How To Make Roman Concrete

[@recall5811]

Please Hit The LIKE and SUBSCRIBE BUTTONS as well as the NOTIFICATION BELL. Feel Free to Check out my Amazon Influencer Page and Follow Me on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter. Thanks For Watching. Amazon www.amazon.com/shop/corporalscorner?isVisitor=true&ref=exp_inf_own_pub_corporalscorner Self-reliance Outfitters www.selfrelianceoutfitters.com/collections/shawn-kelly?ref=s9jgxrwlnqv Facebook facebook.com/pages/Corporals-Corner/516423848419768

[@brega007alxr3]

Corporals Corner nice bro

[@revnook]

Glad you added the statement about what saltwater does. Most people either haven't heard or don't know that little fact. Your underwater set test, are you using both salt and fresh water?

[@reneebrown5598]

Would oyster shells work for the lime? And how long do they take to set up to be able to unmould and use? Very interested in doing this as a practice and small pottery stuff outside. Does it need to be waterproofed to hold water or will the disintegrate when dampened over time. Such as a flowered?

[@brandonfutch9856]

Corporals Corner I like how you kept it simple, PH test limestone with vinegar. I like how you got technical calling no it calcium hydroxide. Sort of opens the door for me to research that compound further. You earned yourself a subscriber!!

[@sebsandman7164]

Any follow up on that hydraulic concrete hoss?

[@falanirave9062]

Is there a substitute for the volcanic ash? I feel like a walk to the nearest valcano could really dampen my progress.

[@adamleathers4109]

You can buy it online

[@kevinbryant7533]

Iron and salt it's what the Japanese used for there bunkers iron rich volcanic sand and salty ocean water

[@fgiveme]

Lime mortar is still being used in less developed countries. You can mix lime with sand at 1:3 ratio, that mixture won't be as good as roman concrete but will last 10 years in a high humidity environment, longer if you live in dry climate.

[@veteranopsiquico]

Yes Chris. Any pozzolanic material can be used, which means substances rich in silica or silicates in their composition, such as ceramic fabrication waste and organic materiais such as burnt rice. They will react with calcium hidroxide to form cimentitious materials.

[@sith1986]

Just use diatomaceous earth instead of forging seashells

[@nemesiscaym]

i am a civil engineer and i really enjoyed your video, things like these should be taught to kids in school also, hopefully from people like you

[@Братецревольвер]

Russian joke: do you know whats the difference between civil engineers and military engineers? - military engineers build cannons and civil engeneers build targets. Just saing

[@mrzombez7140]

@@Братецревольвер And geological engineers watch where to get materials for weapons and where to build targets.

[@dan.wood86]

Are we able to use this concrete recipe for building a one story cinderblock home or do i have to conform to certain laws or codes that prevent its use?

[@In0god0we0trust]

@@dan.wood86 I imagine that would depend entirely on what jurisdiction you reside in.

[@tutebas533]

We are being taught this, I'm here because of my chemistry assignment on the lime cycle, pretty cool.

[@jimfranchetto3278]

I am a cement finisher with 24 years working in the field and this is my first demo of Roman concrete. Thank you!

[@MjC7192]

Their concrete is Still working/viable today

[@spankeydawg7198]

@@MjC7192nah man they nerfed it in the latest update.

[@zoro-i8u]

@@spankeydawg7198 💀💀

[@averagecommenter4623]

​@@spankeydawg71982000 years later, of course it'll be nerfed.

[@eldritchedward]

@@spankeydawg7198 No, in the last update they buffed it back to OG times. You just have to hot-mix the ingredients, instead of having the Lime powder react as a whole. You want inclusions of the lime throughout the material.

[@brianthesnail3815]

My house in the UK was built about 200 years ago at the end of the Georgian and beginning of Victorian era. It was built using soft hand made brick, lime mortar and is also exterior plastered in lime render. I repair it using a mix of lime putty, sand and a very small amount of Portland cement instead of volcanic ash. The resulting mortar and or lime render is very similar to what is being made here. The cement is not to make the lime mortar or render hard like a modern cement mortar. It is only to begin the chemical process as a catalyst. My mixture goes hard over a period of weeks and will continue to harden for many decades. It is extremely important not to repair a building like my house with soft bricks and lime mortar using any modern concrete. It will destroy the building because it is far too hard. The lime mortar and render is flexible, allows my house to breath, stops damp building up and is very environmentally friendly as it absorbs CO2 for centuries. When using lime putty please be very careful. It is extremely dangerous as it is corrosive. If it goes in an eye you can go blind. Always have plenty of water immediately available to wash your eyes out.

[@dawnduckworth593]

Well this has been screenshoted and saved for future reference. If your home can withstand the test of the wet dreary weather of the UK, then it should be able to handle the humidity of the American South. Will be handy when I start making pavers and such (perhaps a stone hedgerow fence) for the yard. (Went to Uni in London, and I adored the countryside. Didn't make it as far north as I would have liked, but it is a stunning landscape.)

[@sstgoiano8245]

Uau 😮 sensacional 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻

[@gortagnan]

@brian the snail...Hi very interesting..I once as a beginner (with lime)-pointed my stone house with lime putty and sand mixed with small amount of cement (small pointing batches) and this gave a beautiful pointing mix with an increased set ..beautiful to use...Later I read that even a tiny amount of cement ruined the Breathability of the lime pointing ! Would be interested to know of your thoughts on the point ? Many thanks...G.

[@turiyapanama]

​@gortagnan it does! you dont need to use any cement in a lime plaster. Use 2:1 fine sand to lime. Apply with trowel with pressue. Cover the surface with tarp or burlap for at least a week and wet it 3-5 times a day depending on how hot it is in your area. It will hold. A lime putty on top can be done with the tadelakt method. I built my entire home this way. As long as it is cured properly, it will hold.

[@dianehenry733]

@@turiyapanama .

[@alexandrevaliquette1941]

Q. Can I replace volcanic ash with camp fire ash? A. "Heart" For those who got a "heart" but no answer to your question... Here is my answer for you! Volcanic ash is fine silica (mainly Silicium oxyde). Camp fire ash is a mixed alkalies (such as NaOH, KOH). They are two totaly differents chemicals, so it won't work at all. However, volcanic ash may be replaced by ultra fine sand of even ultra fine pulverised glass. Alexandre Valiquette, analytical chemistry tech from Montréal, Canada

[@corindoyle]

No it can't. Whatever your pozzalan, it needs to be fired at 900 degrees + to achieve hydraulic action. The higher the temperature the stronger the reaction. So no, fine sand will most definitely not work. Camp fire ash wouldn't work but a specific type of ash would. Ash was generally used for pugging, lime based insulation and soundproofing or as a mortar dye.

[@lizedur4976]

Thanks. I’m looking for something to add to hempcrete. Maybe very fine sand? We live in a very wet climate and the drying time needed for hempcrete is an issue. Do you know of anything that could help?

[@leonardwilliams8109]

Thank you for the excellent, technical explanation!

[@WWZenaDo]

I don't know about Canada, but the geology channel Geology Hub lists volcanoes active, dormant and extinct in most of the continental USA. If some of Yellowstone's previous eruptions of ash drifted up into Canada, you might be able to find and use some of those deposits - if they're the correct kind of volcanic ash. I'm guessing high silica and low sulfur content?

[@calthorp]

@@lizedur4976 Cement

[@TsetsiStoyanova]

I literally watched hundreds of concrete videos to find this one the most amazing of all and in fact the only one that i needed to watch

[@Spencerjones_music3]

What are you building

[@user-yk9sz9mh1t]

@@Spencerjones_music3 a building

[@agentstaple1]

@@Spencerjones_music3 Rome

[@lamb_link]

@@agentstaple1 how long will that take?

[@atriox7221]

@Lamb more than a day I’d assume

[@francoismorin8721]

2000 years and those Roman buildings are still standing. I guess the quality of their concrete speaks for itself. Nice tutorial and fun experience. Thanks for sharing.

[@raccoonmoustache]

I’m pretty sure they also used normal rock that they trim.

[@hosmerhomeboy]

meh, all the bad ones fell down. There was even one time all the buildings on the Aventine hill fell down like dominoes. Romans definitely had some good buildings, but nowadays we make the mistake of comparing their best with our worst. Their worst is gone.

[@LiamGrubby]

Lime mortar was used. Vapour permeable. Its modern day cement that destroys old buildings as it traps moisture causing accelerated decay.

[@ZacharyBittner]

@@hosmerhomeboy this. It's an easy mistake to make and I did it for years. You don't see the broken stuff. Just the stuff that was best built and maintained

[@KBergs]

@@hosmerhomeboy Survivorship bias

[@owendavies4613]

Take it to a building college they should have a compressive load tester to see which of your mixes is stronger, very interesting.....Thanks!!!

[@HaloWolf102]

This will never be on market of this material. Mainly because it involves firing. Though it could offset the amount of it being put into the atmosphere, because as regular concrete cools, it emits carbon dioxide.

[@Null-Red-Blue]

@@HaloWolf102 Do you mean firing jobs?

[@BloodHawk31]

@@HaloWolf102 you do realize the emissions are not a issue with concrete itself, this issue is with the creation of cement, the binder, to create it we heat limestone and clay in furnaces to extreme temperstures, this is the main carbon dioxide emissions issue. As with the strength, the modern home will easily last more then 500 years with the concrete blocks having a lifetime of 1000+ years, saying roman concrete was the best ever is really a spit in the face of modern engineering.

[@umungus518]

@@BloodHawk31 our concrete does not last for 500 years, go look at any sidewalk more than 5 years old. Youre dreaming dude.

[@HamishCooperCreative]

No modern concrete will last like Rome. 2000 year old structures still looking new in places. Modern concrete is not made to last more than 150 years

[@nwascorpio]

We are all a very special breed of people. We just spent 20 minutes watching this man make a brick. lol

[@Bubbies-777]

Lol... I cant explain why this stuff fascinates me the way it does... All i know is i love seeing them seeing them spreads the stuff in those primitive building vids... great comment! Happy New Year's!

[@lesliepropheter5040]

@@Bubbies-777 See what you get when you join the service? Plenty of schooling!!!

[@aion2177]

funniest comment around :))

[@thomasblackwell9507]

Thank you.

[@corison2058]

AIon totally true though! 😂

[@mandolinic]

The concrete dome of the Pantheon has stood for a couple of thousand years. I reckon that's a great testament to Roman concrete.

[@Steveshappylittletrees]

The Pantheon is Greek.

[@michaelfoster3766]

The Parthenon is Greek. The Pantheon is Roman.

[@jammccockin8304]

Michael Foster Ggggoooottttt Eeeeehhhhhmmmm!

[@alexchavez3244]

It wasn’t Roman nor Greek it was Egyptians let’s be honest people.

[@delerium2k]

yeah, no rebar either in the Pantheon. The oculus hole at the top was designed to let in light and lighten the load, and geometric structures were cut out of the roof as well to lighten load and make it look prettier... some of the best architecture on the planet. If anyone gets a chance to go to Rome, put the Pantheon at top of list. The marble flooring too is incredible

[@Nirky]

You've inspired me to make my driveway out of Roman concrete pavers! I figure it will only take me 39 years.

[@DizzyPanda]

@@Acidburn3141 Maybe his driveway is very long. :D

[@MrJawnyNumFive]

@Nirky Now that's funny! I was going to use the same joke, but say, 10 yrs.

[@digdoug9352]

It helps to apply the labor force of the empire. Get the kids out there :)

[@PatTheRiot]

But your driveway will last forever! LOL

[@calthorp]

buy a horse or cow to walk on the paste so it makes it for you. You get to eat the animal when you have finished with it, Unless you are a vegetarian like me. I will use it to take me to the shop to buy an icecream.

[@solararch2001]

I think the exact recipe the Romans invented to make their concrete was a mystery until recently. Looks like someone finally figured it out. Many structures throughout the Mediterranean built with Roman concrete are still in use today, particularly in ports! Roman concrete ranks in the top 10 of greatest construction technologies ever invented. Thanks for making this video, very interesting!

[@michaelp2952]

It's kind of exciting to see what developments will come of it

[@cartmanrlsusall]

No it wasn't a mystery Portland based mortar and concrete is cheaper to produce than lime based concrete

[@Neoprenesiren]

@@cartmanrlsusall Portland is made from limestone too every cement is made from limestone. Calcium Carbonate is what forms the backbone of the chemical reactions.

[@wehrlesimon99]

The "Mystery" was not tha Limestone, but that they used sea water and volcanic Ash as Materials. So that Concrete could even heal itself when its coming in Contact with water.

[@catchnkill]

Roman concrete is an excellent concrete be used under salt water. Its strength improved by exposing to salt water. Thus Roman empire era built ports still hang on till now.

[@flpdd]

At this rate Rome for sure wasn't built in a day.

[@joldsaway3489]

More like 48 hours, I suppose

[@felixpham615]

flpd it wasn't a day, it was a night.

[@trespire]

Romans built structures to last. Intense use of manpower, typically as slaves, was the norm. When a new residential development ripped up a section of roman road in the Galilee near y home I was heart broken.

[@sylasviper715]

they were built thousands of years ago and still stand.. there's your answer.

[@bamsuchanan]

Sylas viper haha what a funny question

[@SolarpunkJackal]

Oh I've been wanting to see how this was done forever! Cool! The concept of a Roman concrete that only got stronger with time instead of weathering away just *blows* the mind!

[@alfredorotondo]

The modern concrete also need decades for strengthening

[@andygatch1676]

@@alfredorotondo i beleive concrete is constantly hardening. to a point it will spall(flake) and constrict itself.

[@BigBadBossu]

@@andygatch1676 yeah thats not why most modern concrete spalls sir, modern concrete doesn't interact well with water because water slowly washes away the crystal structures which are not in turn replaced or continue to naturally grow within the concrete structure unlike Roman concrete. Water interactions account for at least 50% of concrete spalling issues Both Roman concrete and modern portland concrete continue to harden but the seawater and volcanic ash used in Roman concrete work in harmony as sea water leaching into concrete with volcanic ash creates aluminous toboromite which continues to grow and strengthen over time, therefor spalling issues modern concrete has from crystaline structure breakdown and rust from metal supports inside that concrete expanding and further breaking down when modern concrete interacts with water are not evident in Roman concrete which actually benefits from the water it is local too. In summary volcanic ash + sea water and not using any metal support structures inside the concrete is why Roman concrete not only stronger but gets stronger over time as the inside crystaline structures turn into another form of crystal which also fills out pourous structures withing the hardened concrete continuously which means no spalling caused by water

[@jrummy73]

Article i read today said Roman concrete secrets revealed that heat was the key to Roman concrete and its strength

[@nickdryad]

Julius Caesar said. I came, I saw, I concreted.

[@tonyedge2457]

Lol

[@corison2058]

nickdryad lol! Made my day! Thanks!

[@kennarajora6532]

69th like

[@danielduggan526]

The Roman’s were thought to have used Hot Mixing, which utilizes the most reactive form of Lime, which is Quick Lime. It’s thought that the Hot mixing was key to the self healing properties of Roman concrete

[@jerrydunham2042]

Great, now every time I go to the coast ill be bringing buckets of shell home, just to try this. Another project I don't have time for.

[@MooseOnTheLoose99]

Maybe check and make sure it's allowed. Certain beaches do not allow for the collection of stones or shells.

[@TheGeenat]

^ And THE LAW is THE LAW!

[@devijalasoahi1173]

I find many shells at my river maybe you can go to a river or lake and find some.

[@leinad.s]

It's so tempting to take shells from the beach, but don't do it. When I was a kid beaches were strune with different shells, then everyone took them and now they're gone.

[@cilliersvh9468]

History major here, love the video! It's one thing to learn about a people academically and another to see some of their practices replicated today. Awesome stuff.

[@davidellis5312]

Interesting video. Recently I visited Hadrian's Wall here in the UK and as there are miles of it to look at, you can just walk up to it and touch it. I was looking at the mortar and noticed the pumice type material which was not locally sourced, so they obviously stuck to a strict mix and transported what they needed from wherever. It was incredible to think that some labourers mixed that stuff 2000 years ago. The wall was originally 20ft high to parapet and 6ft thick x approx 60 miles across country so that is a lot of mortar, plus milecastles and turrets. I think Lime is a much overlooked material in the modern construction era, at least in the uk. Good work Cpl Kelly, squared-away as always!

[@outlaweduk]

you wasnt looking far enough, pumice stones are found on the beaches on the cumbrian coast, cumbria uk has a lot of roman history ,hardknott fort, ravenglass,

[@TheAvarusAnimus]

Man, have been watching all your survival shelter videos and then come across this! Brilliant! I remember reading about Roman concrete being used for the foundations of lighthouses, as it could set (cure) underwater to create a platform for the main lighthouse structure. Love your videos...peace from Ireland!

[@SkyKing101010]

Ok, I really liked that one. Step-by-step instructions explained on the go and demonstrated. Excellent. This is what I like about your videos. Thank you very much.

[@recall5811]

Thank You, Please share this channel

[@NewHampshireJack]

This is the kind of video that can, litterally, float my boat. Living in the Philippines, I am surrounded by materials, that in an emergency, could patch a farro cement boat if nothing "modern" were available. Every place I travel, you see the remains of volcanic activity. For example, the Island of Corregidor 26 miles out of Manila Bay is in fact, a collapsed volcano. We should all appreciate the ease of grabbing a bag of cement at the local home center, and I do. This video takes survival skills to the ultimate level and on a worldwide basis. Great work man, please keep on doing what you do.

[@recall5811]

will do and thanks, if you do this on a large scale send me some pics.

[@aidandaly3773]

This was brilliant, loved that you gave us loads of time to see each of the stages in detail. Really nice job man

[@ohforchristssake1]

I just love the considerate, patient, practical, immersive pedagogy of this video. Corp makes sure you can follow what is happening, also leaves you room/time for thinking over the implications and ramifications of presented content. Never thought I would actually enjoy watching a 20 minutes video about ancient concrete-making! 😃😄😃😀

[@jamesozment1]

man that's the greatest damn thing since sliced bread . wish i knew how to make this as a kid i would have built a real fort lol.

[@MrPittbull30]

Right?

[@BT_Spanky]

Ikr

[@corison2058]

james ozment fun fact! Betty white is older than sliced bread.

[@Draakdarkmaster6]

If you want to be specific, it predate s sliced bread, so i guess its even better lol

[@plederfagella9774]

Never too late for a badass fort

[@scott5747]

Nice instructional piece. Thanks for using steady camera work and clean audio. Many KZbinrs could learn from this!

[@NurdRage777]

You can actually use a lot more than just a seashell. Chicken egg shell, snail shell everything with calcium carbonate in it.

[@SkyLeach]

bones work too, although the slake is more delecate IIRC.

[@dtmt502]

even shotgun shells

[@RikuIshmaru]

any idea what the difference is between the final products?

[@mosquitobight]

Chalk too

[@tlaim]

Roger L. Ortiz, You tell them cuz!

[@carlderossi6497]

the reason why the used volcanic rock was it was lighter and had more surface space for the concrete mix to grab on to making the formula stronger. but yes it was amazing that you did this video thanks

[@bravevoice2771]

I'd love to see you do this again. Romans actually used two different types of cement mixes. For maritime cement they used Pozzolan ash and mixed it with seawater. Harbors built this way have lasted thousands of years. Portland cement in maritime applications often fail after decades. My suspicion is that by using saltwater in the binding, the resulting cement was inherently resistant to salt water corrosion. On dry land they used, a different ash called harena fossicia. They used regular water. From my own research I would say you are correct about the longer set time for Roman maritime (hydraulic) cement. It took at least 8 days or more to set according to their historians. . The best part was the Roman cement got stringer as it aged. Portland cement gets a bit stronger too, but I think Roman cement was superior in this context. If you make a batch with salt water I'd be very interested to see the results. Seeing Roman cement harbors that have stood in salt water for 2 millennnia is pretty impressive.

[@titytitmk2738]

I think its Tyre, the ancient city, which has Roman docks in which no erosion can be seen on the concrete piers that are now underwater. I also think both types of Roman concrete gets stronger as it ages, whether its in saltwater or not.

[@phonedave]

Adding the pozzolan ash (volcanic ash, or crushed potsherds) makes hydraulic cement. Lime alone, or with a non-pozzolonic fine aggregate makes non-hydraulic cement. Non-hydraulic "dries" while hydraulic "cures", actually hydrating the pozzolonic minerals.

[@beatsteiner3123]

Probably, they used sea water to mix the cement in order to avoid osmose problems

[@troymcdonald9795]

The whole secret is to use salt water ! The salt water bonds and seals it all through calcification but it takes a long time for it to cure. It gets stronger as it ages until it cures into one solid piece!

[@noodnutt]

I recall many years ago watching a doco stating they also used blood in their mixes. Blood being a coagulant it would have enabled it to bind together better.

[@adelemartinez8235]

I thank you for the tutorial. People can laugh all they want and make snide remarks, but this information is absolutely priceless. People, think about it. This man just showed you how to make CONCRETE for God sake! I am so gonna do this today. I am also making Adobe bricks. I live in the Mohave desert, AZ. Bliss... Thanks again for the info, kind sir. I need to find my tribe.

[@frozenrogue8970]

Did you make any? Does it work better than Adobe bricks if comes to keeping the house warm or cooler?

[@nelsonbrooks]

Fascinating, have always wondered about this "mystery" of concrete, well done Corporal. All Italians should be proud that the Pantheon, remains standing after 2000 years.

[@filipposaracchini1976]

We are proud of that, and we are proud of our ancestors

[@Moribax85]

+SHAZBAT414 the Pantheon in rome, not the Parhenon in Athens :) both temples, but made in a very different way with different materials

[@banmadabon]

PANTHEON in Rome, Italy (Parthenon in Athen, Greece)

[@Xhopp3r]

So glad I came across this video. Have always been interested in making my own concrete and that thought sparked my curiosity in roman concrete. Thanks a million for sharing this

[@bestelectronicmusicfromnew5189]

I walked over a bridge that is 2010 years old recently, called pont saint julien in Luberon region of France, and it can still carry cars. I thought it was middle ages and it turns out it was roman. The hydraulic mix of the romans has been rediscovered recently, it gets stronger in sea water, i.e. the water grows onto the concrete rather than dissolving it. ...when seawater percolates through a cement matrix, it reacts with volcanic ash and crystals to form Al-tobermorite and a porous mineral called phillipsite, they write today in American Mineralogist. So will you be seeing stronger piers and breakwaters anytime soon? Because both minerals take centuries to strengthen concrete, modern scientists are still working on recreating a modern version of Roman cement.

[@williammccall7411]

Best Electronic Music From New Geniuses science!

[@Randomfelladisiur]

I love how active you are in the community

[@rippspeck]

We decide if this is success or failure? Are you kidding?! No need to be so humble, this was incredible!

[@recall5811]

Thanks man. Please share my channel with others so that it can continue to grow, and thanks for watching

[@FrauTodd]

Would really love to see a weight comparison on a scale of same sized bricks, one of modern and one roman concrete. It seemed alot lighter than the modern stuff. Thanks for the awesome video!

[@charlesslocumjr1693]

Excellent tutorial ! My journey across the country I mentioned before ended up in Taos NM where I lived for a while working building adobe houses. We made the bricks in a pit ,with adobe mud and chopped straw , diverting a stream for water , got into the pit and stomped the mixture together with our feet, dipped it out with a bucket and poured it into a ladderlike form , left it there for a few minutes and lifted the form and let it bake in the sun . Like Roman Concrete these structures have lasted centuries.

[@dilettante4726]

I live in New Mexico currently. Something that surprised me when I would travel to other states is how few people know of adobe!

[@kiloton1920]

I have seen a few existing adobe walls in Sonoma county

[@daphneraven6745]

Charles Slocum Jr: now that is fascinating. Sounds very simple. I would love to see that video! For those of us who live nowhere near New Mexico, what’s the difference between Adobe mud and any other mud? I’m not being sarcastic; my inquiry is in good faith.

[@durgan5668]

Yep, we made Adobe in Utah, friend of ours made his out of the bricks. A lot of work, but virtually free of cost other than sweat.

[@mm-nt8el]

That was pretty fascinating that you can use shells for this. I learned something! Thanks for the vid!

[@gentleman-shutterbug]

I love this. Thanks for reminding us of the ancient skills.

[@forzastella1]

Great video, thank you. Many ancient Roman structures still stand strong today from 2 thousand years ago, they knew what they were doing and were highly skilled

[@hammer9390]

Great video. Knowledge and the ability to use it, is always good to have. As in so many things: "Better to have it and not need it, than to need it and not have it".

[@cornwasher]

Ah, the parachute theory....

[@yourfriendlyneighborhoodsm4708]

Saw you’re comment on Primitive Technology. Good thing he pinned it so I was able to find your great content

[@tranglomango]

Your comment not you're

[@saltyshanker]

amazing ... the romans were definetly far ahed of their time period , great video !

[@ApexCalibre]

Definitely emphasizes the "dark" in "dark ages"

[@vereabsolutum9131]

AWESOME CPL! I am a retired SEABEE, 2 tour Vietnam vet '66-'67, '67-'68. Did a lot of concrete work during my 24 years in. Have heard of Roman concrete BUT this has been the most concise explanation. THNX PAUL, BUCS USN SEABEE RETIRED

[@aaronfaucett6442]

I really like your attention to detail and meticulous manner. Great video

[@joevinski1]

Came here from primitive technology and absolutely fell in love with this channel you gained yourself a sub brother keep up the great work !!!!!!!

[@DannyDelusion]

Caught your comment from Primitive Technology as well, decided to give you a look, seems pretty good, you've got a sub.

[@leasher1909]

"Special tapping tool" *pulls out big stick*

[@rs5570]

Yes but a very effective tool! ( But I see the humor 😊)

[@ReflectTheEmotions]

Lol

[@dr.rajasaurusandunclebonec6526]

I have a special tapping tool... Hold on, make that a fapping tool!

[@ObjectiveZoomer]

*tamping

[@normanbenjamin9739]

Yes this information is very valuable. When SHTF you are going to have very little , and lots of time on your hands . When you are somewhere , shelter is very important . The more knowledge you have the better your life will be when SHTF . Thanks for the video !

[@rollinstormz]

I remember watching this video a while back. Good to see primitive technology pushing great content

[@Thinks-First]

This was fascinating. I imagine at any given time the Romans had hundreds if not thousands of concrete form makers. I'll bet they even took orders. With so many people producing concrete they could build anything. Thank you.

[@kezif]

your suggestion is based on what?

[@erictortosa4002]

Thanks for the history lesson and the clear concise explanation on “how to”!

[@efs83dws]

Very well done. You took a complicated subject and broke it down into its elemental parts so that it was easy to understand. Thank you.

[@NathanHassall]

Its amazing to find your video again. I actually found myself stranded when my boat broke down fishing and I had to wait on an island for 2 weeks before a shipping vessel noticed my s.o.s on the beach. I knew I going to need shelter (I was lucky I had a supply of fish) Long story short, I remembered the tricks I learned from this video. I was able to spend 5 days making 2 bricks to hold my tarp in place so i could protect myself from the rain. With those 2 bricks in place my tarp wasn't going anywhere..it never even rained so the tarp was useless but I felt prepared..I didnt even eat any of the fish on my boat because I had a box of granola bars.

[@georgeshaw2565]

lol

[@panchopistola8298]

Lies

[@Empire6u]

Really an excellent video. Instructive, well explained and the sea shells... brilliant.

[@BackToConstitution]

Every kid should repeat this lesson, to know how the Romans did it! It gives the kid an education that they won't get in any school

[@theConquerersMama]

Unless they go to a decent school. We did this in school. My son is doing this in his school.

[@undeadpresident]

all in all your just another brick in the wall

[@GarbageDeplorableBitterClinger]

I think the typical response would be "what's a Roman?"

[@karl6149]

BackToConstitution | Yeah but why would you need to know this lesson?

[@timkaufhold6163]

BackToConstitution z

[@ivangovorko2127]

One of my new favorite KZbin person now I like people that are like this because I'm just like this also and I think the people that don't think it's better to not need it and have it then to need it and not have it are very ignorant it's always useful to have gained knowledge even something as this concrete personally I'm going to end up using this method on certain projects of my own so right just there watching this video has essentially saved me hundreds of dollars for something that is somewhat essentially free it does take that person's time to show you on how it's done and then plus your time learning and practicing in time isn't free the older you get and the more you'll understand that and thank you for creating this video and taking the time to edit and share this knowledge with us very much appreciated more than you know

[@maryhoelscher1671]

Thank you I was wondering how Romans made waterproof cistern and baths Very informative thank you so much

[@corindoyle]

The used plaster made from marble dust mixed with fine grade lime putty and sands and then finished it with a variety of oils. Like Venetian plaster. The next best option was cocciopesto, same thing with crushed brick for poorer people. Or tiles. Roman concrete was mostly used for civils applications like sewers and docks. Same as today. It's too strong to work sympathetically with the rest of a houses structure aboveground. Its thermal expansion rate is to different to everything else.

[@Eu2619]

*_Minecraft: You need a crafting table._* *_This guy: Naaah, I have my crafting bucket_*

[@leonardwilliams8109]

Great, technically interesting video! Good to know the basics. Romans were the great builders of the ancient world.

[@dreamwell2020]

Thank you for this excellent instruction. I've understood parts of this process before, but needed this comprehensive explaination. Hats off.

[@lpark8]

Great video 🙏👍 Been reading about the whole cycle of limestone - quicklime - slaked lime - cement. It is so fascinating and fundamental to human development. This video makes it real

[@robertevras6577]

Now just do that 25,000 more times and you can build a very small shelter...;)

[@ControllerOverheat]

In history class we talked about how roman slaves were treated like shit and they always rebelled and were killed

[@craigslaunwhite579]

seems most of the current population falls in that category

[@isaacschwartz1257]

krisham SPARTICUS!!!!

[@norchaaa]

OR... make a container of concrete mass. make at least 20 molds! And here you go. 20 concrete blocks at once... 500- 1000 times repeat. and you can have shelter

[@fireaterfromhell]

Everyone knows Rome wasn't built in a day.

[@MOOSEDOWNUNDER]

This was fantastic Corp. Success. We need to get this into kids hands, education like this are key for a Childs education and its bloody fun to boot. Nice work. Cheers Moose.

[@recall5811]

Thank you, share my channel

[@Timoteo3858]

Fabulous look back into antiquity. Military service, no matter what era served nor the age of enlistment, brings invaluable life skills to bear against modern challenges. Every man serves his family well when he learns from seasoned veterans such as Cpl. KELLEY. SEASONED veterans polish their learned and earned skills when they take younger troops under their tutelage and develop the young troop. Each man stepping forward in his own tour, Life goes forward from man to man through generations forward from the beginning of time. Thank you for your service and kindness Cpl. Kelley.

[@jacoblaughbon3323]

Great vid. The port at Alexandria is all made with hydraulic concrete, hardened underwater.

[@scmacsart]

You should send a brick of that to the hydraulic press vid guy.

[@aaronfaucett6442]

Yes! Great idea I second that motion. All in favor say Aye

[@trespire]

Do you mean that bloke from Finland ? He is hilarious.

[@daphneraven9439]

Or, you could ask that guy to make a block of this to test, and perhaps compare it to an authentic piece of Roman concrete and also a modern piece, too?

[@unlimitedpotential6573]

Fluffen? I love it! You've invented a new verb and I like it a lot

[@theanthropiceyedolatry]

My love of history and practical applications of historical methods have led me to THE BEST survival channels, this being one of them. Well done sir, excellent content! Subscribed, looking at your compass navigation video next. Thanks!

[@mrwes100]

I've revisited this video and realized how good it is. I'm come across the channel Primitive Life and he routinely makes cement and mortar from his surroundings.

[@nickgeorge117]

You should do a drop test and a hardness test with Portland cement.

[@givemedurb7160]

hmm... if its sea water.. why not just add sea salt to the water for curing?

[@sarrumac]

Give me Durb you can't put ANY salt in armored concrete.

[@ryanertime]

Nick George i am in shock that he didn't smash to show hardness

[@sephangelo4603]

Yeah, like in the History channel. In that show on History, blood doesn't make a difference.

[@Baigle1]

all the extra materials and minerals from salts interfere with the structure and properties of the cured concrete. they used to add salt to concrete to help it along, but it makes it weaker overall and the ions destroy it and allow chemical+water intrusion over a decade. you can't count on a 1 or 2000 year cure time to reach the required crete strength with seawater. overbuilding takes more money, materials, and time in order to account for the longer cure

[@williambarnes5023]

7:30 Good job specifying that it was by weight, not by volume. Important details. Thank you.

[@recall5811]

Thanks for the support. Please share this video and my channel with others

[@marinabrola]

I just learned clumps of lime were purposefully not broken down and left in their mix and when the concrete structures would crack or become exposed to saltwater on sea applications or rain water on land applications the lime would expand and fill in the cracks. Neat if that's true.

[@pmcKANE]

Came from the pinned comment in Primitive Technology, staying for the quality content. I've got a back catalog to get through, gonna be fun.

[@socket_error1000]

As a former concrete finisher and heavy construction carpenter, the effort needed to make even such a small amount of concrete makes the Roman's achievements even more impressive. I can imagine the massive quarrying efforts and giant kilns processing the limestone and the sheer amount of time it took just to mix and set all of it by hand. All those massive viaducts and other structures still standing 2,000 years later while we are having to rebuild bridges after 80 years. (To be fair it is the erosion of the steel reinforcement that causes the most damage to our concrete and we wouldn't be able to do what we do without it.)

[@BHPaintingRefinishing]

They probably had a place to buy some of that, kind of a primitive EBAY maybe?

[@newphone3400]

Slaves man...

[@black_horse_lover2655]

Slaves ;)

[@corindoyle]

And the effectiveness of todays concrete is phenomenal. People dismiss mile high buildings far too easily. And to be fair all the stuff that was badly built has probaly fallen down.

[@rs5570]

In "Walden", Thoreau provides a fascinating and quite useful authentic Roman recipe (including the original Latin, translated) for simple bread that is delicious, in case anyone might be interested.

[@daphneraven6745]

R S: that is fascinating indeed. Unexpected In a comment to do with Roman concrete however. It’ll be a shame of this got overlooked. Perhaps you could include the recipe someplace where he actually makes bread, Some more people could enjoy the idea and the recipe.

[@PuppyPulverizer]

Can you share that?

[@robertspencer5219]

Still love this video and watch it over and over again. Looking forward to using this in a project.

[@louisemaclaren5266]

Thank you this could be very helpful for my fine art course Sculpture project!

[@cwindigo6919]

may your project last a thousand years

[@phenixphire7]

Great episode Corporal 👏🏻 I can see this being a great alternative in a situation where modern concrete is unavailable.

[@jacobc1567]

When you said the block needed to set for 24 hours, I thought you might show all 24 hours of it setting. In actuality, I really liked the video and appreciate the work you put into it, even if there were a few spots that I skipped ahead because of needlessly extended footage.

[@robertgranger3123]

Wow! Excellently done, and produced. Thanks for taking the time to do it right. Oorah

[@brentmichael1975]

That was pretty cool. Thanks for making this video. Now it’s time to see if I could do something like that and build something cool with it. Let the good times roll.

[@rs5570]

Let us know what you build!

[@uramalakia]

The neat thing about Roman concrete setting in sea water, from what I understand, is that it would bind with the salt in the sea water and create a whole new mineral... In other words, the whole thing would cure into a whole new giant rock. That's why it lasts so long.

[@mnomadvfx]

The process also has parallels with fossilisation, albeit over a much shorter time span.

[@arturjogi2667]

I mean. That's what concrete does. It is one giant rock.

[@samuelmuldoon4839]

The salt fills in the holes. Swiss cheese has holes in it. Likewise, maybe salt (sodium chloride) fills in air bubbles, holes, or voids, in the concrete.

[@ironhell813]

Right, it’s basically calcification.

[@misteradam3112]

Hi! It's been five years since you made this video. How has your concrete withstood the test of time? Loved this video!

[@dawnduckworth593]

Yes, NEED to know.

[@IronX77]

This! Would love to know..

[@ramennoodles8147]

.

[@moonolyth]

Yep thats what I thought.

[@tzkelley]

Recently, I think a study has shown that Roman concrete was made hot, not cold. So, I don't think this would exactly replicate it. Let's have a redo on this video with the hot technique!

[@captainreggae99]

I love this video, its very informative and right to the point. Being able to do things yourself and establish a level of independence from knowledge and history is such an accomplishment and a point of pride. One of the biggest joys in life is learning and experiencing new things, and appreciating them each for their own merits. All that being said, when you scratched the concrete to show its resilience, I shuddered and the hairs on my neck stuck up every time. Much akin to nails on a chalkboard. Still a great video worth watching.

[@survivalcomms]

That was awesome content. So much to be learned from the past. Thanks for sharing !

[@mightymicrofarm7004]

Cool. Now I want to watch you handle lime all day every day for a month with no gloves. The info is fabulous. Wear gloves folks.

[@youtubeblockscomments]

The person/people who figured this out revolutionized the world

[@DarthTwilight]

This is useful as all get out. Thank you, my man.

[@8460437]

When in Rome I visited the Pantheon. It’s dome was made of concrete just like shown here. Looking up at the structure from inside one would think it was completed the previous week. It was that perfect.

[@davidskeeterskeeter1835]

What an extremely interesting post,,can I just point out as a plasterer working with hydrated and hydraulic lime,,What ever you do,,Keep Lime Off Of Your Skin,!! It will "eat right through skin within a day" unless you wear gloves etc,,many many thanks,,I enjoyed every minute of it.

[@trulyinfamous]

Those Romans were brilliant.

[@Baigle1]

we are also brilliant

[@kangtut9448]

Baigle1 not as brilliant as the romans though

[@lockonstratos7787]

Baigle1 but not as brilliant.

[@funghoul2199]

Maxx Kroes the city of Alexanderia had a lighthouse that doubled as a military posting station more popular than the status of Lady Liberty, it's an even count for an ipad

[@seamusbrown3171]

They didn't "borrow" from their neighbors. They conquered them all. Rome was also the first meritocracy in the sense that it was possible for non-Italians to become Roman citizens and fight in Roman legions. With its Senate before the empire, Rome was basically the first America. But, empire and despotism destroyed Rome as quickly as we are destroying ourselves today for power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. And Ipads are over-prices crap.

[@kirneyc.thibodeaux649]

In my opinion this is a valuable video. This is the recipe to make something that will outlive all of us.. I had seen the finished product but not from start to finish. Impressed. Semper Fi. Charles

[@jmfs3497]

Interesting! I live in a 100-year-old house, and while it has probably seen better days in it's life time, the thing is built like a tank. My front stoop crumbled at some point in the previous years due to bad gutters pouring water onto them season after season and freezing and expanding. I was cleaning it up and saw the sea shells mixed into the remaining concrete. I didn't know it was a common practice with such history. Cool.

[@jerryfrugoli3339]

Awesome great work, this is a perfect exercise for Boy Scouts, young teenagers, anyone that has an interest in understanding how it’s done!! Thanks for your efforts to create this video... I’m looking forward to the hydro-underwater product...

[@777Thebear]

Good video. They just discovered that the Roman's used quicklime (CaO) not slacked lime (CaOH). Or the term is hot concrete mix. So it was volcanic ash, aggregate, and CaO (quicklime). They would then mix the dry ingredients, then add the water.

[@flyairvans]

Seawater

[@bitTorrenter]

​@@flyairvansSaltwater?

[@williambrandondavis6897]

You missed the key part, heat. The newest paper claims they heated the concrete while they mixed it and this caused a fine crystalline structure to form that results in much greater strength.

[@mrs.mastermind933]

@@williambrandondavis6897the heat was generated from the reaction of the quicklime with the water; exothermic reaction

[@muddfish7266]

They boiled the seawater ​@@mrs.mastermind933

[@F.Krueger-cs4vk]

Wow, that's amazing, 2 plus thousand yr old technology can be used today. Excellent informational video. Thankyou.🖐 🇦🇺

[@hermeticxhaote4723]

This is so cool, I'm gonna build my own Circus Maximus!

[@marcellabutay1090]

So coincidental, I watched this a day prior to Primitive Tech's upload and your comment!

[@Gutch220]

shells or limestone, and aggregate are easy to get but finding volcanic ash in a jam would be hard.

[@thislittleweirdgirl332]

Did you ever find pure volcanic ash for sale? I can find blends from garden stores for soil remediation but that's about it. Even google turns up with few answers.

[@spuriouseffect]

I wonder what would happen if you used stove ash.

[@sofialaya596]

I'd like to know if there's a replacement for volcanic ash, since I live near some swamps and there's a lot of shells, and I can get rocks, but that ash is the difficult thing, I don't want to spend money on it

[@alvinpage676]

Sofia Laya Clay make it powder for volcanic ash replacement

[@juliyasakal5103]

Iceland export a lot of it !