Quantum Vortices and Superconductivity + Drake Equation Challenge Answers

Scientists studying quantum vortices and their impact on superconductivity just won the Nobel Prize.
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Further Sources:
Nobel Prize in Physics Announcement
www.nobelprize...
Detailed information (PDF):
www.nobelprize...
The Galactic Civilization Challenge Question
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Previous Episode - The Many World of the Multiverse
• The Many Worlds of the...
Did you correctly answer the Galactic Civilization Challenge Question? If you did Matt will take you with him when he sets out to colonize the greater galaxy. And in addition, a few randomly selected winners are getting t-shirts! If you’re listed below please send us your address, American t-shirt size (S,M,L) and your t-shirt preference.
Challenge Winners:
Alexandra Paramor
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Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

[@NeonsStyleHD]

Best science channel out there. Don't change the format or content and most of all, don't dumb it down.

[@quarkyquasar893]

I shouldn't have googled that.. :/

[@Electroblud]

I can understand how you could argument her to be the best education (read brainwash) channel, but why the hell science? o,O

[@quarkyquasar893]

ElectroBlood I realized he was just trolling.

[@SrmthfgRockLee]

not as good animationas as kurzgesagt tho

[@fergunomic]

I agree with you 99%. The only thing I’d change is the lame background music. It’s distracting and make me waiting fall asleep.

[@WeeWeeJumbo]

Every new Space Time is like a little holiday that I forgot about, until the day it happens

[@gareththompson2708]

+

[@christopherschneider2968]

Amen Brother! it is as good as the festival, where we celebrate the alleged birth of a ~2000 year old Carpenter

[@ligitmuffin]

Well actually Christmas originally was a pagan Holliday to celebrate the winter solstice. People of ancient times realized it was the coming of warmer seasons. And celebrated the fact that they could grow food and hunt/fish with more success.

[@KitKatHexe]

@@ligitmuffin actually in many instances it had to do with the fact that above a certain latitude in the northern hemisphere in the winter the sun would straight up disappear from the sky for 5 days because it was just below the horizon, the holiday has to do with the return of the Sun just after this.

[@pierfrancescopeperoni]

General, you forget things because you drink too much medicinal alcohol and distilled water.

[@FreeMan4096]

This channel is doing service to whole humanity.

[@feynstein1004]

Unlike Pewdiepie and such

[@L0V1_K]

+Feynstein 100 Oh? He helps people in other ways than science. If someone is maybe sad, they can watch his videos. _If_ that makes them happier of course.

[@feynstein1004]

What if I told you that your comment makes no sense The same is true for everything, really. Your username, tho. Heh.

[@L0V1_K]

Feynstein 100 Uhuh

[@ChrisLesmerises]

It's time to wake up and smell the ashes, Mr Freeman.

[@Kowzorz]

I'd love to see more about that Hofstader's Butterfly and more in depthness about this topology topic as it relates to QM.

[@asthmen]

Kowzorz I agree.

[@rockymountainway21]

Yes

[@MitchTH]

I've got a new life goal: understand a whole Space Time episode.

[@KermyTime]

i love the sound editing in the past videos. its kind of overwhelming on this one

[@MeatPops]

Hey guys! Please do an episode on the recent dark energy paper and it's findings. love the content!

[@pbsspacetime]

Funny you should ask...

[@MeatPops]

PBS Space Time niiiiiiice :)

[@MeatPops]

PBS Space Time hate to push my luck, but I would love to hear more about the pilot wave interpretation that veritasium made a video about. Thanks again!

[@VIIflegias]

oh yeah, a video on the pilot wave would be cool. dark energy too, of course. infact, o wisest of all meatballs, would you mind pointing me in the direction of said paper?

[@pbsspacetime]

But Veritasium's one is so good! I thought that meant we got out of having to. No?

[@VincentAnzalone]

just got out of physics class and literally thought about catching up on some of these videos. Video posted ten minutes ago, perfect timing :D

[@n1k0n_]

Can you speak more on the recent discovery of the arsenic-iron-platinum-calcium superconductor and HTS's?

[@michiganmanm]

I have Michael Thouless (David Thouless's son) as a professor in advanced materials for Mechanical Engineering at the University of Michigan!!!! David is putting some high expectations on his son...

[@zachcrawford5]

Making assumptions using probabilities that are based on one hit in an extremely limited sample size is ludicrous. Also not having red dwarfs (which are the most common and easiest stars to build dyson swarms around) in a search for dyson swarms is kind of crazy.

[@garethdean6382]

When all you have is one datapoint the ludicrous is your only option.

[@jongyon7192p]

Zach Crawford This IS ludicrous. I mean how optimistic can you even get??? Doesn't even take into consideration if the alien would even WANT to go into space. We're so weird to want to find aliens or survive the heat death of the universe. Even most earth creatures aren't like that (insects, jellyfish). Who knows what THEY'RE like.

[@jedaaa]

Not really DeRock, Dawinism is most likely universal, that is to say that all species on earth, all 40 million of them are all competative! all adapting and competing for resources and so any species on an alien world that reaches a sufficient level of intelligence and technological advancement will have always had it hard wired into their behavior to want to expand into new territories and to exploit what's out there (space in this case) and even if perhaps they have forbidden themselves perhaps for religious reasons not to leave their home world they would still realize they could be wiped out any moment by an asteroid or gamma ray burst so they would know they need to spread out to survive long term.

[@jongyon7192p]

jedaaa Competitive, sure. But I doubt species on Earth care at all about other members of their race more than themselves. And they probably don't care about what other species are out there. Basically, it's not hard to find creatures that lack CURIOSITY, imo. If these species became technologically advanced, they'd just make it easier to get food, and then fuck each other a shit ton., no care what happens to the next generation. I mean, imagine intelligent flies.

[@tetrapack24]

Of course many species survive fine without curiosity but I think any technologically advanced species would have to be curious. Before you can develop practical tech you need a lot of basic research often with no apparent practical application. Such research can only be motivated by curiosity or extreme farsight (which would also be a motivation to expand into space to ensure long term survival). Why would would we develop complex languages when many species survive with just the words "food" and "danger"? Why would we research electricity in a world perfectly fine with candles and steam engines? Why would we travel into space travel long before there was even talk about potential asteroid mining or tourism?

[@raveenadandona1413]

+PBS SPACE TIME could you please do a video on wormholes ?

[@garethdean6382]

Aside from the Many Worlds\Multiverse video they did last week?

[@Hoshikage869]

Many Worlds/Multiverse is a completely separate theory (well, interpretation of a theory) than wormholes. Wormholes are a product of relativity, and multiverse is a product of quantum mechanics.

[@biggydiggy6266]

Your voice puts me to sleep.. soothing lol.. I listen to pbs space while I'm trying to fall to sleep every night.. It's seriously the best..

[@lagislandlewis3537]

Are there any channels like this but for chemistry? I like the depth that is gone into by Matt and wondering if there is one in similar depth for chemistry??

[@luis5d6b]

Hi guys your show is totally amazing, the best in youtube by far, there are two subjects I would love to see treated by you, 1st Gravity, why is it so hard to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity? and 2nd. Simetry and conservation laws, I would love some insight in the Noether theorem :3 thank you very much for your hard work and let's hope more shows like this one appear in the future :)

[@Linkous12]

Quantum-sized quibble: the music is a little loud in this episode. Otherwise, extremely interesting as usual.

[@NHamza-ew5bc]

I feel so smart when I watch those videos

[@pronounjow]

Ysoprivilegedlol

[@CosmicErrata]

White Christian Heterosexual Male Me too. Except I understood absolutely nothing.

[@Behemoth29]

Must be unusual for a christian...

[@burt591]

+PBS Space Time What do you think about Pilot Wave theories? Derek from Veritasium made an awesome video on that topic. I would like to know what's your take on that

[@gonzaloparadelo]

Me too! I'd like to see them explain the theory further and compare it to the Copenhagen interpretation.

[@pomtubes1205]

That'll be a great idea.

[@senglish41]

they already covered the double slit experiment and the copenhagen interpretation. They even went past it.

[@djbslectures]

+

[@DekuStickGamer]

I'd love a Spacetime video on that.

[@combatking0]

1:45 - "these vortices occur in pears" Presumably they have yet to be observed in other kinds of fruit.

[@PaulHigginbothamSr]

If you look at these quantum vortices you can use the same math that produces these spinning electron flows that produce the Miesner effect with the same pattern in heart fibrillation. If you pick up a heart in fibrillation it feels like squirming worms. Not pleasant. But in neutron stars these magnetic pin fluxes that go through the star from North to South pole have these flux tubes spinning and pinning the star from side to side. Richard Feynman said the most difficult thought experiment he ever did was spinning a pail of superfluid with super conductivity like a farm boy spinning a pail of water over his head showing what was happening in the superfluid state.

[@n.l.g.6401]

Man, the Challenge Question discussion for this episode was awesome (and very helpful!). I've been doing a lot of research on "realistic" space travel and aliens to provide a solid backbone for a sci-fi setting I'm working on. Currently, I'm trying to bullshit an excuse for cheap warp travel that doesn't break causality or raise too many questions concerning the Fermi paradox, and I think I'm close. I don't plan on making my project incredibly realistic, but it's important that everything remains consistent with itself and doesn't make educated readers want to pull their hair out.

[@feynstein1004]

Please do a video on the pilot wave interpretation of quantum mechanics, as Veritasium did.

[@PsyTechnical]

This show blows my mind, everytime. :)

[@georgebaxter5336]

Jake A mentioned that we have had detectable radio/tv broadcasts for ~100 years. I would also suggest the newer technologies such as cable and the internet will mean that the total radio/tv leakage will slowly fade. So is ~50 or so, the Earth will become invisible again. The "window" of visibility will be very short indeed. Maybe we should look for other signatures for life. Street lighting will always be needed. Searching suitable planets that also show abnormal light spectra could be one. E.g. Sodium lines

[@Chris-jt8zk]

Awesome and very informative video, compressing all this complicated science into a nice and easily understanding video, just thank you for that

[@TheOKTerrificable]

Thanks for dressing up for this video.

[@MasterweaverX]

Additional factor for technological civilizations: Massive Culture. There's some debate that cetaceans, celephopods, corvids, macaws, and elephants have intelligent species in their group, and only the cetaceans could be said to lack manipulaters; however, while the other species mentioned have both manipulators and the capacity to learn, their life styles are not... intertwined enough for there to need to be specialists or researchers. You can see them playing with human technology and there's been evidence that dolphins in particular do try to communicate with humans by keeping their pitch in the audible regions, but... most of their tool using is "found tools" not "made tools."

[@maidpretty]

Do an episode on pilot waves and Bohm interpretation!

[@prathamsrivastava7111]

maidpretty bohm's interpretation was bohm! 😜 too bad he was a spy

[@astrophonix]

I thought of David Bohm when I saw Veritasium's video earlier. I really want to see a video on this too!

[@vilasvitonde1437]

Very best Idiology Explained in easy manner

[@yoyoyoman11]

Much love! It would nice to learn more about this quantum topology!

[@Alexander_Sannikov]

I have a question regarding superconductivity that always puzzled me. If we consider a superconducting frame with a changing magnetic flux, it would produce finite electrolocomotive force, and since the resistance is zero, it should produce infinite current that would immediately break superconductivity, but it does not happen in experiments. Is that because the induced current actually prevents magnetic flux from being changed at all?

[@theinte11igent1]

I'm pretty sure it's because resistance cannot ever actually be zero in any matter, it's just gets so miniscule that people regard it as zero but it isn't, which obviously means finite current.

[@Alexander_Sannikov]

I'm pretty sure it's wrong because at very low temperatures resistance gets quantised as every other quantum property and at specific temperatures it discretely drops to exactly zero. Which's the reason why currents in superconducting materials exist indefinitely long.

[@Lolwutdesu9000]

Yes, you're right. I used to assume that textbooks implied that the value was so small that it may as well have been treated as zero, but it technically IS ZERO, and not finite in any way. However, you can destroy superconductivity if the current becomes too large. No, it's not due to heat, but rather due to a breakdown of the quantum effects allowing superconductivity to occur. As for your experiment, I cannot comment on it with full confidence, sorry :)

[@calvinfeng1701]

Actually I had a similar confusion during undergrad. So the answer is because you are talking about V = IR which is a classical equation. The proper way to calculate superconducting current isn't using V/R, instead, you must treat it as a quantum mechanical effect, use London's equations. Superconductivity is one of the well-known macroscopic quantum effect, which means it's a quantum phenomenon that can be directly observed on a macroscopic level. Most of the "confusion" or "misconceptions" coming from people who tried to use classical physics to describe quantum mechanical effects. After all, it's why we came up with quantum mechanics, because classical physics failed to describe nature to its finest details.

[@bananarama3624]

I don't know what quantum mechanics (or physics) is so I decided to find out what it is today. I'm at that stage looking in awe at what the heck Quantum Vortices and Superconductivity is...

[@sethapex9670]

Popular Science had an article about a year ago that talked about super-habitable worlds. claiming that m and k type stars would actually be ideal for life because they burn for so long. this does also mean that the goldilocks zone is smaller and the planet has a higher probability of being tidally locked, but it it's in just the right position, we might be more likely to find life around a red dwarf than a yellow giant.

[@MichaelGondry]

unusually speculative topic to keep going over, week after week. I know it is kind of a fun speculation but it's all kind of wild nonsense too. Especially compared to some of the cool, more 'actual science' stuff you were doing. Love the show and look forward to it all week. I love it so much, thank you.

[@garethdean6382]

These are mostly just filler videos between the more elaborate 'serious' videos that take longer to produce. And people do love to speculate.

[@MichaelGondry]

I know they do, that is sort of what every other puffy video series on youtube that I don't watch or respect do. But yeah, that's what it is.

[@Wobogy]

quantum hole effect? That figure looked pretty funky. Definitely gonna have to know more about that now

[@catStone92]

does that mean that it might be possible to create ambient temperature super conductors?

[@calvinfeng1701]

Yes, it has always been possible, ever since the discovery of high Tc superconductors, we realized that BCS theory was wrong about the limit of critical temperature. So far no unified theory has been able to tell us that there's a limit of how high the superconducting temperature can go. So in theory, it isn't impossible so I guess I can safely say it's possible as according to our current understanding of condensed matter physics. However, we are actually quite far away from room temperature superconductors. Nobel prize is usually awarded to people who made significant contributions to Physics, which means it isn't an announcement of new technology or ground-breaking discovery. So the theory of quantum vortices has been around for quite some time now. We still have yet to figured out a way to engineer room temperature superconductors. You know... it's just like teleportation. We know for sure that quantum entanglement exists. But use it to teleport a human? That's like so far away, still in the realm of science fiction.

[@Sackless_Jack]

I'm not saying PBS Space Time is awesome...... but PBS Space Time is awesome

[@ena1duo2]

Good science, good music, as always

[@bambicandi6488]

These not so known Nobel Prize winning were worth it.

[@chrissoto7187]

Can you do a video on CRISPR

[@pbsspacetime]

That's a bit outside our scope. But: kzbin.info/www/bejne/oHLLm4OaadqBfLs

[@xxnotmuchxx]

Can you make a video about potatoes? jk :)

[@needsnaming]

Your homework : How many planets in the milky way have potato like civilizations on them. Plz show work.

[@Boozley]

Including instant flakes

[@tonyblackops]

Can you make a video about pilot wave theory?

[@pairot01]

Filler episode much? Still love you guys

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

The statement that we don't see any evidence for such civilizations is one that many people would dispute (witness testimony from military pilots, etc.) You can argue that the evidence is not strong enough, or not convincing enough, but to say that the evidence does not exist is another matter.

[@cortster12]

But it doesn't.

[@arongil]

I love your videos Eugene :)

[@Supernov4]

Eye witness testimony is not evidence, also UFO =/= aliens. There's no evidence for any other civilizations, none, nada, zip.

[@garethdean6382]

Using that criteria however there's evidence for unicorns. I suspect that 'evidence' is usually shorthand for 'credible evidence'. And of course the standard for 'credible' will vary according to who you talk to.

[@EugeneKhutoryansky]

Gareth, I am unaware of any witness testimony for unicorns. R3I, eye witness testimony from multiple individuals is enough to convict someone of a crime in a court of law.

[@Jaloman90]

Suggestion: Do an episode together with Derek (Veritasium) about the pilot wave interpretation!

[@chlipecplusdoo6115]

please adjust your upload sound volume to a higher level, on my mobile is on max and I can barely hear you, thanks

[@HKhandelwal]

+PBS Space Time, please do a video on the recent 'universe is not accelerating' news.

[@FisicoNuclearCuantico]

Good job. Please make a video on quantum gravity.

[@guillermoroldan8074]

I love this channel, the amount of science is so good

[@sylak2112]

Yep I got them 2 week ago, ( again listening to the challenge answers, I know that there's no way I could have won, but I'm perfectly happy to ride along so I decided to buy them lol) and they are awesome. I have to explain the black hole orbit one to everyone. That's Space nerd filter when someone will get it, I know that I just made a friend! :-) One of my good friend ( she's a medical Doctor, but also got a PHD in biology, so she's a big sciency brain) really like the "I'll science anything I want". hehe. Those t-shirt are a total success!

[@ozdergekko]

Too low speech volume, too loud music. this is a general problem with youtube (creators). Some videos are so loud I have to play them at 5% volume, others are barely audible at 100%

[@MrRoyalChicken]

It sounds fine to me. Maybe it differs depending on which headphones or speakers you use.

[@j0k415]

Become an audio wizard and engineer your own universal media volume normalization tool and market it - or find someone that has :)

[@ozdergekko]

***** I have a 5.1 surround. compare to SciShow and see

[@didaloca]

mp3gain, but I don't know of any that work on the fly.

[@ozdergekko]

For youtube, I'd really want a normalizer. The difference between channels can literally be 1:20. Some channels also have the signation extremely loud so that my normal setting of 35 (on the amplifier) and 100% at the pc and on youtube, which is good for *all* movies, wakes my neighbors, if I forget to turn it down to 5%. Said normalizer would have to be youtube-specific, bc who wants to reduce the dynamics of a movie.

[@ricott2]

Although topological quantum computers are cool, they aren't universal, as there is no way to implement CNOT gate, for example.

[@ricott2]

I'm sorry, I don't really get what you mean by repeat and iterative tasks. And also, Dwave is a quantum annealer, so again, it's good for optimization algorithms (maybe), but is not a universal quantum computer.

[@lonelycubicle]

Have you considered using, "What's Luv?" by Fat Joe feat. Ashanti as background music? I watched your video while a friend listened to music videos & think it works.

[@scottre3220]

The sound seemed to have a volume problem. Some of the music was much louder than the discussion. Just an FYI...(great channel).

[@frankharr9466]

So, the spins are like simple gears. That is interesting. And that makes sense about there likely not being a Dyson's Swarm. Improbably things do happen, but not often. That's what makes them improbable.

[@boredguy1297]

Would you please try to make a video covering Euler's Identity?

[@InHumanoXY]

Great as always Matt!!

[@vitaminasHM]

Hahahahaaha Amazing the moment in which Giorgios Tsukalos is shown at the end of the episode! Epic!

[@qthefirsttimelord6054]

You have to take into account that there's a great possibility there's a protective envelope and technology surrounding and around the planet preventing observation until a planet's been deemed 'ready' to understand there's more 'out there'. By not assuming you're the brightest kid in the classroom just because you're capable of answering every question may be a safer way to estimate the possibilities of life 'out there' and their influence on your culture.

[@WildEngineering]

You have a typo (speacho?) at 5:59, the number becomes bigger, not smaller.

[@jztarkington]

Where do you get those shirts, man?

[@FriedSynapse]

Aliens.

[@helios7170]

I always think the same thing lol

[@bartoszwojtowicz8770]

Yeah, I love his tshirts too ...

[@RavenousRobyn]

+Peter Rabitt WHY ARE YOU BUYING CLOTHES AT THE SOUP STORE

[@meusana3681]

2am. video is online. woop woop....brain isnt shutting down again tonight

[@danielwheels9529]

This one was way over my head!!!

[@rkpetry]

Is that Dyson swarm, at Tabby's star, orbiting an extremely old star suffering a millennial cooling phase or is the planet on the outer limits of their "goldilocks zone"-such that its inhabitants would have collected a supermass of asteroid-bits into a heat cocoon round their planet, preferring the russian-roulette of daily asteroid strikes, over absolute winter.

[@nektariosorfanoudakis2270]

The thing about holes is only true in 2-D surfaces however; also, they must be "closed" surfaces, and whether or not they are orientable (2-sided or 1-sided) also plays a role.

[@HitAndMissLab]

That equation for calculating number of tech civilizations is based on Earth like planets. But what about this: in a Solar system there are 6 presumed submerged oceans, under the thick crust of ice. That means that, approximately, there is 6 times more chance that submerged ocean planets or moons will produce life, than Earth-like planets.

[@Khannea]

Yes BUT earth moves, so does the constraint apply to all stars/planets that EVER was within 100 light year from Earth??

[@jedaaa]

what do you mean when you say the earth moves ? if you mean what i think you mean, that the sun and earth are orbiting the galactic center then so are all the other stars/planets so our proximity to them doesn't really change.

[@michalkowalik89]

100ly / 100000ly is pretty low so we can assume that they do not move relative to each other.

[@GamesFromSpace]

jedaaa Orbits don't work like a rotating record disc, where everything spins at the same rate. Stuff closer in rotates faster, like a whirlpool. So yes, earth's sun has absolutely changed position relative to other stars very frequently.

[@frankschneider6156]

+jedaaa yes, but our solar proximity still does change over time significantly, because orbiting around the galactic center is not the sole movement vector (just compare the movement of Bernard's star to get the idea)

[@gavinkemp7920]

i'll add to frank that the observation from tabby star is 1) at a fixed moment and not over 15 billion years and 2) it is supposed to make an estimation on the number of star per type 2 civilisation. it is idenpendent from the number of local stars.

[@BAMStudios]

+PBS Space Time , do you guys think you can do a video or a series of videos going in depth about the Quantum Vortices, Superconductivity, and Superfluids? I am interested in the subject since this video, but wish to know more through here in...*dramatic pause*...SPACE-TIME

[@rkpetry]

Does a hole in the spin field have a half spin, or a whole spin... what of superconductivity in wires: how do you even have a hole in a wire, a möbius twist entangled into adjacent wires.

[@markhardwick5725]

So does what you said up to one minute eight seconds imply that at the thermodynamic "death" of the universe, the big chill I think its called tongue in cheekly, imply that everything in the universe will essentially resolve into a quantum singularity....where a single wave function describes any and all things in what is left of ourspace of existence?

[@Premium-Content]

If we're judging what life is intelligent by if it broadcasts radio signals we can detect, that would mean humans have been "intelligent life" for less than 100 years. If we're primarily searching for these signals as signs of other civilizations, it would be us searching for civilizations on the same level of technology as we currently have. It seems likely that there could be much more intelligent life that either hasn't developed radio technology yet, or has developed a more advanced communication technology that we don't currently have the technology to receive.

[@garethdean6382]

Possibly, but we're going to have a hard time detecting them. We can only look for what we know how to find.

[@jedaaa]

if they are more advanced than us they absolutely would have developed radio, if not then that's like saying they first landed on their own moon before they invented the wheel. aside from that you're right, they could be using communications by now that we aren't aware of, but if there have been thousands and thousands of civilizations in our galaxy and they only used radio each for say 100-150 years that should still mean that over the distances and time frames the signals take to reach us we can still expect to detect lots of them if we keep listening long enough since we've only been listening what.... 40 years

[@Electroblud]

Fun fact: about 1 light year away from the sun, our own radio signals merge with the background radiation and are undetectable with current antenna technology (or so I've heard).

[@filippozar8424]

ElectroBlood Probably wrong, otherewise starshot would be much harder to accomplish ( not to mention actually bringing the craft to 10-15% c)

[@Electroblud]

Starshot works with lasers. That is a very directional and focused kind of electromagnetic wave. I'm talking about our normal omnidirectional radio communication.

[@JayneCobb88]

one huge factor this estimation is missing for "planets similar to earth" is the moon. In order for a planet to have seasons and stable weather, a planet MUST have at least one moon orbiting it in such a way and with such precise mass (relative to it's parent gravitational body) such that planetary oscillation is kept in check.

[@jredgewell]

good video

[@rRagnaBR]

...but how about a remake of this video including the stuff in the documentary 'Unacknowledged' of Netflix?

[@complex314i]

Yes, topology is awesome!!!

[@g00dvibes47]

that picture with the discovery channel "i'm not saying it's aliens, but.... aliens" guy made me laugh so hard. thanks for that.

[@craigmckinney2219]

Tabby's star: I think that the most probable answer is being ignored because of wishful thinking. We have seen a large number of planets dangerously close to their primary and that leads me to think that Tabby's star is being occluded by the breakup of a super Jupiter or a mega earth. Many of the planets that have been found have fallen into that category and having one get too close and too fast would seem to me be a reasonable possibility. It would be nearly as unlikely.

[@badlydrawnturtle8484]

I have a bit an issue with using single occurrences to estimate probabilities like that. As a general rule, you kind of need a larger sample size.

[@David-uc4hc]

I think if the goal is strictly to figure out an actual statistical model of the likelihood of intelligent life to arise, then that's obviously impossible right now. But the original Drake equation wasn't designed to create that model, but instead designed more as a thought experiment and as a way of modeling what we do actually know. The importance of it, is that it gives us a framework of how and what to look for. The other thing is, Earth may be the only data point we have of actual intelligent life, but it is far from the only variable. We have endless data points and variables that all have a direct relationship to our own rise as an intelligent species that allows us to make educated inferences and extrapolations. Granted, because none of these extra variables are the golden 'intelligent life' data point, we have to significantly increase our assumptions, which decreases the confidence we can place in the accuracy of our model, but we still gain tremendous insight by creating such models.

[@2toasty]

can you do a video on the great attractor

[@TheKwiatek]

Please make a video about Pilot Wave Theory

[@alanp741]

btw, there is already such thing as a quantum computer. The thing is it's mostly a freezer and it's giant and super expensive so it kinda brings back to the times where computers where the size of rooms. Here's the link: www.pcworld.com/article/3161034/computers/d-waves-quantum-computer-runs-a-staggering-2000-qubits.html

[@dosmastrify]

I would very much like to know how you were coming up with your subjective estimates for other civilizations probability. because you wouldn't be able to make judgments like 1 + 60 billions seems low if you didn't have your own estimates somewhere

[@garethdean6382]

The estimates given here were reached by other scientists. They're the result of basic math along the lines of 'IF it is true there is no other life in this part of the universe THEN the chance of us appearing is...' Thus, if we are alone in our galaxy the chance of Earth developing us is around 1 in 60 billion. That's math. If you feel that is too low then logically you must feel we are not alone in the galaxy. Conversely if that seems ok then you must accept it's possible we're alone in the galaxy. It's not a proof, just number crunching.

[@SSPhysics]

Watch more physics videos on SS Physics channel.

[@rkpetry]

Type #2 intelligence includes supralongevity, survivability of global extinction scale events, interstellar space travel, (co-consistently),-assuming Earth today is type #1 because in its generality scientists do not believe in type #2 within a planet budget.... Intelligence type #1 acts energetically, type #2 acts momentumly in one right way-without excommunication?

[@tooljack4439]

I'm lost. Please explain further Topology and how it relates to quantum electronics. This has got to be super important, Right?

[@garethdean6382]

On a basic level the shape of things is important to how they work. Especially when you consider currents, which can be likened to various simple shapes. (A wire for example is roughly a 1D line of current at large scales.) As such topology, being the study of shapes and their relationships, maps very well to various substances and the phenomena in them that change how things like currents or spin can move through them.

[@urielmetal1981]

Could that explain the formation of a solar systems? As the nebula gets colder and colder, particles align to induce the spinning, formation of a gravitational center that will become the protosun by gathering mass... just wandering.

[@batabatic]

Just a thought before I go into watching the new episode. Do gravitons feel redshift? And if they do, would that translate to a gravitational force that declines faster than by the order of r squared, or to some kind of a different gravitational phenomenon?

[@garethdean6382]

They do, or its equivalent if gravitons do not exist. (They are hypothetical.) However while this affects gravitational waves (And results in some very weird things, such as gravity waves being able to scatter off each other.) it doesn't affect gravitational fields for a few reasons. (The most basic being that the gravitons involved in them would be virtual particles and so not subject to the same sort of symmetries as real particles.)

[@batabatic]

Gareth Dean That makes sense, thank you. I'll look into some literature about it!

[@quantums770]

Hi, Matt, I'm curious how we might detect the remnants of another technologically advanced civilization within 100 LY of us. For instance, let's say 1 billion years ago, another civilization at approximately our current level of technology wiped itself out. Could we tell that they had once existed without leaving Earth?

[@MrAnderson234]

When your talking about spin, are you referring to the net magnetic vector(dipole moment) of the protons?

[@Slickkricckk]

Do a video on thermal dynamics

[@Dadecorban]

All I heard was "humans never get lucky with observations" thus Tabby's star does not have a dyson swarm.

[@caioatila669]

Great explanation!

[@BartJBols]

Little low on energy today. Also more videos pls

[@jedaaa]

don't worry, i sent him some cocaine in the mail.

[@busteraycan]

oh.. ok then

[@whatsinadeadname]

Using a sample of 100,000 stars to model a set of 100 billion stars, the odds seem remarkably good to find an "abnormality" in the sample that doesn't generalize to the set as a whole, much more to a secondary sample. In addition, I am under the impression that stars are not normally distributed throughout the galaxy. As such, a cone of sample size X not generalizing to a sphere of sample size X doesn't sound like a good foundation for the claim "probably mundane." There are plenty of good arguments, but that one seems a bit of a stretch.

[@eziola]

In veritasium's last video, he showed a more deterministic explanation of the double slit experiment using Pilot Wave Theory. Have you ever explored PWT in one of your videos? Does PWT effect entanglement? ✈👋

[@Djorgal]

How detectable are we ourselves? More specifically, if there was another civilisation just like us at the same technological level as us around, how far away could it be that we would have detected one other by now. In other words, from how far away could we detect ourselves if we were both here and there?

[@BroKenFilms3]

I base the following on my limited understanding of how the universe works and it's seeming propensity to keep things balanced. If there are mass-less particles and mass-full particles, shouldn't there be a particle with a negative mass? And wouldn't that particle be able to travel faster than causality?

[@andrewstang-green3107]

Wonderful as always, thank you PBS SpaceTime. Albeit, your challenge question is preposterous in all variations! Truly, any answer you have come to conclude is just as imaginary as your concocted variables. The answer is just as valid as a complete guess. One would be just as correct in simply stating "Theoretically, we have no idea."

[@mateuszsulima9586]

@PBS Space Time What about the mms probes sent into space in 2015? More specifically this "magnetic portal" the NASA was talking about? They were really not too elaborate on the subject but suggested a posibility of instant-travel using those magnetic criss-crosses. And that seems quite intriguing :) www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/mag-portals.html

[@TurboMitsubishi]

I have a question, where does information / DNA come from? Even if all conditions were perfect with the exact right combination of chemicals etc. etc. Explain to me where the data would come from to create life?

[@hOPistos]

+PBS Space Time Why are people planning, or in the process, of making space crafts to put humans on Mars (Elon Musk, for example) when Mars is constantly bombarded with radiation? Are there technologies being developed that will give Mars, or a decent coverage of inhabitants, a magnetic field? Bonus question: Since D-Wave is being used to get information from other dimensions or parallel universe/s, is it possible to somehow configure one of these D-Waves to tap alien communications?

[@garethdean6382]

Mostly Musk and others are trying to develop everything at once, radiation shielding included, rather than waiting for the technology to develop. The idea is that nothing will get done if everyone is always waiting for someone else to invent things.

[@hOPistos]

I can't recall where I've heard this info, if anything just call it "hearsay", but someone has said that CERN is able to generate a magnetic field that even stronger than Earth's. So just put tons of advanced solar panels (for voltage) and build a CERN on Mars which will then have a magnetic field that'll rival Earth's natural one. The money, energy, and man with machine power to just get CERN going on Mars should keep everyone busy. The second step will be to bring tons of methane to Mars (everyone is crying about Climate Change so barely anyone will be missing methane's presence on Earth) so warm Mars up. If Ocean/Sea levels become too high we can even put tons of Salt water into containers and send it to Mars, a Win/Win.

[@garethdean6382]

Irrefutable Truth Earth's magnetic field is quite weak, the thing is it's also quite large. CERN can easily make strong magnets, massively strong ones, but they're tiny compared to Earth. In fact one of the hardest problems to solve with Mars is how to shield any atmosphere we produce there, getting a planetwide magnetic field going would be very difficult indeed.

[@hOPistos]

I'm in agreement Gareth Dean. People should first figure out how to shield any atmosphere they produce there. The constant bombardment of radiation is no tiny issue. I wonder how long it would take for the radiation bombardment on Mars to equal, say, exposure to the radiation that occurred in Hiroshima...

[@garethdean6382]

Irrefutable Truth Earth's surface dosage is about 1/3 Rem per year, on mars around 15 Rem per year, about 50 times as great. ( spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov/weekly/3Page4.pdf ) The average Hiroshima individual got about 200-500 Rem of radiation, so you're looking at a decade or two before you're getting that level. Of course living unshielded on the surface for a year would kill 1/10th to 1/3rd of your population through radiation sickness alone so it's no picnic at any rate.