Where Did Eukaryotic Cells Come From?

1.8 billion years ago, a cell ate another cell, but it didn't digest it, and without that happening, we would not exist. This week we explore the origins of eukaryotic cells and ask the question, "Are our cells more than ourselves?"
SciShow's "Was the Apollo Program a Bad Idea?"
• Was the Apollo Mission...
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Journey to the Microcosmos is a Complexly production.
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[@ErisofSpace]

Hank: softly explains existential question of endosymbiosis Also Hank: "69%. Nice"

[@KylerChin]

"69%. Nice"

[@rennscott5808]

nice

[@sadbot6611]

That made me so happy

[@tleilaxu42]

Noice.

[@fegolem]

Nice.

[@okuhleminyi8143]

7:19 "Studies have shown that up to 69% of the caloric requirements of the hydra..." 7:28 "Nice." Okay Hank.

[@littlesnowflakepunk855]

I legit said "nice" aloud and when he said it i fuckin died

[@martijnboot4971]

@@littlesnowflakepunk855 you're not alone haha

[@N05K177]

Haha you beat me to it

[@raskov75]

I would have had to unsubscribe if you missed this opportunity Hank. Nice.

[@dojokonojo]

He knows his audience ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)

[@HorstEwald]

We like this content. And with "we" I mean the 77kg of cells sitting in front of the computer.

[@ckkeith4642]

HorstEwald 1-3 of which is bacteria

[@HorstEwald]

@@kadixfox yes. Combined organisms.

[@LazDoomster1]

The most woke comment. Can't beat this one.

[@RichSteve99]

This complex machinery built by DNA and all its inhabitants likes this comment

[@borischan5252]

@@LazDoomster1 soon .. "I identify as 77g of cells, you cannot call me sir/mam"

[@sometoastxd]

"and they became the same organism... Or did they?" *Hey vsauce, Michael here*

[@chistovmaxim]

his mind field show is like 10% of old vsauce. don't pay for it :C

[@LadyAneh]

I miss that show...😢

[@lyrimetacurl0]

@@LadyAneh it's back! Vsauce channel made a new video, complete with "or are they?" and Moon Men music.

[@randomguy263]

@@chistovmaxim It's still great, though.

[@KnightMirkoYo]

"If you think hard enough, you might begin to feel like our cells are more than just... ourselves." This quote will stay with me forever, that's for sure.

[@truthsmiles]

I know this is an old comment but I read recently that 90% of the cells in our body (by number, not mass) aren’t even human. Now I wonder how many of my human cells or mostly just made of more non-human cells haha.

[@truthsmiles]

@@samarnadra Coupled with the fact that most of the atoms which make my body aren’t even the same ones I carried around 10 years ago, what even are we? Haha :)

[@nenmaster5218]

Lemme name-drop some other science-channel or learn-channel, cause i like sharing Fun and thats all the reason i need: Sci Man Dan, Sci Show, UpisnotJump, Plaanrwalk, Second Thought, Hbomberguy, Joe Scott.

[@user-ih6we9kq2q]

The only thing that's us is our nervous system

[@user-ex1nq7zc6t]

@@user-ih6we9kq2q not even sure of that, because experiments show that we actually male descions, by that i mean the actual path that the electric signal passes, from one cell to another, interacting with the chemicals (hormones), by which it is being passed to the next sell, so we go through this whole process and after it's done passing through all the cells needed, there is a whole another second, passing by, after which the descion becomes conscience. So bro I am not really sure that we are the nervous cells(nervous system) either... 😄

[@jimv8957]

"I'm just gonna watch some Journey to the Microcosmos while I have a snack, should be a good mental break." 10 minutes later "Like wtf even am I?"

[@purpleemerald5299]

Jim V “All my work induced stress has disappeared...and has instead been replaced by crippling existentialism! YEAH! *ALL I KNOW IS SUFFERING!”*

[@EdT.-xt6yv]

A miracle! Yet that predatory behavior must have been delivered from the cosmos?

[@Zizumia]

Hank: "up 69% of the..." Me: "nice" Hank: "nice"

[@casualsatanist5808]

*Nice Cock*

[@tamamoexe]

nice

[@ebrarertek7724]

Nice glock

[@noteda6361]

I literally said "nice" and then laughed out loud when he did the same 😂

[@MariusRomanum]

@@casualsatanist5808 woah

[@samihawasli7408]

Gotta find myself the elusive Nutella symbiant. Then my body will truly be complete

[@Axolotl42]

The beginning of the video almost sounded like he was going to start narrating to the tune of the music

[@duskyracer8800]

Life On earth Emerged At least

[@borismatesin]

I mean, I know Tool hasn't put out a album in ages, but that'd be a bit much...

[@marcelwo4jedynki]

I love how suddenly a channels like this spawns and I start following the lives of little guys and feeling for them.

[@Quinton238]

I know right? It seems like a lot of rotifers have been sacrificed so far :(

[@vvatto]

+

[@3EyedFox]

Humans will pack bond with aaaaaanything

[@purpleemerald5299]

Roxanne TM Yeah, pretty much. The irony is that through our own self awareness, we become conscious of the awareness of other beings and empathize with them, and yet in complete spite of that, we also empathize with beings that aren’t even aware of...well, literally anything, even their own existence. We’re so complex we can’t even comprehend ourselves...

[@sportsfails4998]

"Little" is an understatement

[@MikeBoyd]

I always struggled with the principle of Eukaryotic cells through biology class at school. This is by far the best explanation I've come across. Kudos!

[@abraxas4645]

Ayy didn't expect to see you here

[@Crutoiful]

sup Mike

[@AlbertKimMusic]

Probably cause we’re older now lmao

[@vincentheroinc9009]

I love the change in his voice. On other channels Hank is energised, fast talking and enthousiastic. It fits the content of that material, but here his voice is almost therapeutic. And then there is the psycodelic music to it. Keep them videos coming guys!

[@GD-ji7wy]

I usually have to watch Crash Course at 80% speed. They try to pack too much in for the ADHD generation, and it's not engaging.

[@ignaciogonzalez7904]

Can you talk about bacteriophages or antibiotics? You could make a timelapse of their effects on a colony and how it becomes inmune to them.

[@dandanthedandan7558]

I wanna see the sex pilus and horizontal gene transfer of immunity during this timelapse

[@hi1dk]

YES PLEASE

[@MrSandChess]

YESSS

[@CwStrife]

Damn I'd love to learn more about bacteriophage. I wonder if I can culture some out of my own drain pipe as they do in Georgia. All jokes aside it seems like great research

[@tomb.4580]

@@CwStrife Yes it's great research especially if you start looking into bacterial defense mechanisms like CRISPR-Cas

[@N05K177]

"69% of the caloric requirements of the hydra is satisfied by its algal symbionts....Nice" 😏

[@jarrad2000]

I need that as well

[@WadcaWymiaru]

By volume it is impossible to us to live like Hydra XD

[@iganal.5836]

Nice

[@zakareiyaabbassi7205]

Thanks giving comes around "what are you grateful for?" Me-"when cells decided to eat other cells but not kill them"

[@KrazyKaiser]

I need one of these videos to last literally forever, my lord, this is so calming.

[@amanhumbled194]

Just remember that God made it this way... The cell never went on a dinner date with mitochondria

[@PutchewInnaspin]

If only my lectures had this chill ass music playing, I’d be more entranced by all the amazing knowledge rather than buried and anxiety ridden lol

[@Tuzszo]

Andrew Huang is a genius of electronic music. The first of these videos that I watched I spent half of it wondering why it sounded so good, then I saw his name in the credits and was immediately just like "oh, now it all makes sense".

[@PutchewInnaspin]

Evi1M4chine you’ve got to give everything one taste, that includes ass ;)

[@PutchewInnaspin]

Tuzszo cool, real mass effect/Carbon Based Lifeforms vibes

[@SamAronow]

Hank Green whispers in your ear: ... ... ... ... "Hail Hydra."

[@jobriq5]

Hail Algal Symbiants

[@sportsfails4998]

DEUS VULT

[@cholulahotsauce6166]

Making me worry my mitochondria are going to ditch their cells and strike out on their own.

[@limiv5272]

Don't worry, they outsourced too much of their genome to the host cell to live on their own

[@katyawhite4517]

This series brings me so much joy. I appreciate that it is slow and relaxing, but interesting at the same time. Keep it up Hank & Complexly!

[@sanitysquota937]

I'm gonna have to save up for a microscope. I know this series is gonna create an obsession.

[@j121212100]

same here. this combined with learning about our biomolecular nanomachinary and the intracellular skeletal filaments and suddenly my mind is extrapolating the many possibilities.

[@MCWaffles2003-1]

got a telescope a year ago to do astrophotograpy, recently been wanting to go in the opposite direction as well, then i found this channel

[@MichiruEll]

If you live near a university, it might be worth checking if they sell their old equipment. Many amateur microscopes you can buy now have similar quality to 30-40 year old research microscopes. And the scientists find them sorta useless for research purposes, so they throw them away or give them to whoever wants them.

[@purpleemerald5299]

sanity's quota HOLY SHIT YOU’RE RIGHT! *I NEVER EVEN CONSIDERED THAT UNTIL NOW!* THANK YOU!

[@GD-ji7wy]

After some research, you can get a decent one for around $250. Do a bit of research, though. $350 nets you one with a camera.

[@AtypicalPaul]

Humans are like a planet with different ecosystems within and on it. So amazing.

[@Phyto.]

All organisms are super organisms, the lines of individuality are inextricably blurred :)

[@pedroz3891]

@@Phyto. Yeah! It's just a common agreement to decide where one individual starts and the other ends

[@lyrimetacurl0]

You can't have a super organism without having a non-super organism.

[@mattkkr]

I can't express enough gratitude to you guys responsible for making this channel! After learning about our bodies' mechanisms at the celular level in my university I became really interested in and amazed at these subjects, so to have all this beautiful imagery and information so easily accessible on youtube is a great pleasure to me. This channel has instantly become my favorite along with PBS Eons. Keep up the good work! Love from Brazil.

[@breezy5797]

Anyone else think these videos are so relaxing to watch the little guys float around with Hank Green softly narrating?

[@123Dunebuggy]

Prokaryotic turning Eukaryotic is likely not just a great leap for life on Earth, but a likely huge barrier for life on other worlds ( if it exists). A great filter for the Fermi paradox.

[@yakarotsennin3115]

We could also assume that in order to get intelligent life, Prokaryotic Cells must eventually come together to form Eukaryotic Cells.

[@caimansaurus5564]

@@yakarotsennin3115 that's what he said

[@anshuman_eek]

Exactly !!

[@WarLasso]

There might be life forms not based on carbon, or on DNA. They might've had a different evolution from what life had on Earth and might have not get through a prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells step. They would have had their own filters and unlikely leaps though.

[@Colonies_Dev]

Well hang on, you're assuming it's the same as with us, I mean if life forms under Ice and near volcanoes u won't have much sunlight, and maybe places are anaerobic, so it's not like our membrane bound organelles

[@Azzarinne]

I'm notified of very few channels' uploads, but I am SO glad this is one of them. 💖

[@Rafaela-lt2pg]

Yesss i can't wait for the Archaea episode!!! I remember learning about it in high school and they were sooo cool

[@hunakosdem]

"Our cells are more than just ourselves" :)

[@nabusvco]

We all know that the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the Eukaryota cells.

[@TheBelrick]

Humans are not 'life' , we are colonies of life

[@jossbox4794]

@@TheBelrick k

[@hopefulfailure7175]

*Powerstation 🙃

[@fabiankehrer3645]

@@hopefulfailure7175 Hahaha, wanted to write that. ^^

[@MrKross-tc9yy]

*THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL!™*

[@TheCrippledHalfling]

"And blood-black nothingness began to spin. A system of cells interlinked within cells interlinked within cells interlinked within one stem. And dreadfully distinct against the dark, a tall white fountain played."

[@randomnumbers84269]

Nice poem!

[@weatheranddarkness]

@BWGgy Same!

[@yoquierodinero]

Why dont you say that three times? Within cells interlinked

[@epicbastard1]

cells within cells

[@ShitboxXx360]

I was looking for this comment

[@OlleLindestad]

I love that you guys made this video! When people talk about endosymbiosis, they almost always talk about it as freak events happening in the distant past, which makes it seem sort of speculative. In actual fact, cells living symbiotically inside other cells is incredibly common.

[@thewarmedic2330]

Keep it up mate ;love your content. Can't wait for the next video!

[@Markfps]

Best show in youtube. Period. Also it's the only show in KZbin where Hank speaks in a chill mood(Actually every Hank's speaking mood it's perfect)

[@PetrosSchutzSchilling]

I just wanted to say that your videos are completely related to an epiphany i had a couple of weeks ago. Im really glad i found your channel.

[@ramezhachicho1777]

You know what's kind of beautiful about this. Is that we've often attributed the origin of complex life to the evolution of predation. And no one can argue the role predation played in accelerating the process. But it sound here that what in fact really got the ball rolling when it comes to complex cells. Was an act of mercy. Perhaps the very first one. It was probably not selfless and certainly not emotional but still .. nice.

[@nicknewman203]

This channel is amazing. I finally have an easy way to get into microbiology.

[@Iheartdgd]

Hope you guys are having a great week! Very much looking forward to this project :)

[@hyperlapseberlin9324]

yo check their Instagram page, just saw it on instagram. instagram.com/microcosmos_journey/

[@MsChelseablair]

Hank, I love this entire channel. I’m so happy I discovered this as my pandemic time, labless, zoom lecture microbiology summer semester just started last week (my last nursing school prerequisite, happy dance!). You’ve helped me through so much of my nursing sciences journey via crash course, thank you! My brain assimilates new info macro to micro so your Sean Shannon-esque “cliffs notes” presentations were super helpful to pair with lecture. I stumbled upon this channel by happenstance the other night, and I’m so glad I did. I have to say, your calm voice (in my humble opinion) is perfect, and the microcinematogrophy in these episodes is absolutely amazing, elegant, and mesmerizing. This channel is my new “It’s after midnight-my brain is fried from studying-I’m too tired to do real schoolwork-but I need to input all the things” bedtime story. Thank you so much for all you do 🙏🏼❤️

[@absolutelynotcryingcat2311]

So nice. I already knew the most of information in that video, but visual part of the video, combined with voice and music, is wonderful enough to be watched.

[@Myrtle2911]

This is my new favorite science channel. Seriously. The videos are stunning, and Hank's narration coupled with the music is just the calm we need in this crazy, messed up world! Also, really fascinating! Who knew so much went on in a water drop?

[@BubblewrapHighway]

JESUS CHRIST, HANK. Untangling identity is hard enough without having to wonder whether or not I'M ME.

[@LimeyLassen]

Just think of yourself as a democracy of germs.

[@KaiserMattTygore927]

@@LimeyLassen Democracy? I'm an EMPIRE of Germs, voting ain't allowed in my gut!

[@LimeyLassen]

@@KaiserMattTygore927 Says you. Your gut flora can manipulate what food you're hungry for. The germs are in control!

[@GiggleBlizzard]

Can I just say that you have the found the most absolute perfect music for these videos. It is just that, perfect. It fits the tone, the style, the subject matter and everything so incredibly well. God there's so much love in these videos I can feel it and they consume me.

[@forkfour]

Just a little comment that idk if anyone else points out but the utter quality of these videos is so amazing and I want to thank you so much. Even something like the sound design is so thought out and detailed. It really adds to the experience

[@asdcdweadasd]

Absolutley wonderful, captivating, insightful and relaxing videos. Can't wait to watch more! Wonderful channel.

[@masterchief5603]

4:02 _THAT MICROBE BE LIKE_ *OH YAH! THAT'S THE CAMERA, LET'S DANCE EVERYONE!*

[@barsozuguler4744]

Nobody: Live tv show trollers on the background:

[@robinchesterfield42]

(goes to that time stamp) OHMYGOD IT IS. It's just like "WHOOOOO!" all over the place. XD

[@Stinger-yu4qm]

Love the show. Keep it coming! The scientific accuracy and ability to make myself question my own existentialism is simply brilliant! Well done indeed!

[@eloimumford5247]

I love the pronunciation/tone/flow of the Speaker ...a model , images are just a piece of art , thanks for sharing the Knowledge .

[@isabellebergevin]

This was the best episode yet! The images, the narration, everything was perfect! I'm a college microbiology teacher and I would love to be able to share these with my students but unfortunately, I teach in French and a lot of my students aren't fluent enough in English to be able to appreciate this to its fullest. I was wondering if you series are translated in other languages or if they ever will be?

[@ckkeith4642]

Loving this channel so much! Thank you for the content. Appreciate the magnification info, but is there anyway to include a scale in microns or some other unit for us micro nerds out there?

[@liajano4382]

Hi! I love the bits and pieces of humor added in! I usually struggle with understanding stuff like this, but you guys make it sound so easy! I'd really appreciate it, if you guys attach transcripts of your videos though. It would really help me out with reviewing the content. Thanks for existing!

[@denismckenzie1991]

Friggin awesome, thank you so much for putting this together

[@leodechant984]

Thanks for taking us on this journey, I've got my lunchbox packed

[@gato.makonha]

I would easily watch an one hour long video of this channel

[@randommcranderson5155]

This is by far my favorite channel from your group. Great videos so far!

[@woohooman-fl9vq]

I love your channel so much. The music, the videos, the explanations, they're all very good. You deserve way more subscribers.

[@TheGuruNetOn]

Gut bacteria in humans are another topic that would be very interesting.

[@lowonlife_highondeath]

I had an H Pylori infection that was frikkin' awful...I'd like to know more about what that sortof thing looks like on slides.

[@mraBJJ33]

Your voice is both soothing and ominous, idk how that works out...

[@floraazul7622]

Finally going to binge this channel. Absolutely lovely work here.

[@juliorojas2788]

Absolutely love this channel already! Thank you for this

[@TheLazyLifter]

Hank Green, the ASMR teacher of the microcosmos!!!

[@yevheniia2748]

Oh, that last sentence is just in the best traditions of popular science shows! T-Shirt worthy, haha

[@Gamer3172]

Please keep going! I love this videos. I am so into microbiology. It so awesome to see those incredible mikroscope catches you ve made! Maybe i m going to study it after my bachelor.. Microbiotic live always gets me excited.

[@AnastasiaPlantlegs]

this is such an incredible channel, I’m unbelievably excited to see more from you aqueous solutions!

[@TheBelrick]

Eukaryotic cells are the equivalent of Object Orientated Programming

[@MrFram]

You mean modular programming? Object oriented is more taxonomy with all the hiearchical classes and inheritance

[@TheBelrick]

@@MrFramEncapsulation. Check. Composition. Check. No inheritance though. good talk

[@eljanrimsa5843]

@@TheBelrick The magic moment occured when an instance of a class got an instance of another class as input at runtime, and instead of just processing it, created a new composed class.

[@awesomeyoutuber173]

7:19 *N I C E*

[@JohnVance]

Hank, this series is every bit as good as I’d hoped when you announced it, and then some. Thanks for being the change you want to see on the internet.

[@OrangevayaMysh]

This watches like an arthouse visual project, very impressive and well made. I never imagined such a channel needed to exist but now i wait impatiently for each video

[@rot_studios]

Yeeesss, another great video to sate my obsessive lust for knowledge

[@averageperson8743]

My mitochondria told me to watch this... They never make me disappointed...

[@jproffitt2192]

This is easily one of the best channels on here! I look forward to each new video

[@adamscottprice]

Brilliant videos - amazing visuals and I like the way Hank is voicing this a little more slowly and calmly.

[@minecrafter0505]

Good thing I hit that bell ;)

[@youarenowbreathingmanually2798]

last time i was this early, all we had were prokaryotes

[@alexluck4420]

Fantastic video- really like your perspective. Thank you!

[@rogelindabarraza1993]

Wonderful resource. Thank you for producing it!

[@TheTablet314]

This channel inspired me to get a better microscope.

[@duybear4023]

“Cells Interlinked Within Cells Interlinked”

[@sarah3796]

I love this! It’s so calming and mind blowing at the same time

[@MtnTow]

LOVING these videos. Thank you so much!

[@TowelGard]

The first few words almost sounded like Hank was gonna bust out a rap to the beat.

[@robinchesterfield42]

Well, that would go well with the little critter at 4:02 that decided to bust some killer moves... XD

[@ApoLk_]

I wasn't expecting a "69 nice" joke and that made it *x1000* funnier 😂😂😂😂

[@durjaypramanik4368]

Thank you for taking us on this journey.

[@gailhowes9398]

What a wonderful subject with fantastic images, thank you so much!

[@justcallmeSheriff]

I picture photosynthetic algae holding up sign offering a 60% discount on nutrients in exchange for housing.

[@nicevers]

Green skin and no need to buy groceries

[@christopherbruderle684]

WITHIN CELLS INTERLINKED.

[@SmokeyDope]

You did a great job on this video! all the praise! good script and great information mixed with wonderful visuals and well-done narration. I really liked the pun at the end too :p

[@TitansTracks]

Just what I needed today, I love how ambient and fitting the music is. These videos are always so chilling to watch! 💎

[@obscured9414]

Micro dude: the hydra blasm gasm bla bla... Me: dont even know how to connect points in his explanations anymore. But still me: 👁️👄👁️🍿

[@bariumselenided5152]

Little wiggly thing lives inside bigger wiggly thing

[@ahmedexmor]

When i demand money for protection it's wrong, but when an amoeba does it it's ok. Double standards.

[@tanchristhoper3832]

Having asmr while learning new knowledge, surely my new best asmr channel! Gud job hank! You succesfully created a new asmr channel!

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

This, the way you described it, is really quite brilliant! I hadn't ever actually seen it described it like this, so - very good job, indeed! 👏👏👏👏

[@LeftLight]

"Up to 69% of the caloric requirements of the hydra is satisfied by its algal symbiance... nice!"

[@feynstein1004]

Hmm what if we could incorporate these algae into our skin cells? We could derive energy from sunlight and wouldn't need to eat as much. 🤔

[@jrgenchristensen7240]

100years later: -You are so fat son, you need to eat less. -MooOom, It's just that i'm to much outside.

[@weatheranddarkness]

@@jrgenchristensen7240 the mass still has to come from somewhere. It's just a different method of metabolizing.

[@jrgenchristensen7240]

@@weatheranddarkness It might be irrelevent, but trees get most there mass from co2 in the air😃

[@weatheranddarkness]

@@jrgenchristensen7240 they get their carbon from the air, but you're not making both cellulose and lignin from a mostly nitrogen medium. That's why most plants have roots that do more than hold the plant upright. There are degrees of course, Tillandsia, native to the high Andes don't have a choice, as the soil is almost nutrient free. They don't exactly grow super fast though, or very big either.

[@solomonmatthews7921]

Informative content, amazing visuals, no padding or hype. Wonderful!

[@danteisonvaro477]

Amazing work. Can't wait till the next episode. D.

[@Phyto.]

It really messes with me that this is Hank Green's voice.

[@sarahprunierlaw9147]

shouldn't Hank be using his own voice for his own pet project?

[@Phyto.]

Sarah Prunier Law what do you mean? I'm just not used to hearing him speak in this tone, I didn't even know it was him until recently.

[@sarahprunierlaw9147]

@@Phyto. Oh, I read your original comment in a different way. Indeed we almost never hear him talking in this tone and it is so different then the excited amped up tone he usually uses.

[@WizardAngst]

For the love of god whoever is mixing this please turn down the background music.

[@-Kerstin]

I don't have a problem with the volume of the background music...

[@fayella6790]

This channel is underrated. The produciton quality is fantastic, the wideo quality is amazing. Watching these cells is mesmerizing.

[@samanthalee952]

I love this channel so deeply and am amazed by every episode