Reimagining the PhD | Nadia Jaber | TEDxSBU

This talk was given at a local TEDx event, produced independently of the TED Conferences. Traditionally all PhDs went on to become academic professors. Times have changed. This speaker offers an idea to help prepare graduate students for the real world.
Nadia Jaber is a graduate student at Stony Brook University, pursuing a PhD in Molecular and Cellular Biology. Her thesis work focuses on how mammalian cells discard the chemical signals used to communicate with one another. During her graduate training, she realized she wanted something different than the traditional academic career path that PhDs are geared for. Exploring her interests, she found a passion in science and health communications and has since begun the Advanced Certificate in Health Communications offered by the Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science. Her goal is to use her science background to disseminate important health and science information in order to empower the general public to make educated decisions.
Outside of science and communications, Nadia likes to try new recipes, paint quotes for her Etsy shop, take kickboxing classes and sail around Northport.
About TEDx, x = independently organized event In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. At a TEDx event, TEDTalks video and live speakers combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. These local, self-organized events are branded TEDx, where x = independently organized TED event. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events are self-organized.* (*Subject to certain rules and regulations)

[@Junaid6646]

My favourite line: The career opportunity for a Ph. D in the non-academic world is limitless. I am saving this talk to my sd card.

[@DrSal-ov2nb]

This is true. Mid PhD crisis is the major phase when feel lack of motivation and questioning own self what am I doing with my career and life? .

[@hongpingzhang2849]

Oh my! I'm not the only one who hates calling strangers but has no problem with public speaking! I used to think it was because English is not my first language.

[@alpantanjung1449]

she smiles all the time during her presentation. I wish I could attend her presentation. 2 to 3 hrs is not boring. beautiful. smart n intellectual lady. a lady with a PhD academic title is superb n highly prestigiious. Congrats.

[@CraigHocker]

Even those of us who have written successful grants really don't like doing grant writing, it's not what gets us up in the morning. Having gotten a Ph.D. in the pre-internet age, it's probably hard to imagine how little information and support of this kind there was then. I'm glad that it's better. It's needed because it's only gotten more brutal.

[@Sancho931118]

This is an amazing video. I am doing my masters degree and I am asking myself the very same questions you asked yourself. this video has brought an immense amount of insight. Thank you very much for sharing your story!!!!!

[@dr.abdulquader8532]

Thanks, Nadia Jaber for your beautiful and inspirational speech about the Ph.D. study. As a new Ph.D. student, I think during Ph.D. research people need lots of motivation and driving force since it is a 3 to 5 years long journey where many things you may find that distract your focus and concentration even you might think of quitting from doing Ph.D. So I assume that it would be great if you could keep in touch with someone did Ph.D. and other faculty members.

[@CultureAndLove]

Her honesty is refreshing. Thank you to those sharing this video and talk.

[@UseHERnam3]

Career development and the acquisition of soft skills are so important during the PhD and it's the university's responsibility to arrange that. UCL have a dedicated doctoral school that runs hundreds of courses. How to marker your PhD to non-academics, public speaking, journal writing, programming for busy PhD students, how to network ... the list goes on and on. Every PhD student at UCL have to take 20 credits worth of these soft skills courses each year. Demand it from your universities people! Great talk btw!

[@helenabreha2641]

OMG thank you for this amazing presentation, I'm not a Ph.D. student but confused about my path in a medical field, this was inspiring.

[@samaras.4024]

Loved this TEDx Talk! Our stories are so similar. SBU is also my alma mater. I, too, am a PhD who realized early on that the academic path was not for me. I am now working in my dream job in industry. Contrary to what you may hear in your university, academic positions are NOT the only way to go. If it is what you prefer, great, but there are options out there. I also love the career ladder idea. You go girl!

[@malinkata1984]

Hi Nadia! Your talk was amazing and it describes precisely what I have been thinking lately. I finished my PhD in Molecular Medline a few months ago and I'm aware of all possibilities which are now open for me. I also don't want to follow the academic career track, it is just not for me. My passion is communicating science. This I discovered during my PhD. At the same time I rediscovered my other passion - singing. To be fair until now I have always went with the flow, but the PhD made me realize I can shape my life the way I want it. This realization for me is very liberating and at the same time really scary. I guess I need to take a few steps further and try to see if will be able to find a job in science communications. Thank you again for the inspirational talk and showing me I'm on the right path. :) Good luck. :)

[@MARTINAEFEYINI]

Very inspiration talk - I love seeing Women in STEM doing great things!

[@siddheshzadey3159]

a really helpful talk for a confused grad student!!

[@SubhashiJayasekara]

Woooooooooow. Thank you so much. I am finishing my Masters tomorrow and this encourages me to continue working on my passion... Good job Nadia. Wish you good luck with your work as well.

[@MegaKasi1]

The way you thought is the same way as I am thinking now, and now I am gonna start my Phd In sha Allah. Thank you

[@ohmaekka48]

Just what I needed RIGHT NOW!!! A PERSPECTIVE. THANK YOU SO MUCH!!

[@nellagroen2039]

Thank you!!! I am a 4th-year PhD student and all you have said is something I have experienced one time or another during my training. This is what my fellow students call 'Impostor syndrome'. You look around and think "There had to be some clerical error, no way am I supposed to be here. When will they realize their mistake?" I also thought tenure was the way to go, but soon realized that wasn't for me. I wouldn't be happy or satisfied doing that for the rest of my life. I even felt ashamed to think about quiting, since this was my dream since I was a little girl. You however made me realize that it is okay to want something outside the world of academia, since that world is not for everyone. I realize now that I need to be proactive this year and work towards my dream career. Thank you, you have no idea how much I needed this.

[@hayajbee6679]

Thank you so much, Nadia, I'm almost done with my master, and was thinking about PhD, but hesitant at the same time because I don't see my self in academic fields, your lecture has really opened my eyes.

[@brayan9645]

Inspirational. This is exactly why I would love to go into a PhD program.

[@keithford8019]

This is a great video! As I begin my Ph. D. journey, I find this inspirational speech to be very encouraging. Thank you Dr. Jaber for your work and contributions.

[@MM-mn1uv]

When I tell people I am doing a PhD they more or less react with - omg why/ I couldn’t do that/so you want to be an academic? I feel like there is a stigma around further education. There is no set path for anything or anyone - a PhD can be and should be used for any type of personal or professional development!

[@MrWasim80]

Thank you very much. I am inspired by your vision of doing PhD.

[@lynx777]

Cute speech, sweet honesty, a great perspective on being honest with herself and weighing in an educated way what she was willing to commit to and her rejection of institutionalism.

[@starbury64]

Awesome presentation. This goes to show that any degree from college has a purpose in society, but it all depends on the student receiving the education and putting it to good use.

[@StyleGoalsHarmony_]

Thank you so much for this encouragement.

[@ocensamuel3157]

I am grateful for your communication. I am planning to join my PhD in computing, you gave me the courage and strength to move on...

[@marianachrispim7213]

Excellent and inspiring talk! I feel the same and in my last year of PhD I decided to do a career planning course which I really found helpful to know myself better. I think it should be offered to all graduate students, it is essential to reflect about what you really want and to be better prepared and motivated.

[@alphamasemba99]

Exquisite! This is an eye-opener. Many thanks Nadia Jaber!

[@jimeladorakialo8083]

Great videos. I am learning a lot from these resources.

[@mohamedbourmad6455]

Every one has fallen in love with Nadia and her speech. Thank you for you insight, I felt that I will trylly consider a PhD after finishing my master even do I am not the research nerd who sets indoor.

[@harshaunknown]

Thank you very much, This is what I need at the moment

[@user-kg1pd1rp1s]

I am inspired! Thank you very much. Find out what you are passionate on.

[@bulletproofbrain8194]

This talk was truly inspiring Nadia!!! Thanks a lot!

[@clairet188]

My feelings just found words!!!! thanks!!!!

[@birajsharma9618]

this TED talk was probably the most three dimensional and insightful of the presentations. Great stuff by the speaker!!

[@kokrokoo1]

By this I have been motivated for the task ahead. Thanks

[@Phoniv]

that was amazing, thank you

[@lutangusooli2682]

Nice video,its encouraging as i move up one day at a time.I will get my phd surely

[@hanifasahith9613]

inspiring speech...... great it will be more useful for me and as well as to everyone.....

[@gauravbharati9]

So glad to find this video. Thanks youtube algorithm

[@icee934]

It's just a mindset with public speaking or anything I believe. I used to be really bad in English and shy away from public speaking activities. My passion to advocate for people with mental health challenges has changed all that. I am now always doing facilitation, and training in front of huge crowds; most of the time to people who are professionals in their fields.

[@zahrashahabinezhad]

I related to this so much, thank you!

[@patriciakio5486]

Thank you!

[@amritaunikkat308]

Loved it Nadia!!All the very best for you

[@gracerozinah2411]

Thanks for this, much needed.

[@shabbirmemon7401]

Awesome advice........really need this for my phd

[@a.m.senany34]

Great & inspiring talk. Thanx Nidia.

[@DinoA87]

Interesting talk Nadia. Out of box.

[@Dragon195ana]

That was a great talk! 😍

[@irinofrancisco7743]

Wow thank you for the inspiration.

[@PrashVerse]

Thank you !!!! Inspirational

[@AreebIrshadSimplifies]

This was really helpful. Thanks!

[@Saeedabozeed]

its amazing session , thanks

[@richiebwalya9639]

I have enjoyed listening to this pep talk. I had 3 questions that have been echoed by the talk: what are my skills?my interests?my values? as i start my PhD. I think Nadia has helped me think through in terms of career development and some things i will probably do after the PhD. Thanks a lot.

[@mpoimakhetha9345]

This is exactly what I needed to hear, I'm starting a Medical science Phd in a month's time, I know I don't want a lab environment either, I enjoy talking, conference presentation and engaging with normal people. I've had the privilege of being thrown to the deep as a student leader in my Masters, but as the only PhD student in my department, I am probably going to drown and eventually hate science. the Masters depression was real, and now PhD...but this strategy sounds great, thank you

[@TheOfficeofTheChildofGod]

how is it going @mpoi

[@mpoimakhetha9345]

@@TheOfficeofTheChildofGod as good as a PhD can go, thanks for asking

[@DearStephanieX]

This was so critical For me to hear, thanks!

[@lillylife341]

As a last year phd student procrastinating this is absolutely nerve wrecking :)

[@cabdilaahidalmar9615]

thanks a lot I am doing my second master degree I hope to do PhD for the future isha allah. I got motivation from your speak

[@ibrahimidris8499]

One master degree more than necessary.

[@waedjradi]

Amazing.

[@nazmuldipu]

You are a powerful public speaker.

[@zodmorality]

So glad I got to see this :)

[@Martina_E]

Very inspiring - Here's to Women in STEM!!!

[@vijayvimal9378]

Informative session.

[@jsathish1990able]

you are awesome.

[@StephanieHughesDesign]

Already achieved BA Econ, MBA Finance and JD, for the longest time I have wanted to obtain a PhD in Economics in global economics focusing on inequality and wealth redistribution solutions. However, PhD in Economics programs are not part time and require fulltime campus presence and are also heavily mathematical. Many programs insist on having to start from scratch and do a GRE. They ignore my previous GMAT and LSAT scores. Frustrating.

[@OshlaMusic]

Great Talk

[@ItsPalm]

Good start, I reckon.

[@franja1608]

Great talk! I will graduate from my PhD in about two weeks, and I really struggle discovering what to do next. I also think an academic path is not for me... You should make a Ladder mobile app with questionnaires and discussion board.

[@Tammy8823]

Franja Prosenc congratulations on your accomplishment! I too want to pursue a ph.d, but I'm not interested in continuing in academia. I think it's soul crushing. Good luck finding your path.

[@franja1608]

As Nadia says in the video, academia is not the only path for PhDs. If you're curious and really wish to pursue a PhD, don't let this stop you. Most R&D in industry also requires PhDs, especially for more responsible positions (e.g. lab managers, senior scientists).

[@mouradazehaf2018]

Franja Prosenc va pas

[@ibrahimidris8499]

Franja Prosenc You don't need to struggle. Just follow your own advice to Nadia, and make the Ladder Mobile App yourself. It could be quite lucrative

[@sophiebrown3098]

Great Video and it will really inspire many students. Even though many students still confused regarding their academic curriculum and they look for an expert who might help them to understand that in a better manner. The students can visit the Online Assignment Expert and get the best answer related to their academics.

[@kilanihassan]

thanks

[@salirezakm]

I am planning on getting a Ph.D. but I was absolutely terrified of the idea that I will be stuck in academia ... Thank you, Nadia, for showing that there are other ways as career options

[@ibrahimidris8499]

Why do you need to be stuck in Academia? It is your choice.

[@mameemia]

yasyas you are indeed good at public speaking!

[@anupamanandi7846]

Here I am watching this video after completing my msc in statistics now preparing for statistical service exam as well as net bcz I love to study statistics and I think I can do better in this field . I also want to pursue PhD but without any stipend I can't do that.

[@moesaed908]

Putting down the research a little bit is advantageous for some, yet it is not recommended. Lots of researchers lose their passion or determination gradually meanwhile the research-pause-time :) This what I think of course ^^

[@stevej1287]

This is why I stopped with my Masters. I want to do so much more and, honestly, a Masters will get you as far as a PhD outside of the academe.

[@qinglongshao7050]

+Steve J it`s really hard to say. Sometimes PhDs give you more, for example, doing phd in another country, improve your scientific writing ability, and more important, the consequent logic.

[@wm9217]

Thx

[@silvialogan9226]

Nadia, this was a great speech that you made and I congratulate you for receiving your PhD. I know that it was a hard journey, but you made it and you should be proud of yourself. Nadia, are you familiar with the new clinical trials on immunotherapies, T-cell therapies, therapeutic vaccines, and proton therapies to cure all types of cancers at all four stages? Are they effective?

[@sergiop753]

They are!

[@whuvir]

Like this voice.

[@davidgoldstein729]

I wish I'd heard this talk when I hit a similar crisis at SBU, which was 15-16 years before you gave this presentation... How much success have you found in expanding the ladder program to other universities, and to departments at SBU?

[@soomuchtolearn1411]

She said we could find the career ladder guidance online. Is there any specific title to find it online Tha one that you followed.?

[@sukantasutradhar9217]

Nice

[@sanaafreen1937]

What's the name of the model she created? Where can i find it online?

[@laketracalloway8363]

How is the program doing? Have you considered using an online version to reach more students? I am a doctoral candidate at the University of Phoenix pursuing a degree in business administration (DBA) and I could see the benefit of your program.

[@wambui4590]

The purpose of pursuing a PhD is not to find a job, it's basically for self actualization as advanced by Abraham Maslow's Needs' theory. Social animals desire power and recognition. Employment therefore cannot serve as the epitome of fulfillment. Being employed can make you poor; therefore we pursue PhD studies to be job creators, innovators, idea generators and/or to participate in millennial evolution. There is indeed a correlation between consultancy and doctoral studies.

[@erikperillo9054]

EY BOSS.

[@asomya87]

Nice :)

[@footballchannelnc4864]

Can anyone give me the PHD movie link?

[@drbarney1000]

If you are in graduate school listen to her and DO NOT DROP OUT just because you hate the academic world. Even if you can only get a job as a janitor after earning your doctorate your degree will give you more dignity and self-respect than you can imagine.

[@cjkn239]

Disagree...it's not worth your mental and emotional health.

[@avitimushi1541]

whew!!!!

[@JustMWest]

Nadia, have you heard of MyIDP? Your program seems to stand on similar pillars. Maybe you could join forces with them?

[@ricardomurillo5205]

PhD: a big ego trip that can go really depressing

[@Spreehox]

what's the problem with acedamia

[@useridcn]

Many phd in engineering disciplines really don't aim to become faculty members.

[@herryfrd2740]

You think that you would have back up career goals before you go into a PhD other than tenured professor... Any professor will tell you that faculty positions are scarce

[@nadiaholden1903]

+Hereford Johnson that wasn't my experience at all, actually. Nearly all of the professors I knew were dumb-founded when I told them I wasn't continuing on with a post-doc. When the older generation of professors came out of graduate school, they were "handing out tenure positions." Now the situation is different, and only newer professors can tell you how difficult it really is.

[@herryfrd2740]

Nadia Jaber I agree with you now, I've actually decided to pursue a PhD and I see where you're coming from

[@ronmayne107]

+Nadia Jaber I agree. When I got my Ph.D. in 1996, I was told that there were few Ph.Ds and jobs were plentiful. That wasn't the case. The "older" professors who were supposed to be retiring, didn't.

[@CraigHocker]

I remembering attending a career symposium in the mid-1990's where we were told to look to the person in front, behind, and on your left and right. Only one of you could expect to get a traditional tenure track job. The others will be doing something else. That's 1 out of 5. Of course that was not a discussion with professors I ever had and of course one thinks I will be that one.

[@NotLegato]

wait... why is it a problem there are more phd positions than faculty positions? not every phd graduate is going to apply for faculty at a university.

[@CharlesBrown-xq5ug]

Civilization may have progressed enough to conquer the second law of thermodynamics. Civilization needs to strive for this goal with synergistic interdisciplinary teams.The outcome would be perpetually changeable never gained or lost energy. There would be no loss of energy as it changed form. For example the total quantity of thermal energy in an equal pair of two thermal energy reserves with ideal insulation would remain the same regardless of how heat is distributed between the two and how often the distribution of heat between the two is changed. In one case one reserve could contain ice water while the other reserve contained hot water; in another case both reserves could contain tepid water. The redistribution of heat between members of pairs with the same total thermal energy would be free. Diversity, time, and energy are different atributes. Reversing disorder doesn't need time reversal just as using reverse gear in a car ɓacks it out without time reversal. The second law of thermodynamics had a distinct begining with Sir Isaac Newton's correct professional scientific observation that the heat of a fire in a fireplace always flows towards the cold room beyond. Victorian England became enchanted with steam engines and their cheap,reliable, and easy to position physical power. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius, Lord Kelven, and, one source adds, Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, formulated the Second law of thermodynamics and the concept of entropy using evidence from steam engine development. These men considered with acceptance [A+] Inefficiently harnessing the flow of heat from hot to cold or [B+] Using force to Inefficiently pump heat from cold to hot. They considered with rejection [A-] Waiting for random fluctuation to cause a large difference in temperature or pressure. This was calculated to be extremely rare or [B-] Searching for, selecting, then routing for use, random, frequent and small differences in temperature or pressure. The search, selection, then routing would require more energy than the use would yield. These accepted options, lead to the consequence that the universe will end in stagnant heat death. This became support for a theological trend of the time that placed God as the initiator of a degenerating universe. Please consider that God could also be supreme over an energy abundant civilization that can absorb heat and convert it into electricity without energy gain or loss in a sustained universe. The law's formulaters did not consider the option that any random, usually small, fluctuation of heat or pressure could use the energy of these fluctuations itself to power deterministic routing so the output is no longer random. Then the net power of many small fluctuations from many replicant parts can be aggregated into a large difference in temperature, pressure, or electricity's amperes and volts Heat exists as the randomly directed kinetic energy of gas molecules or mobile electrons. In gasses this is known as Brownian motion. In electronic systems this is carefully labeled Johnson Nyquist thermal electrical noise for AI readability. Hypothetically, diode depletion regions are practical sites for enabling mobile electrons energized into motion by thermal electrical noise to deterministically alter the electrical resistance of the depletion region according to the moment by moment direction they are carrying electricity. The thermal electrical noise is hypothetically beyond the exposed lattice charge / diffusion equlibrium thickness of the depletion region. Consistantly oriented diodes in parallel hypothetically are successful electrical Maxwell's Demons or Smoluchowski's Trapdoors. The energy needed to shift the depletion region's deterministic role is paid as a burden on the moving electrons. There would therefore be usable net rectified power from each and every diode connected together into a consistantly oriented parallel group. The group would aggregate the net power of its members. Any diode efficiency at all produces some energy conversion from ambient heat, more efficiency yields higher performance. A diode array that is switched off has no energy conversion and no performance. The power from a single diode is poorly expressed. Several or more diodes in parallel are needed to overcome the effect of a load resistor's own thermal noise. A plurality of billions of high frequency capable diodes is needed for practical power aggregation. For reference, there are a billion (10^9) 1000 square nanometer cells per square millimeter. Modern nanofabrication can make simple identical diodes surrounded by insulation smaller than this in a slab as thick as the diodes are long. The diodes are connected at their two ends to two conductive layers. Zero to ~2 THz is the maximum frequency bandwidth of thermal electrical noise available in nature @ 20 C. THz=10^12 Hz. This is beyond the range of most diodes. Practicality requires this extreme bandwidth. The diodes are preferably in same orientation parallel at the primary level. Many primary level groups of diodes should be in series for practical voltage. Ever since the supposedly universal second law of thermodynamics was formulated, education has mass produced and spread the conventional wisdom throughout society that the second law of thermodynamics is absolute. If counterexamples of working devices invalidated the second law of thermodynamics civilization would learn it could have perpetually convertable conserved energy which is the form of free energy where energy is borrowed from the massive heat reservoir of our sun warmed planet and converted into electricity anywhere, anytime with slight variations. Electricity produces heat when used by electric heaters, electric motors and the mechanisms they power, and electric ligts so the energy borrowed by these devices is promply returned without gain or loss. There is also the reverse effect where refrigeration produces electricity equivalent to the cooling, This effect is scientifically elegant. Cell phones wouldn't die or need power cords or batteries or become hot. They would cool when transmitting radio signal power. The phones could also be data relays and there could also be data relays without phone features with and without long haul links so the telecommunication network would be improved. Computers and integrated circuits would have their cooling and electrical needs supplied autonomously and simultaniously. Electronic minting would be free. Integrated circuits wouldn't need power pinouts. Robots would have extreme mobility. Frozen food storage would be reliable and free or value positive. Storehouses, homes, and markets would have independent power to preserve and pŕepare food. Vehicles wouldn't need fuel or fueling stops. Elevators would be very reliable with independent power. Shielding and separation would provide EMP resistance. Water and sewage pumps could be installed anywhere along their pipes. Nomads could raise their material supports item by item carefully and groups of people could modify their settlements with great technical flexibility. Many devices would be very quiet, which is good for coexisting with nature and does not disturb people. Zone refining would involve little net power. Reducing Bauxite to Aluminum, Rutile to Titanium, and Magnetite to Iron, would have a net cooling effect. With enough clean cheap power, minerals could be finely pulverized, and H2O, CO2, and other substance levels in the biosphere could be modified. There should be a unitary agency to look after our global planetary concerns. This could be a material revolution with spiritual ramifications. Everyone should contribute individual talents and fruits of different experiances and cultures to advance a cooperative, diverse, harmonious and unified civilization. It is possible to apply technlology wrong but social force should oppose this. I filed for a patent, us 3890161A, Diode Array, in 1973. It was granted in 1975. It became public domain technology in 1992. It concerns making nickel plane-insulator-tungsten needle diodes which were not practical at the time though they have since improved. the patent wasn't developed because I backed down from commercial exclusitivity. A better way for me would have been a public incorruptable archive that would secure attrbution for the original works of creators. Uncorrupted copies would be released on request. No further action would be taken by this institution. Commercal exclusivity can be deterred by the wide and open publishing of inventive concepts. Open sharing promotes mass knowlege and wisdom. Many financially and procedurally independent teams that pool developmental knowlege, and may be funded by many separate noncontrolling crowd sourced grants should convene themselves to develop proof-of-concept and initial-recipe-exploring prototypes to develop devices which coproduce the release of electrical energy and an equivalent absorbtion of stagnant ambient thermal energy. Diode arrays are not the only possible device of this sort. They are the easiest to explain here. These devices would probably become segmented commodities sold with minimal margin over supply cost. They would be manufactured by AI that does not need financial incentive. Applicable best practices would be adopted. Business details would be open public knowledge. Associated people should move as negotiated and freely and honestly talk. There is no need of wealth extracting top commanders. We do not need often token philanthropy from the wealthy if people simply can be more generous if consumer commodities are inexpensive. Vigorous, inovative teams are a great way to develop this. Aloha Charles M Brown lll Kilauea, Kauai, Hawaii 96754 1 808 651 📞📞📞📞

[@michaelgilsondelemos2843]

Shared at the twitter of the Libertarian International Organization.

[@pauliusnarkevicius9959]

a) Does after Working for Number of Years You don't get PhD by default? b) Does this is regular Rule when PhD has to be given only when there are number of different University academics around there?

[@TheKmalli]

What is this scientific self-assessment test?! I want to take this

[@nadiaholden1903]

+Kelli Malott you can find the test here: myidp.sciencecareers.org/