Thermocouple Explained | Working Principles

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⌚Timestamps:
00:00 - Intro
00:35 - Thermocouples - the basics
02:09 - Working Principles
04:17 - Type-K thermocouple
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In this video, we’re going to walk you through one of the most commonly used temperature sensing devices… the thermocouple. We’ll discuss the basics of how they work.
A thermocouple is an extremely simple device used to measure temperature. Thermocouples tend to be inexpensive, durable, and can be fabricated into a variety of shapes and sizes.
A thermocouple is made up of two dissimilar metal wires. The metal wires are connected together in only one place, typically the tip of the thermocouple.
Lots of manufacturers call that junction by different names. Hot Junction, Measurement Junction, Sensing Point, or Sensing Junction. Those terms all refer to the same thing… the place where the dissimilar metals are joined that will measure the temperature.
The wires at the opposite end from the sensing junction are then left available to connect to some kind of measuring instrument like a temperature transmitter, a simple electronic display unit, or even directly to a PLC thermocouple input card.
The wiring terminals on the measuring instrument are most often called the Cold Junction.
While the Hot Junction refers to the tip of the thermocouple that will be exposed to the heat source of interest, the cold junction refers to the thermocouple wire connections that happen right at the measuring instrument, which typically is not exposed to the same thermal energy.
All thermocouples work the same way. They generate a small voltage when they are exposed to heat.
If you’re interested in the detailed physics of the way this works, you can research topics like The Thermoelectric Effect, or The Seebeck Effect, but to put things in simpler terms, when you heat up a piece of metal, the electrons in the metal want to move around more and will tend to move through the metal away from the heat.
Because electrons are negatively charged, the colder end of the piece of metal will have a negative charge compared to the hotter end. A thermocouple works based on the movement of the electrons in its metal wires due to the heat difference between the hot and cold junctions.
If the two wires of the thermocouple were made up of the same type of metal, electrons in both wires would move away from the heat at roughly the same rate, so you couldn’t really measure the difference in the charge of the two wires.
The different metals in those wires, or more accurately the electrons in those different metal wires, react differently to heat.
When exposed to heat, the electrons from one of the wires will want to move around at a certain rate. The electrons from the other wire will want to move around at a different rate.
- The wire that has the electrons that move more ends up being more negatively charged at the cold junction… and will therefore be called the negative wire lead.
- The wire with the slower electrons won’t build up as much of a charge, so it’s called the positive wire lead.
That difference in charge between the positive and negative wire leads can be measured and used to calculate the heat at the hot junction.
This difference in charge, also called a voltage, can be measured.
The more heat you apply to the metal wires, the more the electrons want to move around, and the more they move away from the heat.
With the two different types of metal wire, the difference in the voltage will increase and decrease with changes in heat at the sensing point.
A Type-K thermocouple is probably the most commonly used thermocouple in industrial applications because it responds predictably across a very wide range of temperatures. Type-K thermocouples are made from the metal alloys Chromel and Alumel.
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#RealPars #Thermocouple #Industry

[@Stormcorpse]

Lovely work! I remember selling my first type-K and wondering how it worked, all those years ago. Excellent video with surprise Nostalgia.

[@realpars]

Thanks a lot! We're happy to hear that

[@yuva1330]

@@realpars thanks

[@souleymenehamrouni1488]

Great video!! It really helps a lot.

[@realpars]

Thank you! Glad it helped!

[@PhG1961]

Nice video, very well explained !

[@realpars]

Thank you!

[@rmascarinas47]

Very informative video. Thank you so much.

[@realpars]

Glad it was helpful!

[@srikant91]

Nice explanation. Thank you very much 🙏🏼. Waiting for RTD Video.

[@realpars]

You're very welcome! Thanks for the feedback and suggestion!

[@kasondensofwa4184]

Audible and easy to assimilate 🙏👍👍💪🔥🔥

[@ahmadbasel5587]

A very helpfull video , thank you a lot

[@realpars]

Glad to hear that, Ahmad! You're very welcome!

[@oficinadoeletricista]

An excellent explanation, covering detailed concepts about thermocouples, even about the flow of electrons in the different types of metals connected at the hot and cold junctions of these temperature sensors, which are the most used among the others. Thanks no much RealPars.

[@realpars]

Glad it was helpful! Thank you for your support.

[@englishstudymasumahmed7565]

Awesome explanation.

[@realpars]

Thank you!

[@tahirkamboh147]

Nicely explained 👍

[@realpars]

Thank you, Tahir!

[@arasothman5833]

Wow..although the video is short, it is very informative..thank you 😘😘

[@realpars]

Glad it was helpful!

[@IngDzib]

Gracias aprendo mucho aquí, Saludos

[@realpars]

De nada! :)

[@sg-dm4ji]

Very nice 👍 work sir thank you for making best lecture

[@realpars]

You're very welcome!

[@danielbartolome8807]

Very helpful video thank you for this video

[@realpars]

You're very welcome, Daniel!

[@arabindabehura4181]

Your videos are fabulous. Love from India Sir.

[@realpars]

Thanks a lot, Arabinda!

[@pavunumuthu9510]

Nice video sir Thermocouple Thank you very much.

[@realpars]

Thank you, Pavunu!

[@vovanikotin]

Principal mistake in the video is TC measures not temperature, but difference between temeperatures - between HOT and Cold (reference) junctions. each ITS table has note about, table works only when cold (reference) junction = 0 C Measuring device always add ambient temperature (temperature of cold junction) to result (converted from ITS). So, generally speaking - measurement system based on TC always measures two values - Voltage as function(Thot - Tcold) and ambient temperature. I think this is important note.

[@suryabanyal]

I think, they should have touched on cold junction compensation as well.

[@vovanikotin]

@@suryabanyal yes, exactly!

[@realpars]

Hello Ave Vovus! Thank you for your comment! You are correct, and clearly know your way around a thermocouple! As a stand alone device, the voltage measured at the cold junction is indeed measuring the difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions. As Surya Banyal points out, a more in depth discussion about cold junction compensation would help the more advanced users. The challenge with making a tutorial of this kind is about keeping things short and simple. Too much detail can dilute the core point of the discussion. In this case, it seems we didn't draw the line correctly for you and for Surya Banyal. For other users, an additional 5 minutes on cold junction compensation may have made the entire tutorial too long. Lesson planning is a balancing act. For the average industrial user, cold junction compensation is built into most reputable electronic displays and temperature transmitters, so a detailed understanding of cold junction compensation is not necessary...it just happens. For some brands of PLCs, however, if you are not careful and forget to order the cold junction compensation parts, you will get temperature readings that are somewhat flawed....which is the point of your comment. Thanks again for your comment! Discussions of this kind help round out the tutorials and create a better learning experience for everyone. Please consider checking out other RealPars videos!

[@abdelmalek9682]

I love yo yo man!! Thanks for the this amazing video!! As usual thanks guys for everything ❤️❤️

[@realpars]

Our pleasure! Thank you, Abdel!

[@siddharthmali5841]

Great explanation.

[@realpars]

Glad you think so!

[@NAVEENKUMAR-ml7wc]

fantabulous explanation

[@realpars]

Glad you think so!

[@filimniko]

Thank You!

[@realpars]

You're very welcome!

[@SattiDurgarao-vz6zi]

It's useful information sir. Thank you.

[@realpars]

You're very welcome!

[@mystiskemestermonza]

Very helpfull video 👍👍

[@realpars]

Glad it was helpful!

[@asadiqbal87]

good very informative

[@realpars]

Glad you think so!

[@joshuapitong899]

Thank you.❤

[@realpars]

You are so welcome!

[@user-ki4gk1ie5b]

Nice explanation sir

[@realpars]

Thank you very much!

[@tug5098]

I’m trying to be smart with all these Videos. I love your videos!

[@realpars]

Happy to hear that!

[@tug5098]

@@realpars ♥️

[@angelareal1643]

Very nice

[@realpars]

You're very welcome!

[@oleksiy6457]

Thanks 🙏🏼

[@realpars]

Our pleasure!

[@smith549371]

I assume these thermocouples need equal lengths for both cables or your results can be skewed by volt drop considering the voltages are so low

[@automates3565]

You guy's are the best

[@realpars]

Thank you!

[@soumyajitdutta9884]

Interview Tomorrow thank you RealPars

[@realpars]

You're very welcome - best of luck!

[@itsmesheriff7315]

Good 👍👍

[@realpars]

Thank you!

[@stardust6457]

If I measure Micro voltage across the junction , it will be proportional to the temperature delta across two junctions. But in order to know the hot junction temperature I should know the cold junction temperature first on which temperature delta can be added to calculate hot junction temperature.So the problem is how to know the cold junction temperature?

[@realpars]

For thermocouples, "cold junction compensation" takes the place of the lack of an ice bath reference at the cold end of the thermocouple. This compensation needs to determine the missing reference thermoelectric voltage since the thermocouple cold end of the thermocouple is not at (0°C /32°F). A very accurate RTD or thermistor is used to determine the actual temperature at the cold junction. The electronics in the transmitter then will add or subtract the reference temperature voltage from the measured voltage to compensate for the cold junction not being at 0°. The transmitter then uses the established thermoelectric voltage tables (or polynomials) to determine the temperature at the hot end.

[@stardust6457]

@@realpars Thanks for reply

[@realpars]

@@stardust6457 Further to the answer above, some temperature transmitters are using precision semiconductor temperature sensing devices for Cold junction compensation.

[@jidendrap3745]

👌👌

[@snehamathivanan7679]

👌

[@thisaranilupul904]

❤❤❤

[@user-uj2bk1ev4d]

Hey! But aren't the two metal wires also connected at the cold junction, and not only in the hot junction? Atleast in Uni teachers taught me like that. Thanks for the video!

[@realpars]

Hi there, thank you for your question! Absolutely, your understanding is spot on, just as we mentioned in our video. To delve deeper into this topic, we recommend exploring information about the Seebeck effect. You can find valuable insights in the following link: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect Happy learning!

[@abulfazibrahimov1990]

👍

[@aniketkulkarni5990]

👌👌👌👌👌👌👌👍

[@zigmundslv]

Thanks! I found this video wondering how the hell this soldered wire on my multimeter can read a temperature and could reading be accurate.

[@realpars]

Glad we could help! Happy learning

[@FF-dy3my]

👍💙

[@lovrorb]

Nicely and simply explained. For the sake of common sense, huge majority of the world and best engineering practices I hope you can refrain from using imperial units in the future

[@realpars]

Thanks for your suggestion and feedback! Much appreciated

[@michaelanderson3096]

A thermalcouple can surround a fusion engine to convert the heat into electricity.

[@Deepak.Rawatsar]

Please provide your videos in Hindi language

[@realpars]

Hi Deepak, Thanks for your comment! We currently only provide our course videos in English, you are always able to turn on the English subtitles as that might make it a bit easier for you. Our apologies for any inconvenience! Happy learning!

[@romannevazno5147]

👍

[@hayamselem1332]

👍