Endosymbiosis, Choanoflagellates, and the Origin of Animal Life

When we discuss zoology, we are always also talking about evolutionary biology. And with evolution, we are sometimes concerned with origins. What is the origin of animals? What is the origin of eukaryotes? What is the origin of life on earth in general? Let's try our best to briefly answer these questions now!
More detailed information on abiogenesis and origin of life research:
Part 1: • Response to James Tour...
Part 2: • Response to James Tour...
Biophysical principles of choanoflagellate self-organization: www.pnas.org/c...
Script by Ryan Helcoski
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[@kn1752]

Thank you!! I’m an 11 year old who really wants to learn about this stuff, so I think I’m going to binge the biology series during winter break

[@pi172]

Most adults dont know this stuff. And arent interested in this stuff. Holymoly, keep your curiosity level this high and you'll become a great scientist or specialist in some field later on.

[@Coach_Ren]

That's awesome to hear! You'll go far with that passion and interest

[@palantir135]

Biology grabbed me at your age. You won’t regret it to dive deep into this very broad world.

[@akamahmad3129]

Wish you the best of luck!

[@lightworker4512]

Work out too, u don’t want to be a nerd

[@jloiben12]

I just find it hilarious when people are like “the math makes evolution impossible” when, in reality, math is one of the best pieces of supporting evidence for evolution

[@SpeakerWiggin49]

People have always shied away from large numbers. There are too many calculations to do to satisfy our desire for knowledge. It takes a brave mind, such as that of Charles Darwin, to set aside that fear of not knowing and conceptualize the results of deep time and large populations while allowing future generations to fill in the gaps. The point is to KNOW in the end, but mature adults know that answers don't come out of nothing with just a word.

[@jloiben12]

@@SpeakerWiggin49 Another issue is that a huge amount of math and science that is taught in k-12 (which is where most these morons’ math and science education begins and ends) is incredibly reductionist. When you engage in reductionist analysis of evolution of course the math will look silly. It sure is a good thing there is more to math and science then reductive analysis. When you engage in non-reductive analysis, evolution is incredibly likely to happen in this universe and on this planet

[@MSWSB]

Math continues to be the patterned and dependable order which says “Evolution is a fun hypothesis, but makes zero sense unless we suspend reality and imagine that what we envision is actually supported by math.” It’s OK. There is nothing wrong with imagining what May have happened on the way to becoming what we are and see today. We just need to be intellectually honest and emotionally mature enough to say that the hypothesis, and ideas of Evolution are not properly tested and vetted theory. That doesn’t stop anyone from testing those ideas and hypothesis with math, microbiology, and biochemistry. It’s invigorating to say “what if”. But, if we say “what if we pretend that our ideas are in evidence already…” that’s poor science.

[@SpeakerWiggin49]

@@MSWSB What problem could you possibly have with natural selection? As mutations and environmental changes put pressure on populations of carbon based life, natural selection leads to evolution. I'm no biologist, but what confuses you about that as a reality we can see in nature and in the laboratory?

[@jloiben12]

@@mauricedicke9527 Sure. So lets start with something really basic. Is this an independent phenomena?

[@glennpearson9348]

Professor Dave, this video reminded me of the one you did in another series that explored the origins of life. It included a bit on abiogenesis and the Miller-Urey experiment. Something you didn't tackle then, nor in this video, is the work Louis Pasteur did to try to determine whether the origin of life was through abiogenesis, or not. I assume you are of the opinion that the Miller-Urey results trump Pasteur's results? If so, can you explain briefly why? Thanks for another great step into Zoology. Really enjoying this series, along with the others you're working on right now. Take care.

[@ProfessorDaveExplains]

He as well as Redi before him disproved spontaneous generation.

[@glennpearson9348]

@@ProfessorDaveExplains Spontaneous generation =/= abiogenesis? A number of people claim that Pasteur's work disproves abiogenesis, but I don't think they're the same thing, are they?

[@ProfessorDaveExplains]

They are very much not the same thing. People thought maggots just suddenly appeared in rotting meat, not knowing that flies had laid eggs there. Of course that's ridiculous, and Redi demonstrated that. This has nothing to do with abiogenesis however.

[@scienceexplains302]

@Glenn Pearson, If there were such a thing, Spontaneous Generation would be a form of abiogenesis. But as PD wrote, Pasteur disproved SG. “Life can come from only life,” would be more accurately (but still not accurate), “Biology can come from only biology.” Since all the ingredients and underlying processes for life are found around us in non-living nature, we should expect that the origin of life is natural. The creationist argument of “life from life” fails in part because either 1) life means “biological” and their gods are not biologically alive (e.g. they don’t metabolize) *or* 2) life means “biology or gods” and the “solution” fails the requirement that life comes from life, because it implies an infinite regression of ever-greater gods.

[@glennpearson9348]

@@ProfessorDaveExplains Thanks, Professor Dave. I appreciate your patience with my questions.

[@criticalpoint7672]

My god (pun intended), how the heck I didn't know about this channel before yesterday ? This is like one of the best channels on KZbin. This is Aron Ra level of content.

[@RohitKumar-ps3fe]

Please one video on inductive effect

[@jamesjames5929]

Can't still believe that i got cured from Genital Herpes through Herbal medicine I ordered from Dr.Ani John on KZbin who I met through the internet

[@jibbs7862]

I had just finished watching your videos on James Tour Origins of Life (OoL) and thought, "I wonder if Prof. Dave has done videos on endosymbiosis. That would super cool", as it's one of my favourite aspects of OoL. Lo and behold, you had just uploaded this video! Thanks for the great work as always. Question: If I wanted to learn further about this subject, or any subject you've presented, what would you say is a good approach? I find I often got sucked into particular part as there's so much to learn. While I do enjoy that, it feels it's an ever growing mountain of knowledge I need to learn - as one I'd like to eventually be able to contribute and do my own research. I've completed my undergrad, however I'm not in the position to be able to go complete a masters. Would it be better to pick a single subject, become well-versed in it and then start expanding; or to learn a bit of everything and build everything up slowly? There's so many directions to go, that it's difficult to know which way to go. I suppose an answer would be to just pick and direction and just go. Thanks for video, and for the read. Stay hydrated

[@ProfessorDaveExplains]

I think you can kind of piecemeal it, my playlists on chemistry, biochemistry, and biology will all be very useful!

[@PunmasterSTP]

Endosymbiosis? More like "These videos are the best there is!" Thanks again so much for making and sharing all of them.

[@KarmasPerjury]

Your book is amazing

[@leshanavalentine807]

Thank you so much for doing this video... This is the exact thing I had to do for assignment.

[@scienceexplains302]

Biochemistry class?

[@drewishaf]

I like to say that life on Earth started immediately after God shot his cosmic load into the ocean. It explains why there is life AND why ocean water is so salty...

[@OwenMcKinley]

Dave, I kinda miss the "Professor Dave here, I wanna tell you about _____"-style intro prior to your iconic jingle

[@ProfessorDaveExplains]

Yeah that was back when I filmed at KZbin studios and was on camera, alas I'm all audio now as I just work from home.

[@OwenMcKinley]

@@ProfessorDaveExplains No worries, your content is still exquisitely good 👍

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

@@ProfessorDaveExplains we would like to see your face, though, at least from time to time. Perhaps turn that phone camera on and give us a live stream once in awhile? Pretty please?

[@ProfessorDaveExplains]

For the tutorials it's just way easier to do it this way but for my debunks I use my webcam for short sections.

[@marcuschauvin7039]

Just watched your globebusters rebuttal. Pretty good

[@kalsoomabba7119]

Sir plz briefly introduce about Evolutional history of tracheophyta......

[@Kristy.G.135]

Great vids, thanks Dave.

[@anasiangirl9357]

I learned this in 8 years , you summarized it only in 8 minutes 😂🙊

[@jamesjames5929]

Can't still believe that i got cured from Genital Herpes through Herbal medicine I ordered from Dr.Ani John on KZbin who I met through the internet

[@thalia3057]

@@jamesjames5929 I don’t believe that either.

[@asatident3555]

I like your words magic man 👌👌

[@drewishaf]

Prokaryotic organism: "ooh, piece of candy! Ohh, piece of candy..."

[@galaxiaknight]

I've always wondered - what is the font that you use for the words shown in these videos? It's excellent for science infographics

[@ProfessorDaveExplains]

Gotham Bold! I agree it's a good one, I've used it the entire lifetime of the channel.

[@galaxiaknight]

@@ProfessorDaveExplains Oh gosh I didn't think you would answer, thanks!

[@mitsunori222000]

Thank you for another great video.

[@jamesjames5929]

Can't still believe that i got cured from Genital Herpes through Herbal medicine I ordered from Dr.Ani John on KZbin who I met through the internet

[@sciencenerd7639]

this is great, thanks so much

[@mayurwahane]

I am 25 yrs old and getting this even better than before.

[@wiley-harris-anderson]

Hey Dave, I try not to bring the whole debunking part of your channel over to your informative videos, but I feel like this is the best way I can reach you. Do you plan on talking about the trend in conspiracies and vaccine misinformation in which people say that graphene is in the Covid-19 vaccine? I've seen a lot of people on bitchute and whatnot peddling that recently. Although I imagine there isn't much to disprove, it's just factually incorrect.

[@ProfessorDaveExplains]

I mean it’s impossible to address every dumb little thing, for the graphene thing it would be pointless. There’s nothing to say, it’s just wrong. I am satisfied with the scope of my one anti-vax debunk.

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

Graphene? Oh, for crying out loud. That has got to be one of the stupidest things I've heard all day... and I listened to the first half of Kent Hovind's "thesis" on Dapper Dinosaur's channel today! (A great video, BTW - I'd suggest it to anyone!)

[@scienceexplains302]

@Wiley Harris-Anderson, I don’t know much about graphene, but the ways these claims are usually debunked are, besides the big one that there is probably *no evidence that it ever happened* 1) there may not be a possible, let alone practical, way to include graphene in a vaccine 2) the Covid-19 vaccines were developed unusually rapidly, making it even less likely that anything unnecessary was included 3) the companies that created the vaccines create human-consumable treatments and may have no knowledge of how to handle graphene, let alone include graphene in a vaccine 4) A. graphene would likely not accomplish what the conspiracy theorists claim it is there for and B. If it is for some kind of tracking, most people already carry a far better tracking device in the form of a cell phone.

[@glennpearson9348]

I asked Professor Dave about this very thing recently, too. He offered me the same reply and I went back to his anti-vaxx video, which hits the nail on the head pretty squarely.

[@scienceexplains302]

@@glennpearson9348 Ooh, I forgot at least one. 5) such a conspiracy would have to be started and kept across multiple companies. For reasons I don’t yet understand, people who know they couldn’t start or maintain such a conspiracy in their own industry somehow think it would be easy to do in others.

[@quadrewplex6782]

1:14 Hold on, I think I hear the sound of James Tour crapping his pants.

[@nowtestify_3038]

Very informative video, thanks!

[@thelyrebird1310]

Near 3k views and only 300 likes.. not good enough guys give some love ❤🧡💛💚💙💜

[@WanderTheNomad]

Could hive minds like bees, ants, and possibly humans(via the internet) be the next "stage of life" like how colonial unicellular organisms possibly became multicellular organisms?

[@davelife3324]

I mean, eusocial animals definitely already dominate the world, but I wouldn’t consider humanity to be a part of that category.

[@WanderTheNomad]

@@davelife3324 By category, do you mean "hive mind" or "eusocial"? Cause I compared the definitions of those two and they aren't exactly the same thing.

[@davelife3324]

🌟 Wander the Nomad “Hive mind” is not a scientific term, and is usually meant to refer to eusociality or concepts related to eusociality. If you define both these terms in your own words, perhaps this discussion will be easier. But I think it’s a really interesting idea, that humans are developing a primitive form of this “hive mind” through the internet. And it’s one many sociologists share.

[@WanderTheNomad]

@@davelife3324 I'm usually try to go by the definition google search gives, so that anyone who doesn't know can just google it and we can have some common ground. I prefer that over everyone having very slightly(or not so slightly) different definitions of everything and hoping that their mental definition of a word is similar enough to mine that they can understand what I'm trying to convey. Hive mind - a notional entity consisting of a large number of people who share their knowledge or opinions with one another, regarded as producing either uncritical conformity or collective intelligence.

[@chaotickreg7024]

@@WanderTheNomad Dude, google defintions are EXTREMELY oversimplified. I've even found that Wikipedia articles sometimes aren't even long enough to properly explain a concept.

[@madrums007]

I can't thank you enough

[@bonethugsfiend]

Those first single cell organisms had it so good, no predators, no need to eat others, they could self replicate. They were probably just floating around blissfully until they decided to group into multicellular organisms and now billions of years later we're big complicated creatures with all kinds of troubles in our lives. I wonder if on other planets where there is life if there were similar single cell creatures that never decided to evolve. Or maybe evolution is just a universal driving force and every simple creature like that was impelled to evolve into something more complex than a single celled organism.

[@-JA-]

Thank you.

[@an.d.m.a]

A new primary endosymbiosis event leading to the fusion of a marine algae and a nitrogen fixing bacterium has been witnessed by scientists.

[@optillian4182]

Don't mind me. I'm just looking for triggered creationists in the comment section.

[@jamesjames5929]

Can't still believe that i got cured from Genital Herpes through Herbal medicine I ordered from Dr.Ani John on KZbin who I met through the internet

[@optillian4182]

@@jamesjames5929 You can't "believe" anything, bot.

[@DumbledoreMcCracken]

If a horizontal tube contains a flowing superfluid, and a small strip of free floating paper oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tube, is exposed to a instantaneous change in direction of the fluid, does the paper strip change position?

[@olbluelips]

I don't see what superfluidity has to do with it. If the change is instantaneous, the time passed is zero, and so no displacement can occur

[@DumbledoreMcCracken]

@@olbluelips I don't understand your point. The fluid flows with -x velocity for all time t0.

[@olbluelips]

@@DumbledoreMcCracken in that case i still don't understand the question... the paper is in a moving fluid. How could it not change position?

[@DumbledoreMcCracken]

@@olbluelips There is no viscosity in a superfluid. It has been claimed, if I understand correctly, that an impinging fluid exerts no pressure in superfluids.

[@hacatcho6671]

Is there an alternate to colonial flagellate hypothesis?

[@dancingnature]

I don’t think so. Choanoflagellates have always been considered to be sorta- animals even during my undergrad days ( 1970s)

[@universeusa]

Professor Dave! Why gifted people like you are not rich or wealthy??? Or, are you? Could it be that people are talented for certain things and not others? 🤔🙏

[@ProfessorDaveExplains]

Don't you fret, I'm doing pretty well for myself.

[@rickkwitkoski1976]

@Jake Romero Rich? Wealthy? All it takes is ONE good idea that people find useful and... you can become a billionaire! Ya just gotta come up with that ONE idea! Look at Bill Gates. He saw a niche that no one else saw. He took a chance and it worked out. Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, said, "I think there's a world market for maybe five computers." WOW!!! Was HE ever wrong!!! And now, with Gates as one of the RICHEST people in the world, so many non-rich people vilify him and condemn him with idiot attributions. How intelligent is Bill Gates? Hmmm... probably above average anyway but no Einstein!!! So I appreciate Prof Dave for what HE does. Informs and teaches those who want to be taught. So many idiots out there don't care and won't learn even if REAL info is stuffed down their throats.

[@universeusa]

@@GP-yc2it Thanks! 👍

[@universeusa]

@@rickkwitkoski1976 Thanks! 👍

[@universeusa]

@@ProfessorDaveExplains You deserve the best! Thanks! 👏👏👏👏👏

[@dhananjaysawant4646]

0:55 watch James tour personally rant about this video for 2 hours and get disproven by dave in 10 minutes, then writing clueless on the blackboard one more time

[@Resinpro]

How the hell do you have 1.7 mil subs and only 444 likes after an entire day? Manners people….hook up that like button please

[@jamesjames5929]

Can't still believe that i got cured from Genital Herpes through Herbal medicine I ordered from Dr.Ani John on KZbin who I met through the internet

[@MichaelG485]

I think most people are subbed to Prof Dave because of his flat earth and young earth creationist debunking videos so the tutorial videos don't get as many views :(

[@biomuseum6645]

@@jamesjames5929 st_u

[@jamiegallier2106]

❤❤❤

[@Ascend777]

Where is the giant daddy in the cloud pointing to create humans?

[@AB-if8pd]

Hi. I am God. To make you as you are now, I started like this: 1. First, I said make a thing 2. The thing was made 3. Then I said let it to breath and started breathing 4. Then I said to it, move around 5. And feed thyself, and I saw it was good 6. Then I said to it, remember thyself and your surroundings by writing inside thyself (DNA, and RNA processing) and it happened 7. Then I said to it, replicate thyself and that was good 8. Now the time is 520 million years ago, 9. Then I said to it, have a head with neurons, and I saw it was really good 10. Then I said to it, have hands and legs in different styles, and I saw it was good 11. Now the time is 475 million years ago and you called them dinosaurs 12. I said to it, go and multiply in different shapes and forms 13. And it did multiply in great numbers and they were huge 👏 👌 😳 ,lived for 310 million years and that wasn't good 14. Now the time is 165 million years ago 15. And you know the rest of the story 😊😊😊😊😊😊😊😊

[@KeithShizuo]

Or as Kent hovind says: “life came from a rock”

[@dancingnature]

Hovind is an ignoramus

[@mr.lahgcomics5712]

😎👍

[@AbdulHannanAbdulMatheen]

👏🙂

[@williamchamberlain2263]

Here before the cranks? Edit: sadly not.

[@milanbeerepoot4260]

Hey do a bunch of you guys wanna join me in becoming a new creature? If the cells can do it, then with enough willpower we should be able to do it eventually.

[@jamesgreenshade6065]

Um It's been suggested already, watch human centipede.

[@MarcelinoDeseo]

@@jamesgreenshade6065 ewwww . . .

[@myeigohouse4405]

This was excellent. I agree we should all just theorize and present that as" facts".Like your soothing motherly, feminine style. What a cutie pie you are. Specially that long nose, so ethnic ;) Dont forget your boosters now.

[@ProfessorDaveExplains]

Yes, so feminine, with my low, manly voice and full beard. It’s like you can’t wait to show everyone how little you care about reality in every word you say.

[@BR-hi6yt]

A little wiser after watching but not much. He doesn't really know so hides behind jargon and details as if it explains stuff. You need a real genius to explain stuff properly.

[@thalia3057]

“I’m not smart enough to understand this video so it’s bad”

[@Masteralien186]

Can’t wait to see all the triggered James Tour fans

[@justanotherhumanorami9697]

Funny how every single animal being has evolved from that little thing

[@rickkwitkoski1976]

Why is that funny?

[@grasianofau8771]

No wonder if you accept natural selection as the priorable driving force of evolution.

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

@@grasianofau8771 nothing at all to wonder about. It's got so much evidence behind it that it would be pretty much impossible to overturn evolution.

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

Funny? No. Pretty freaking cool? Definitely!

[@MSWSB]

@@MaryAnnNytowl Evidence? Now THAT’S funny. Evolution isn’t even a proper theory. An intriguing hypothetical opinion, at best.