information. many thanks!

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[@lauraa2778]

Fantastic!

[@shreyaspradhan8546]

The animation was really nice Helpful video overall as well

[@argianuradha7852]

Well done.🙏

[@hkharis07]

The best video with awsome animation on Kinases, please mention where is its part 2?

[@elina_rast]

Clearly explained! Thank you! P.S. and also great sound effects :D

[@glitteryroses]

amazing. amazing. amazing.

[@dr.salmanahmedkhan6507]

Excellent one.....keep going.

[@selenc.3324]

wow I understand it way better now. Thank you!

[@yoshifo57er]

Brilliant animation, thanks!

[@Akim1862]

great video!

[@Supraventriculartachycardia]

Great work. Makes a lot of sense!

[@ramilurazmanov]

I love this video, great job!

[@cnojkmt]

Terrific explanation!!

[@quien7622]

¡Excelente video! Gracias.

[@sherry2378]

I am sure this makes sense to a lot of people. But I am currently taking intro to biology and just barely learning the basic functions of proteins and enzymes. I am now more confused than when I started. Maybe this will make more sense in a few months.

[@stitchalannah9319]

Amaizing job ! I wish I found this video earlier ! :)

[@yen-chienlee6185]

Still cannot find Part 2. Really need this~~`

[@zOozii84]

very detailed and informative, thank you !

[@noorpasha5915]

Professor can you please tell us the protein kinase and phosphatases interaction, I mean yin and yang of protein phosphorylation and signaling

[@faizodindimakuta1504]

great video!! i am now ur subscriber. thank u!!

[@amosupreme9160]

wow man... you're awesome

[@alz123alz]

BEAUTIFUL. THANK YOU

[@saritagiri3497]

Thank you so much for the video. Please try to make more informative videos

[@bhabanisankarbastia6424]

great video

[@kathrynmcintosh9374]

.. This video is fantastic .

[@kielbasaj1822]

Great video, very well explained.

[@kamariahrajainthiran1805]

Thanks for sharing your thoughts 🤙🙏

[@muhammadkaleem4251]

Very informative.

[@priscilamartinezavila194]

Thank you

[@steffiepeace]

Thank you so much! This is a great video!

[@micberpra]

Beautiful.

[@carl58484]

This was great. Thank you!

[@justsis8435]

Thank you sooo much this was really helpful

[@carolinegreen4771]

Alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) are a superfamily of metalloenzymes that are widely found in organisms ranging from bacteria to human and catalyze the hydrolytic removal of phosphate from a variety of molecules. Alkaline phosphatase is found in all three major biological kingdoms and several have been isolated and characterized. These enzymes have been identified and characterized from many eukaryotic and prokaryotic sources and comprise several distinct subgroups based upon substrate specificity, molecular weight, and sensitivity to known inhibitors. There are three major ALP isoenzymes: intestinal, placental, and liver/bone/kidney (tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme, TNAP). Creative BioMart

[@VKSivakumarflute]

Thank you very much! Really helpful

[@ranasingleton1413]

Amazing video!

[@TheBolinhadigudi]

beyond amazing

[@user-ne5cd8mh1m]

perfect vid.

[@shreeh7384]

still waiting for that part 2 o-o

[@yen-chienlee6185]

I love it.

[@nileshkhaladkar198]

good information .

[@moatasemjerah4865]

very great video thank you very much

[@getavreme4152]

great video, thanks

[@christinacubillo632]

this is amazing.

[@gator1984atcomcast]

ATP is energy inside the cell. It is energized by the citric acid cycle.

[@jongseokchoi4038]

No one can give negative on this video!

[@boddmonchu]

Top notch

[@sussserdis]

Please make a video about phosphatases as well!!

[@Hoxgene]

Das ist schön

[@alvaroromero2419]

Great job, friend. you use high programs for desing that molecues, I Think. Looks realy nice!

[@afnanekhayat8440]

thank u

[@Jaimpjhee]

Is there a link to the second part of this video? I can't seem to find it. Great video by the way!

[@homo-sapiens-dubium]

Top Bio video! But where is part II?

[@sonicbouy]

oh u r a life saver

[@vatsk]

strong dutch accent right there, good video!

[@rittenbrake1613]

Very good good good good good

[@TheRand20]

that was so fun

[@CodeDRoger]

still waiting for part 2

[@applesdreisbach]

Would this be considered biochemistry?

[@faisalguns5316]

could you do glucose metabolism animation

[@abdouls4309]

decent video! when are you going to publish part 2, or is it already published!

[@PhosphoUk]

Abdoul S Thanks Abdoul! We've been very busy getting the Immunotherapy video online (check it out here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/Z3fTp6GsbZqDn7M), but the Kinases & Cancer video is nearly there, it should be out in the next few weeks.

[@abdouls4309]

another marvelous video, immunotherapy is gaining remarkable attention in science. Is there a way I can know the video is out, I mean the part 2 of kinases? Thank you

[@futureproof.health]

where is part 2!

[@puppyluv4ev]

where is part two? :(

[@melvinhoi2372]

prima accentje wel, maar wel een goede video

[@reemmahrous7314]

where is part 2 :(