Pulsars, Magnetars, Black Holes (Oh My!): The Wickedly Cool Stellar Undead

[@Mrbfgray]

One of the best lecturers in the arena I've ever encountered. So many come off contrived with eye-rolling attempts at "humor" and trumped up enthusiasm, redundancy and dumbed down..

[@gtsguitartuitionservices2878]

I don’t quite understand why videos this good attract a 10% dislike vote.

[@worfoz]

I think it´s because of its `karaoke`audio technology.

[@jenniferburlet7358]

I love his passion and enthusiasm. Very interesting lecture.

[@davidkennedy8165]

So incredibly interesting. Of all the weird and wonderful objects in space Neutron Stars are my favourites. They are just so fascinating along with the variants (Pulsars, Magnetars and the Black Widows) Thank you for putting this up!!!

[@ExperienceCounts2]

Extremely well done! A video I can share with friends who aren't physics buffs, but isn't dumbed down to "Oooh lookit pretty pictures..." like so many are.

[@DrewishAF]

Just for shiggles, I wanted to try and get a frame of reference for how fast that pulsar is spinning. Assuming that the nucleus of the neutron star is about 10-11km in radius, a rotational rate 30 per second (1,800 per minute) gets to about 2,000km/s. So for every second that passes, a point on the surface (normal to the rotational axis) travels around 2,000 kilometers. That is incredibly difficult to comprehend but interesting regardless.

[@whirledpeas3477]

shiggles, I love it 😀 new to me

[@gregurbanek186]

The star cluster shown at 5:55 is astonishing. A billion stars all glowing in their designated area forming symmetry out of entropy. It's hard to grasp how small we are in comparison . But, easier to grasp how important Mankind is.

[@SammiCPC79]

Absolutely fantastic talk, very accessible for lay people like myself. Love the palpable enthusiasm Dr. Scott Ransom displays in his field of study. The only downside is it causes him to talk very quickly sometimes, not for me though - I totally share his awe in these incredible objects. There may be even rarer stellar remnants somewhere between neutron stars and black holes, like the hypothetical quark stars. The universe has so much to teach us.

[@naimulhaq9626]

SammiCPC79 Let us hail the people bringing Electric Universe to us, that might have never come. Thank you again, I hope in future you will bring new explanation of cosmology. I will surely not be around to enjoy the mysteries, you will discover. Have an enjoyable future.

[@elcucuy8705]

+Naimul Haq The Electric Universe! Tesla would be proud!

[@yosoybrunon]

I find beautiful the fact that in this talk, however recent, they were still hoping to detect those predicted yet elusive gravitational waves, which happened just recently. Makes me think (wishful thinking) that we'll still get to witness some even more awesome discoveries. Gravitational waves are groundbreaking (since our observations were previously limited to what we could see -to light, basically-, gravitational waves are another language), but we'll sure get to see something even bigger, and I'm just really excited about it.

[@vperez4796]

Question; are gravitational waves prone to damping by the mass of an object on their path?

[@patriciaschutjer7814]

Dr. Ransom gives us important information in a way that is remarkably clear and contagiously exciting. Thank you!

[@JMUplanetarium]

You are welcome! Thanks for viewing our video! To learn more about our public science presentations, and to be informed, when our next ones will take place, please visit our website: www.jmu.edu/planetarium

[@cymoonrbacpro9426]

Patricia Schutjer Yeah but he only gives us technical graphs with no exclamation is guy is a hack!

[@aguiladescalzada]

One of the best I've heard. Very well done.

[@h.i.5280]

Excellent!

[@muttleyjones2]

Neutron stars are just fantastic objects. The Magnetars are my favourite group of cosmological objects, even more sci-fi than the best writers can come up with, lol. Black holes get most of the publicity but for me the magnetar is the star of the show (please forgive the pun). The immense energy in these objects is astounding, no wonder scientists say they have the best jobs going and the enthusiasm of this guy is infectious. Great video.

[@naimulhaq9626]

Excellent and superbly presented talk, truly memorable.

[@JMUplanetarium]

+Naimul Haq Thank you for watching and sharing your feedback with us! We truly appreciate it!

[@naimulhaq9626]

jmu planetarium Leibniz's relational world theory says Electrical, Magnetic, Gravitational, Thermal energy fields all act together and are related. Taken in isolation they signify nothing. Your effort will give a more complete picture of nature of physical world. Thank you.

[@vperez4796]

Agree, Vividly.

[@ventsislav1796]

Thanks a lot for this lecture!

[@lingling2823]

Ah astronomy is so fascinating

[@clayrocks3]

Smart little fella there at the end.

[@deeliciousplum]

Thank you so much for sharing this.

[@JMUplanetarium]

You are welcome! Thanks for viewing our video! To learn more about our public science presentations, and to be informed, when our next ones will take place, please visit our website: www.jmu.edu/planetarium

[@michaelbell8834]

That kid knows abut VY Canis Majoris? Further, he correctly described it as something bigger than a supergiant(hypergiant) evolved star? He's going places someday!

[@greenbanana311]

Uh huh..🤨He sells bootleg Blu-Rays now.

[@thomasbayles8203]

@@greenbanana311 Lol!

[@ellusiv5121]

Nah, I was fascinated by math and astrology at an early age too. Even knew about string theory when I was in elementary and my teachers don't know what I was talking about. Where am I now? Still stuck in poverty on my country.

[@VPannagS]

The last questioning part was even more informative

[@PropaneWP]

Interesting talk. Thanks for sharing.

[@JMUplanetarium]

Thanks for checking it out and see our other videos! :)

[@DED_MEEM]

I wish we could see a black hole from close up without, like, wiping out the entire solar system. It would be cool to see if we have the right idea of how they look.

[@muleteammate]

Thumbs up for the doctor for describing Birkeland Currents at 1:19:26 !

[@cryptobrian4732]

Great video. Thank u for the information it is all very interesting and unfamiliar.

[@cymoonrbacpro9426]

Whole science, with A Multitude of nomenclature based on hypotheticals amazing!

[@davebrady2389]

Scott Ransom is the raddest.

[@nandakumarcheiro]

Dear professor you have not mentioned about Blue straggler pulling such a huge mass towards a far away distance though Einstein said the mass of body increases with increase in velocity

[@silberlinie]

Now, in 2018, the biggest radio tescope FAST is in China. It's 500 m and named Tianyan in the Province Guizhou. And is detecting Pulsars continuously.

[@hogwartsstudent980]

It's only a radio telescope Need a IR to see through dust. But still cool

[@TomAtkinson]

You da Pulsar Kings!!!

[@rhoddryice5412]

Starts at 03:10

[@Abrogator91]

^ the real MVP

[@transatlantic3539]

Great talk,

[@JMUplanetarium]

Thanks for checking it out! Please see our other videos! :)

[@nandakumarcheiro]

Change over from superconductivity towards insulating changes and the electron dimension from 3d to 2d configuration and electron confinement and and roaming differentiation could be analysed.

[@robertredbeard1855]

She wasn't snubbed. She was just the student laborer. She was following someone else's instructions. She was not the one responsible. So no prize for her.

[@aurlll]

Hi Scott, superb lecture. So can a star exist until its a cold orb of iron/or a neutron star that has an absence of heat/cool to the touch? ….just wondering

[@vvbsmurthy]

Pls, tell what is other side of B/h, if. Anything goes into the b/h what happens to that object and where will it go? In what shape- fine powdery particles or even less or some sort of liquid form? Has any researches done on this.

[@lukesrockhouse]

For starters, look up the term "spaghettification" (yes! that is a real scientific term). Basically, anything falling into a black hole would be pulled and stretched into a long, thin beam one atom thick and compressed into an unimaginably dense point in space. No one really knows what happens after this (there are many theories to try and explain), but one thing that is interesting is Hawking Radiation -- this tells us that black holes emit radiation and, after an almost impossible to understand amount of time, the black hole will disappear into space as radiation. Since this happens at such a small amount, it is likely that by the time these black holes vanish, there will be no stars left in the universe at all. One interesting channel to check out is "Kurzgesagt" -- specifically, the video titled "Why Black Holes Could Delete The Universe -- The Information Paradox".

[@daveb5041]

24:30 *Why do they always show a little hot spot where the star gas meets the accretion disk? What is that* ?

[@gkar909]

That spiral disc of black hole is very hot and fast rotating and in that bright spot as meeting point of different levels of evolution of this star and that spiral disc you see transformation point from one evolution level to evolution level of spiral disc of black hole. In that point you see termo reactions those happened in our sun. Only much more huge. In fact it is meeting point with black hole star in present.

[@BladeRunner-td8be]

This young man has an energy and attitude which makes it impossible to stop listening to him. I do disagree with him on one particular point however and it has to do with his love of the band RUSH. You can file them under "G" for garbage with other bands like ZZ Top, Queen, Deep Purple and Nirvana to name a few. Betelgeuse before it became a humongous red giant must not have been much larger than our Sun based on how large it is right now. If the Sun might expand and engulf the Earth during this red giant phase of its life and Betelgeuse's size only engulfs up to Mars how much larger could it have been than our Sun when it was a young star... My thought on why some supernova where a spinning neutron should exist or if it does exist it's not spinning: I think it has something to do with the way in which the star explodes. Meaning it might explode in some weird way where everything becomes part of the nebula or if the neutron star is there but it's not spinning, during the perfect and unusual explosion the neutron star was left but with no spin. I'll take my noble prize now. :) Watching the end of the video the camera showed the speaker and the audience. I was amazed and saddened by how few people were there.

[@bigbrownsound]

i kept waiting for him to explain HOW these ‘perfect clocks’ serve as a tool. i know how standard candles function as a tool for astronomers, but not pulsars. other than that, this is a very good presentation.

[@muttleyjones2]

I have heard scientists talk about using them, in the future, for navigation purposes, but that is a long way off. I too would like to have heard more about how they can be used in science today, apart from being very interesting in and of themselves.

[@muttleyjones2]

At about 1:03 he talks about how they are using pulsars to measure gravitational waves.

[@nandakumarcheiro]

Highly spinning Neutron star by analogy may be compared with muon increasing spin related to fifth force can it be applied to Neutron star spin dynamics dear professor?

[@The.Golden.Door.]

Yeah....but what makes the conservation of angular momentum even exist in Spacetime? What makes the spin spin???

[@nandakumarcheiro]

Magnetar becoming a decline in magneticfield a conversion of inductance into a capacitance by analogy the current flow restricted with high voltage built up but later this voltage increase or surging is restricted becoming an interesting capacitance by analogy . But how we are losing Hall's secondary domain ? Sankaravelayudhan Nandakumar

[@nandakumarcheiro]

Does the system becoming a binary star swallowed by Magnatar the inductance swallowing a capacitance leading to decrease in torque value a decrease in spin?

[@michealkelly9441]

This guy rules

[@georgewilliams918]

This was a few years back, but is there a correlation of the millisecond pulsars to Thorne-Zytkow Objects? Are they the same thing?

[@earache294]

A Thorne-Zytkow Object is a conjectured type of star wherein a red giant or supergiant contains a neutron star at its core, formed from the collision of the giant with the neutron star. In 2014, it was discovered that the star HV 2112 was a strong candidate however this has recently been called into question. so to answer your question " no "....

[@todddooley793]

Never heard of VY Canis majoris?? Geez little guy schooled you lol. kidding, thanks for the video I enjoyed watching it!

[@SafffOneee]

As great as this vid is, it's a real shame the vid uses the slides as displayed on the screen as opposed to a video of the slides - when Dr Ransom is using his laser pointer to talk about something specific on the slide, we can't see what he is pointing to! Can a version of this vid purely shot from camera be uploaded?? Much appreciated! :)

[@gsyamsri8122]

They improved the slides so we can understand. Really it was well done.

[@michaelexman5474]

If microsecond pulsar orbiting a small black hole in an ellipse. would it be possible to observe the distortion of space and time as it passes from areas of high distortion to areas less distorted?

[@nandakumarcheiro]

During hydrogen ionisation how far the formation of antihydrogen will affect these theories.

[@thequeenofswords7230]

RIP Arecibo

[@johnries5593]

I do have a hard question for Dr. Ransom: Is there a public interest argument for the US government funding research on neutron stars and like astronomical topics more convincing than "Vast vision must improve our sight" (to quote a Greame Edge poem)? I'm not opposed, but I don't have to balance the federal budget either.

[@mdoracarv]

The federal budget is being depleted by constant and meaningless tax cuts that benefit very few. The US, believe me, is doomed by this behavior. I am not a US citizen, but I have been continuously in contact with this country, having been here many times for business reasons and having lived here to get an MS in Engineering. What I have seen over the years is the demise of a country of healthy, highly technical and science oriented people into one of either obese, toothless or exercise crazy, narcisistic ones, with no respect for the beauty of its natural world. People are more concerned of making a point of withdrawing from community efforts by electing monstrous leaders very akin to the demagogues in the developing countries (believe me, I am South-american). I am visiting the US right now and I was astounded to see an ad in television for an instant tooth ache relieve medicine. That's going back to the thirties! Just very depressing what's going on.

[@tomahawkskipper8308]

Very nice presentation. What puzzles me is where the strong magnetic field originates from? From ionized H inside the star? Also, is the existence of neutron stars a hypothesis, a theory, or a proven fact? You talk it as a fact. Thanks.

[@naimulhaq9626]

Moving charged particles produce magnetic fields. Galaxies are coupled to other galaxies with faint magnetic fields.

[@ariejy]

Any more of his talks found nothing, amazing energy! Best kind og lecturer?

[@johnries5593]

Recycling to me suggests Frankenstein's "creature" (to use Mary Shelley's terminology), rather than zombies.

[@marc-andrebrunet5386]

I love DATA !! thanks

[@timothymcnulty3143]

My question is do dark matter particles Spin and with that spin create charge

[@tomahawkskipper8308]

Yes, well done. But I have a problem with the whole concept of a neutron star. The magnetic field has to be created due to the rapid axial rotation and some charged particles within the star (I guess the star is not only neutrons). Now oh the axis is looking at Earth we should see continuous emission of x rays, light, or other electromagnetic radiation. To experience lighthouse effect, the magnetic pole must be offset, or we see the axis during precession. Precession is much slower compared to the orbital speed, which would make the stuff at the equator approach, or even exceed the speed of light. And that would destroy the theory of neutron stars. Are there other theories out there?

[@nightjarflying]

+tomahawkskipper Orbital speed? What has that got to do with your point? Do you mean the rotational speed of the neutron star rather than 'orbital speed'? The greatest calculated speed of the matter at the surface of observed pulsars is 0.15 c [15% the speed of light] at the stars equator. This whole part of your post doesn't read well - can you explain it better? "Precession is much slower compared to the orbital speed, which would make the stuff at the equator approach, or even exceed the speed of light. And that would destroy the theory of neutron stars. Are there other theories out there?"

[@muskyelondragon]

For an excellent explanation look up a video called "Journey to the center of a neutron star". It explains in great detail their inner structure and how it all works.

[@Ominousheat]

1:18:40+What is it that makes the mag fields stronger?Good question!No true answer was given.!

[@somyoschuaipasit9674]

bluegold21 ก

[@jaspalraina220]

10:25 You said "our sun is a yellow star". A'int it a White star & appears yellow due to atmospheric dispersion of wavelength. I heard 'Neil De'grasse Tyson' say that.

[@michealkelly9441]

Stars turn into white stars when they're near death

[@jaspalraina220]

@@michealkelly9441 Type "our sun color" in google. It may say 'yellow' however chk the description below saying its actualy white but appears yellow. Also the near death that ur spk'nk abt are "White Dwarf" stars & something totally different. I suggest to rd lots more abt rhe entire star classification, birth, death etc.

[@rubenjames7345]

You might try listening to this at .75 spped.

[@ciceroaraujo2552]

please put this presentation on ted talks

[@PaulHigginbothamSr]

does that mean that time and space do not occur under the event horizon?

[@MrLapidary]

I know this is two years late, but at the moment, they do not know what happens, (is or isn't normal), passed the event horizon. It's like trying to tell what's in a container with the lid on it. You can't see in it.

[@jeffmckeown023]

"Evolution made it that way so we can see the yellow light from our sun"?? Dude is clearly infinitely smarter than I. Isn't the light from our sun nearly pure white?

[@gsyamsri8122]

Pure white indeed. Most of these nowadays astrophysicists have studied the classification and forgotten reality. Sun is arbitrary classified yellow, but this is not the color of it's light. Solar light is white and even VERY (=cold) white, (even if it's possible to have even colder white before it becomes blue). In the same way they say the sun is a dwarf when more than 80% of stars are smaller. So it's a 1m90 man we call a dwarf. Ludicrous. They really annoy me, they have a table that say the sky is orange, then the sky is orange,n no matter reality. This is dumb stupid scientists. But no good scientist makes these mistakes, that's basically how you can differentiate between good / bad scientists. Those ignoring reality to fit their arbitrary tables will never ever invent anything or discover anything. They are useless, usually they are too stupid to work efficiently so they do conferences. Unfortunately we end up listening to them. But I'm absolutely positive : you are right, the sun's light is as white as can be. There is no way to call it yellow whatever.

[@ciceroaraujo2552]

please this presentation on ted talks

[@the.amazing.spatterman]

Wow, pulsar'll tear yer face off

[@ZDson3112]

How could someone even thumb this down?

[@ZDson3112]

macsporan You do realize bashing religious people shows the lowest level of intelligence and sneering at religion is juvenile, and symptomatic of a stunted imagination. There's no difference between a self righteous theist and a self righteous atheist, both are equally reprehensible.

[@TheGodlessGuitarist]

+macsporan could just as easily be mistakes or global warming deniers

[@ZDson3112]

***** Only scientifically ignorant fools actually buy into man made warming at this point. According to all relevant data the earth hasn't warmed since roughly the 80's, and to date proponents of man-made global warming haven't been able to make a single correct prediction. Not to mention that the IPCC and most recently NAOO have been caught using falsified data over real world data in order to get their models to show ANY level of warming...

[@TheGodlessGuitarist]

ZDson3112 whatever

[@ZDson3112]

***** *Presented with facts.* "Whatever." You sound like one of those science hating "fanatics" right now.

[@naimulhaq9626]

Hawking radiation is not explained convincingly. When particle and anti-particles are produced on the event horizon, one goes in and the other is radiated away. Why is it not sucked in?

[@AlienRelics]

65 YECs rated this...

[@clawpuss2]

Oh dear, very ungracious response to the introduction...

[@Abrogator91]

In his defense, it was terrible.

[@L0j1k]

I came to the comments wondering how many would interpret his comment that way. Versus some self-deprecating humor calling his own bio boring...

[@upscaleavenue]

I agree. It was unnecessary.

[@buzzingvid]

I'm flabbergasted, on these consistent farts.

[@NathanOkun]

Also, see KZbin video by Stapleton, et al, on the effects of the rapidly-rotating narrow pulsar beams moving >>sideways FASTER THAN LIGHT

[@ventsislav1796]

However, Mr, I'm still not sure that black holes can be real. Only upon theoretical suggestions and two images that to me tell nothing, I can't expect them as real.

[@vperez4796]

Hey Mr JMU, astrologers read your fortune, astronomers are reveared scientists by its math predictions.

[@cixelsidmai]

Legends tell, he smacked his teeth once for every star in the galaxy. Informative video

[@richardbennett4365]

Even though these stars are called neutron stars and are made of neutrons, there must be something charged in them. Some protons or electrons that still remain? Otherwise, what is producing the magnetic field?

[@artificernathaniel3287]

You forgot neon! Helium plus oxygen makes neon. It's not oxygen plus oxygen, that takes more energy than the element plus helium. So basically keep adding 2 a cross the periodic table until you hit iron an nickel* *this is a general rule that the star does not follow all the time but is good for a basic understanding of nuclear fusion.

[@earache294]

actually it is oxygen + oxygen. if it were as u say NO energy would be given off. all components are needed to climb the chart as you say and would prevent any energy from being made. don't forget a stars fusion gives off the extra not used in the formation of the next element. it all begins with Hydrogen + Hydrogen and ends in super nova when to much iron is made. as gravity cannot fuse iron+iron. only the explosive force of super nova can force that sort of fusion and more.....

[@Tinker1950]

A gibbering, unclear machine gun

[@NathanOkun]

There is another KZbin video on the theoretical interiors of neutron stars. If the surface is not a solid iron nucleus crust with a somewhat-less-solid multi-atomic-nucleus-type under-crust (below which is mostly a neutron liquid with a few protons and electrons floating here and there), there is nothing for the magnetic field to "anchor" to, so the fixed magnetic field with its two narrow light-house beams cannot form, thus no pulsar. Such neutron stars (?) may actually be made of quark fluid or similar exotic stuff (concentric oceans of pi- and k-mesons, for example). These would be very close to becoming black holes, so that there would only be a very few right at this knife-edge of necessary parameters of mass and spin and magnetic field strength.

[@earache294]

its a Neutron star which means it lacks ANY protons or electrons.. so No Iron 4 U!

[@wesleylindemulder8739]

I fully appreciate your intellect, knowledge of your chosen profession, and for sharing your discoveries of the universe we live in with the rest of us. Spectacular, indeed. However, I encourage you to seriously rethink your decision to discount the existence of a Creator of it all. This is far too grave of a choice to dismiss out of hand.

[@enigmaseth]

This is a question for the speaker Dr Ransom, that I thought someone would address at the end of the talk, but apparently did not. If there are many observed dead pulsars that WE CAN NOT SEE has this been accounted for in the estimates of mass in galaxies and are factored into the spins...in other words can this be the DARK MATTER?

[@PaulHigginbothamSr]

okay, say you have a really big black hole, supermassive it is called, and way out where the event horizon is, not much tidal force, to make that stuff, spaghetti, and the object falls in past the event horizon. Now, you can no longer communicate with outside. Lets examine time. gravity is so large, even though you are not falling at light speed for relativistic effects on you, except for the extreme gravity conditions, now time, since you are now past the light barrier, you are in effect at light speed in fact, and now you fall further in, you are now running superluminally inwards, and so time is in reverse. how does that work?

[@gkar909]

In fact, nobody knows how it goes. But maybe that blackness of black hole is caused by extra strength magnetic field.

[@johnries5593]

"LGM": Yes, astronomers have a sense of humor too.

[@cymoonrbacpro9426]

Question; do you need and Rotating sphere to produce these types of pulses? Answer; no!

[@earache294]

you " need" a super nova for them. so Yes you need a spherical item for it. until they find flat stars going super nova, however physics prevent such things from forming....

[@somyoschuaipasit9674]

Cymoon RBACpro

[@weldy7018]

"i like the tin man!" leave me alone..im thinking...about plasmoid man

[@dizzyspinner648]

The Rush song was from 1977, which would be the late 70's, not the early 70's.

[@andreek8559]

One mistake, just before 44:05. Our Galaxy is way older than 5 billion years. Our solar system is about that age.

[@dankkiller1]

It occurred to me that a Photon is mass less. So wouldn't it be safe to say from the Core of a black hole to the Schwarzschild radius the distance would be so far and the light from the core would be so far red shifted that it would appear black. In other words space-time would be warped beyond the speed of light from the singularity to the the Schwarzschild radius that no light would escape. Taking in to account the conservation of angular momentum and the warping of space-time Due to what Einstein called frame dragging. Inside the Schwarzschild radius would be blinding as photons would orbit the singularity.

[@foffjerkholes4995]

What? This comment's grammar and linguist skill is just awful. I, literally, do not understand what your talking about.

[@TheDarkToes]

I understood what he is saying, and its actually brilliant. Interesting thought really. Makes perfect sense to me....

[@Stevros999]

The real reason for Trump, Brexit etc ........ angular momentum?

[@buzzingvid]

isn't our perspective should've been a bias in predicting the lifetime of stars?

[@alangarland8571]

.

[@weldy7018]

the best part is its all basically theory that they like to make you think is fact or speaking as if it all were fact cuz they want to believe it is. lol

[@Starfire777]

Sorry you got THIS WRONG,Sun and all will be gone millions years later.The GOOD BOOK the Biblesays Sun and Earth will last for all ETERNITY,That's Why GOD offers Mankind ETERNAL LIFE!! ON Earth!!

[@worfoz]

lol

[@penrythajanitor1977]

Eternal life on Earth? It's gonna get properly crowded innit?

[@worfoz]

@@penrythajanitor1977 maybe all mighty god shrinks us humans, is we are five centimetres tall, this `flat` earth can be home to 107 billion www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16870579#:~:text=There%20are%20currently%20seven%20billion,people%20for%20every%20person%20living. thing is, god is almighty, so every rational argument is invalid lol again

[@michealboyd2168]

Wat newstrin 🌟 and eat thdeinch of the blue ponwst game Ray. 🌟 and the matter in the red gaxley

[@glynndraper2038]

This guy gives no credit to his audience.

[@jedaiahx]

General Relativity is wrong. Remember this comment 20 years from now.

[@mortkebab2849]

Dreadful audio. Bye.

[@channingdeadnight]

OK I'm a little confused is this gentleman seems smart and he should be very educated. It seems like more of a little brain fart instead of him not knowing the subject. But there's quite a few things that are relatively fundamental to this subject, near the beginning of the episode that he gets completely wrong. Except for very rarely, all stars form in clusters. Not just giant stars. The larger stars are only seen when all the stars are closer together because their lives are so much shorter. They don't have a chance to move very far apart. Yes he is correct on the process of supergiants creating elements and how their lifespan works. Except for the very end. They actually Comparatively make very little iron. Right after they start producing iron they collapse into a black hole. Because the larger stars have more gravity, they have to produce more energy to combat it. So it takes a smaller amount of iron ore, and a smaller decrease in energy to cause its core to collapse. From the time the star produces iron to the cores collapse, is almost instantaneous. Then they actually produce a giant supernova. They are the largest. If spinning quickly and not having many medals in its make up, they can produce a gamma ray burst. (GRB) it is the largest explosion we know of outside of the big Bang. Oh, the M class stars are red dwarf stars. And white dwarf stars about half the mass of their original size. They are the ones that live for trillions of years. Also During a supernova explosion 90% of the energy produced is produced in the form of neutrinos. They are produced from the collapse of the electrons into the protons to form neutrons. This means that 90% of the energy from a supernova just passes through everything, without notice or harm. Now magnetars are cool. Is specially Because if one had an earthquake within a 100 Light years from the Earth it would burn the ozone out of our atmosphere. The ultraviolet radiation would no longer be stopped. This would cause huge outbreaks of Sunburns and skin cancer which would slowly kill most the life on Earth. A magnetars magnetic field is also strong enough to literally rip the molecules of your body apart into their basic elements. And its space. When things spin really fast and they poof out, there is no bottom. It just poofs in the middle. Overall it's a great video. Entertaining and informative, about one of my favorite subjects. Thank you.

[@earache294]

actually all he has stated is correct and many other with more credentials then him have shown empirical evidence proving so. you post with NO credentials shown of Any kind. so NO belief of Any kind is given

[@qwietryott2556]

Stopped watching, when the " presenter " said " The Sun doesn't cause Global Warming ". ffs

[@MichelRamosThe-Human]

The fact that our Sun is dying, in a order of BILLIONS OF YEARS, IS NOT the cause of the ACTUAL global warming! THAT WAS THE POINT!!!!!!!!!!!!🤦🏽‍♂️