Operant Conditioning: Behavior & Consequences (Intro Psych Tutorial #62)

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In this video I explain the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Next I explain Thorndike's work with cats in puzzle boxes which led to his Law of Effect. This approach was greatly expanded by B.F. Skinner's work on operant conditioning which distinguished primary and secondary reinforcers, as well as positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment.
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Skinner photo from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._S...
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[@PsychExamReview]

You're welcome, I'm really glad to hear that you've found my videos helpful. Thanks for commenting and for sharing my videos with your classmates!

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[@PsychExamReview]

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[@PsychExamReview]

You're too kind, I'm glad you found it too, thanks for commenting!

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[@PsychExamReview]

You're welcome, thanks for commenting!

[@paulogilvie7072]

Thank you, Clearly put together! I love your clear examples and a great point about punishment *speeding example.

[@PsychExamReview]

Glad you liked it, thanks for commenting!

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confusing concepts very well explained. Thank you!

[@PsychExamReview]

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[@PsychExamReview]

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[@PsychExamReview]

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[@abhibhayakrishna8984]

How are positive and negative reinforcers related to primary and secondary reinforcers? Also, Can a particular stimulus (let's say food) can act as positive, negative, and primary reinforcer at various circumstances?

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[@PsychExamReview]

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its so clear how explained. when i step away have difficulty remembering. i suppose need to develop eyes for this in real life when it is occurring. Thank you again. 6/13/2022

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[@PsychExamReview]

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You're welcome!

[@IdealistINFP]

Would you describe a timeout as the adding of a noxious stimuli to reduce the behaviour that got them in a timeout to begin with, there Positive Punishment? Or Negative Punishment?

[@PsychExamReview]

I would consider a timeout to be a negative punishment because it is taking away something enjoyable (play time & social interaction) and is meant to punish some prior behavior (ideally a specific behavior to make the association clear).

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[@PsychExamReview]

You're welcome, glad to hear my videos have helped!

[@5MinutePsychology]

Thorndike and Skinner - two names to remember when studying operant conditioning. I wonder if they would have achieved as much if it hadn’t been for Pavlov’s experiments.

[@sontung5638]

thank you so much

[@PsychExamReview]

You're welcome!

[@naumaankhan7498]

Great Video covering key concepts!!!By the way which software you use to make these videos..

[@PsychExamReview]

Thanks! I use a Wacom tablet to write notes with SmoothDraw and then I record using Camtasia.

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[@PsychExamReview]

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[@PsychExamReview]

You're welcome, good luck on your exam!

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[@organiseduser7216]

On my lecture slide there's mentioned that Thorndike assumed that cats wouldn't actually (consciously) learn about the consequences of their behavior, but merely develope a SR association that automatically leads to the outcome Would you say that's true?

[@PsychExamReview]

I'd say this is true, early behaviorist approaches ignored the role of cognitive components in learning and focused on behavioral associations which were assumed to be automatic/unconscious (just as we don't have to imagine Pavlov's dogs "thinking" about sounds leading to food, the dogs just form the association and behave accordingly). That said, this is a simplification that avoids the difficulties of cognitive complexity and the even greater challenge of trying to understand the role of consciousness in the behavior of cats, dogs, pigeons, or humans (which we still have basically no progress on today). So while this approach allows us to set consciousness aside as seemingly irrelevant, when it comes to truly understanding human behavior it's a major limitation that won't simply go away if we ignore it. Great question, thanks for commenting!

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[@PsychExamReview]

Now I suppose I have to reply to this one, thanks for commenting!

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[@PsychExamReview]

Glad to hear that!

[@andreaesquibal3144]

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[@sociocyberneering]

Positive punishment would be a ticket - they are giving you a ticket. Negative Punishment would be taking your license away so that you can't drive anymore.

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[@atrustedstranger9436]

Operant conditioning-- B,F Skinner Connectionism theory-- Thorndike

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[@PsychExamReview]

Could you clarify which cognitive theory you'd like to know more about? I do have a playlist on memory on my channel, as well as one for several other cognitive psychology topics here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/h3LKlYN6q7KHfbc Hope this helps!

[@MonaLisa-sz5tg]

i have a doubt--> suppose i don't wear a helmet while riding a scooter and get caught by the troopers and fined a big amount...........so suppose next time again I was not wearing a helmet. Fortunately, I already saw the trooper from a considerable distance. Then I wear a helmet in order to not to pay a fine....so here in order to avoid the consequence I changed my behavior by wearing a helmet(negative reinforcement) at the same time it is also the result of my previous experience of paying the penalty for not wearing a helmet (punishment)...so here the action of paying fine worked as a punishment or a negative reinforcement for my behavior or both?

[@PsychExamReview]

It's possible to reinterpret a number of examples to seem like punishment or reinforcement, depending on how you define the behavior. This can seem confusing, especially if you try to define a behavior as NOT doing something (which isn't really behavior). So while you could argue that the fine is increasing the behavior of helmet wearing (and thus is reinforcement), I think we should think of the behavior here as "riding without a helmet", which is what is being punished. This is the behavior that we want to reduce by having a fine. You aren't being fined just for not wearing a helmet (which you don't have to do all the time), you're being fined for the behavior of riding while not wearing a helmet. I hope this makes sense!

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Agree. You don't miss the cat's eyes😊

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what software does he use ?

[@PsychExamReview]

I record the camera & screen using Camtasia and use a free program called SmoothDraw for writing notes

[@CaptainCupcake]

Howdy! Thank you for this video, it helps me a lot with understanding everything better. I have a question, would a punishment such as a slap on the wrist or spanking be a form of positive punishment? I think it would be similar to getting a shock if pressing the button, but I'm not sure. Thank you in advance for your answer!

[@PsychExamReview]

Glad to hear it was helpful! And yes, a slap or spanking would be a positive punishment, since it's a way of adding something unpleasant, in this case, pain.

[@CaptainCupcake]

@@PsychExamReview Hi! Thank you for responding. I have one more question, if you take away a cookie from a child would that be considered a negative reinforcer? Because you take away somethng positive?

[@PsychExamReview]

@@CaptainCupcake That would be a negative punishment; taking something desirable away in order to reduce a behavior.

[@CaptainCupcake]

@@PsychExamReview Okay cool. That's what I thought as well, but wanted to make sure. In a practice exam that was given as the right answer for a negative reinforcer. I'll message them about it. Thank you again!

[@TheseOpenRoads]

Isnt a speeding ticket a positive punishment, because they are giving something bad (A ticket) which reduces the behaviour (speeding).

[@PsychExamReview]

I see what you mean, but the punishing aspect of the ticket that makes it bad comes from the fact that it takes away money. This would still be the case if there were no physical paper ticket, whereas a ticket that was just a paper but didn't take money away wouldn't be much of a punishment.

[@groundzer0405]

shouldn't the primary reinforcer, which is the natural response to a stimulus, for stimulus hunger be the act of eating the food rather than the food itself

[@PsychExamReview]

This is a great point and part of the reason why Drive Reduction Theory emerged following behaviorist approaches. Food is only a reward in that it reduces the hunger drive, so food when you aren't hungry isn't much of a reward, which is also why Skinner had to keep his animals underweight so food could be a reliable reinforcer for behavior.

[@pablolecce6931]

Life is exactly like that. If you don't do your homework, life continues giving you electric shocks. Thanks to make me think about it

[@WWStudio360]

What happens when the positive reinforcement is no longer there? For example drivers get a cash reward for driving on or under the speed limit for 30 days. After the 30 days the drivers that kept that rule get their cash reward but after that there is no longer a reward. Well then that drivers will probably go back to driving over the speed limit. So does positive reinforcement really last longer than positive or negative punishment, like this lesson is claiming? Punishment seems to have worked for me well, I went to prison for Drinking and Driving, I am so scared to lose my freedom again that I don't drink and drive at all ever, as a matter of fact I don't even drink alcohol anymore. So how accurate and reliable is this really?

[@PsychExamReview]

This is a great question that brings in the role of motivation on the effectiveness of rewards and punishments. Skinner simplified motivation by keeping animals hungry so that food was always a motivator. But we could argue that a hungry pigeon is not really the same as a pigeon. And it's much simpler than a person, whose motivations for behavior can be much more complex. One answer to your question about what happens when rewards end comes from the overjustification effect, which is when temporarily providing an extrinsic motivation (like cash for good driving) can replace what was previously an intrinsic motivation (observing the speed limit to be a "good driver", rather than to get the reward). I have a video describing a classic study on the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation that you might find helpful here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/hoe4iZWJf8mGo8U Your example for punishment also demonstrates one of the challenges of using punishments, which is that it can be hard to have a punishment that only stops one specific behavior and instead it can generalize to other related behaviors. Thanks for commenting!

[@WWStudio360]

@@PsychExamReview Well on the drinking aspect of my comment I actually am glad I don't drink anymore and made a freewill choice to do that. The punishment still worked on me like it has done to million others, I think there is a time and place for both to be used in order to achieve maximum behavioral change. We are all wanting to change for the better, we want to drive safely so we drive the speed limit. We stop drinking so we can live longer and have a healthier lifestyle. All of the methods in my opinion should be used to maximize life change for the better.

[@PsychExamReview]

@@WWStudio360 I think it's great that you've made the choice to give up drinking and you're absolutely right that punishment can be an important part of changing behavior. I recently stopped drinking (dry January that I've kept going) and it has definitely been a positive change. The "problem" with punishment in a research setting with animals is that it can reduce other behaviors that researchers weren't trying to reduce (related to learned helplessness) and this can make drawing specific conclusions more difficult. But in practical terms punishment can be very effective for positive life changes. Thanks for your reply!

[@heidispiegel3772]

While the information is presented in an easy to understand format, your example of negative reinforcement (performance of homework to escape electric shock) is not a clear example. Can we look at this closely? The shock is applied when homework is not done; isn't this addition of a stimulus to reduce likelihood of recurring behavior (positive punishment for using behavior other than performing homework)? The shock is an effective punisher, an SP+, for behavior other than doing homework. While doing homework does avoid the punishment, without the addition of the shock, the behavior of not doing homework might continue without change. Can we absolutely say that doing homework to avoid a shock is negative reinforcement?

[@PsychExamReview]

You're correct that the electric shock example isn't a great one for explaining negative reinforcement as clearly as possible. This also shows that confusion can arise if we try to talk about not doing something as being a behavior. A simpler example of negative reinforcement would be an annoying noise that stops whenever you press a button. This would increase button-pressing because that behavior removes the aversive stimulus.

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You look like Skinner😬

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😂😂can we say money is both a positive and negative reinforcer

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It by skinner