Energy Levels, Energy Sublevels, Orbitals, & Pauli Exclusion Principle

Energy Levels, Energy Sublevels, Orbitals, & Pauli Exclusion Principle.
Chemistry Lecture #21.
Note: The concepts in this video (spin, orbits, etc.) are analogies and not literal descriptions of electron behavior and atomic structure.
For a pdf transcript of this lecture, go to www.richardlouie.com

[@ZigSputnik]

Definitly the best explaination - it only took one watch to understand it! And why? Because he explained every step using clear diagrams and didn't suddenly wizz over important bits or skip essential details. Many thanks.

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Awesome explanation and the rate is just right for students to understand! I love this! Thanks very much!

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My best teacher

[@NikkyKnowsUNzs2001]

What is AN explanation in science???What does it mean to understand something????From an epistemolgical standpoint, modern science does a VERY poor job answering these basic questions!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Modern science without sound epistemolgical underpinnings will eat itself alive which is what is taking place right now!!!!!!!!!!!

[@jacobvandijk6525]

@@NikkyKnowsUNzs2001 First of all, I'm glad Nikola is still with us ;-) These are deep questions, Nikola. I guess, an explanation is just the best guess we came up with till now (in Modern Physics for example). And we seem to understand things when this guess is confirmed by experiments. Nobody ever saw an electron or a quark but they seem to fit in with reality ... so far.

[@NikkyKnowsUNzs2001]

@@jacobvandijk6525 In physics you need REAL objects, not concepts to perform a PHYSCIAL action against another PHysical entity!!This is why it is called physics!!!You cannot start out with ALL of these assumptions!!!Math is NOT science!!!Since you actually ringed my bell, let me know if you want my definitions for the above questions, because i have them, they are much more rigorous in there definitions which is critial to "DO GOOD SCIENCE"!!!These are basic questions that must have solid, sound, non circular def... or we cannot have a theory described by words, if these words don't have rigorous unambigous meanings in their def...... THIS IS THE FIRST STEP to a theory!!!YOu cannot use words that at one moment mean this in this context and then in another moment another physicist uses the word in another context. THIS IS SO UNSCIENTIFIC!!!!!!!!PHYSICS DEALS WITH REAL "OBJECTS" THAT Actually 'EXIST" not concepts!!!!In physics first you identify the object by pointing to it, THEN YOU MOVE it!!!What are they accelerating at cern, A NON ENITITY, a mathematical point, TODAYS scientists are matematical nuts!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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A very clear video that made a ton of sense. Now I understand how electrons are distributed in sublevels and orbitals.

[@gurusamyn7964]

Very clear explanation...Thank u very much sir....

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I told people loui ,is the universal chemist...

[@NikkyKnowsUNzs2001]

What does it mean to make sense in the context of physics!!!!What is "AN energy Level"??Is this an object or a concept!!!!I took all of chemistry and physics classes in high school and college and left the classroom with mostly A's, couple B's, YET came out of the classroom with 1 million times more questions about these subjects than before I started studying these subjects!!!!!!When students today say math, science are hard, what they are really saying is when they try to learn this material with logic, it does not make "Sense with good logic"(to understand), and is therefore NOT understandable when presented in the way in which most proffesors present this material!!MATH and doing mesurements with different kinds of equations is NOT SCIENCE at all, although it is great for the racket we call the university "system" that feeds the main racket we call capitalism!!Science today needs to return to its roots in natural philosophy!!!!!!!!

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An excellent presentation. Clear and concise. My college chemistry and physics classes are 60 years behind me, and this was still better than anything semesters of lectures taught. Thanks.

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THE best explanation for visual learners!! I had a hard time understanding orbitals until coming across your video (the textbook makes it so complex). It helps to recreate the drawings in your notes and label everything. Thank you so much!

[@questttaylor2171]

You are literally the best ever, the textbooks just don't apply the break down that you do, we just need a visual realization of the concept and you provided that thank you so much!!!!! I understand!!!

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I could not explain how grateful I am, I finally understood this, and I just had to watch the video Once.

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[@ernestng3889]

I found this youtube for my son, that is the best explanation I see. I hope all teachers like Richard. Thanks Richard. You are the best

[@kiranthakarey8240]

I'm trying to understand this since 4 years ! very clear lecture. loved it. Now I wont forget this ever. Thanks a lot.

[@adellestollmeyer7584]

I could never visualize the connections between shells, subshells and orbitals so this solved my misunderstandings! Thanks a mil! Question- why do electrons spin in opposite directions?

[@richardlouiechemistrylectures]

Honestly, I don't know why two electrons spin in opposite directions when they occupy the same orbital. It may be that they behave like two magnets occupying the same space. The magnets must be oriented so that the south pole of one magnet faces the north pole of the other. If two identical poles face each other, the magnets will flip so that only opposite poles face each other. Likewise, electrons may flip so that they have opposite spins. Having identical spins would be analogous to two magnets oriented with identical poles facing each other.

[@exponentmantissa5598]

If two electrons, which are fermions, had the same spin they would have the same quantum number which is disallowed.This would lead to an inconsistency in their wave function (zero everywhere if we exchange them) and therefore is disallowed.

[@rickh2033]

@@exponentmantissa5598 man electrons are not fermions they are fundamental leptons

[@exponentmantissa5598]

@@rickh2033 The two groups are not mutually exclusive. I spent 2 years working part time at an accelerator lab when I was an undergrad engineer. An electron is indeed a fermion, Wiki or any other physics site will tell you this.

[@seemagandhi4547]

Adelle Stollmeyer Since it has a half-integer spin, an electron is a member of a class of sub-atomic particles called "fermions" which obey rules called the Pauli Exclusion Principle and Fermi-Dirac statistics - one key result of these rules is that no two identical fermions can simultaneously occupy the same quantum state: you cannot have two electrons in the same orbital if they have the same spin orientation, so if one is +1/2, the other must be -1/2, and no more can be added because a third would have to adopt the same quantum state as the one of the first two. That’s a lot of Quantum mechanics....not fr high school.....so not very sure if that answers it for you...u could go to a theoretical chemist to know the answer to this though.....

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I studies these 35 years back. When my son in AS level ask me to explain and help him, I hit upon this video. 12min is all it took to refresh. Thank you.

[@jes_m_s]

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[@angelmoldez3512]

I really admire that you create a visualization for orbitals, sublevels, etc. because it is really difficult to comprehend in my brain something so small as electrons. I appreciate you for that!!! Definitely subscribed to your channel

[@paulkehoe3949]

I have really struggled to visualise and understand the connection between levels and sublevels but your drawing at 6:50 does it perfectly. Thank you v much!

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Me too ... And this has removed all the confusions. May you be happy whereever you are.

[@vishu1334]

Hello, This is by far the best video I have ever watched about electron configuration and electron orbitals. I was really struggling in class, I watched many videos and read many articles, but this video is by far the best. I loved the diagrams; they really helped me visualize and actually understand the concepts. Thank you so much! I can't thank you enough!

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"The best conceptual video i have ever seen " thanx a lot i needed that part

[@matrixate]

Just to clarify, electrons don't actually "spin." That aside, this is a superb presentation. Very very well done.

[@davebowles1957]

Isn't 'spin' just another way to say angular momentum or am I thinking of something else?

[@larbiklikilasuamoses1210]

8

[@user-br5gs5bg1t]

@@davebowles1957 i believe our angular momentum is the l , and m_l is our magnetic number and spin is just known as spin

[@binay413963]

One more thing they do not move in circles or elepticals they revolve in spheres randomly

[@marcoselisbao6297]

You made so much easier my visualization of levels, sublevels and orbitals. I couldn't visualize how they were inside an atom and now I can. Thank you!

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Definitely, the best video that explains the Electron configuration! Thanks

[@hariasharma4372]

your video is very very helpful for me. It gave me clear understanding of orbitals and where electrons exactly exist.

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[@iancampling9034]

Very good lecture and the best I've seen on this subject and I now understand it. Thanks Richard

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Knowing the principles of a Science DOES NOT make you a qualified teacher . What differentiates a teacher from an ordinary science graduate of any field, is the distinct ability of the first one to spread his expertise especialy to a kid or a student who is using his knowledge as a raft to explore the world around him or her. Very well expalined ! Well done ! Thank you!

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Great explanation it took a couple of minutes to understand it. After hours of frustration reading the text book. Thank you so much.

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Thank goodness for this video ! I have forever been confused how energy levels, sub-levels and orbitals are related! This is the BEST explanation and video out there. This was always the most confusing thing. Thank you!!!!!

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You are one of the best tutor , Without this I was just unable to understand subshells and orbitals👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏🥇

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Thank you for saving me of the stress of going through that textbook that literally confuses me the more I try to grasp it ,you are a really good chemistry teacher

[@johnbishop6045]

There's more than one lesson being taught here. Richard Louise's lecture on energy levels and orbitals shows the importance of clear presentation using simple methods. We've all seen countless flashy and polished animations of electrons which, in their own right, are technically brilliant. However, I learned more in 10 minutes of Richard's lecture than in all of the polished animations I've ever watched on the subject. I'm reminded of being fortunate enough to see some of the late Rodney Hillier's (Bristol Univ) lectures on Astronomy. Another wonderful lecturer who could condense an hour's lecture on complex subjects into just three handwritten OHP slides and leave you feeling that you really understood the matter. Thank you Richard. That is a great talent you have.

[@robvangessel3766]

Thanks! I still had Bohr model stuff in my mind, and jumping too fast to quantum, I got very confused by the configuration and the Aufbau principle. I didn't understand the notation for energy levels, sublevels and orbitals until you broke down the whole "anatomy". The old model, where electrons appear to orbit the nucleus like planets around the sun is way different, and misleading before learning the complexity of electron locations at any one time. I'll be looking for more of your lectures.

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Thanks so much this video just helped me understand how to calculate the energy level in 2019 and how to understand the sub level

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Simply the best! Thank you so much Mr. Louie! I thought it was the end of me when I tried to review the material we were given in class, because none of it made any sense. THIS makes sense! The use of the magnified diagrams and drawings made a world of difference. I am currently in the first semester of my first year of university and I discovered your channel just in time sir. Thank you, thank you, thank you!

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Thank you!

[@ayenbillona3597]

I've watched videos of bozeman, prof dave, khan, organic chem, etc. but still can't comprehend and picture out this concepts, only your discussion made me understand all this topics and I could finally picture out sublevel and orbitals! what a great discussion and video!

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It is the best video on KZbin about spdf. I understood everything completely. Thank you.

[@yasharmashayekhi1094]

This is the best explanation of electron configurations, that I have come across so far. Thank you so much. It really allowed me to get a concise mental picture of this topic.

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Wow! Now I am confident that I can master chemistry; thanks to you Mr. Richard Louie! Some were born to write text books ,however,you Mr. Louie were born with the special gift to teach effectively and succinctly.

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Did he just explain what took another teacher an hour in just 12 minutes? Thank you so much for the video. It really helped.

[@kingjulian65]

thank you for this lecture can you post some more chemistry lectures

[@richardlouiechemistrylectures]

Thanks for the feedback. Go to www.richardlouie.com and you'll find a list of links to all the chemistry lectures that I've put on youtube.

[@KaraokeWorship]

Sir well done but electrons are not in rest in orbitals they move around nucleus so how electrons are in orbitals they go around

[@laurajavier172]

YOU ARE AWESOME! Thank you for taking it step by step with visuals! YOU ROCK!

[@edgarfranco367]

Professor Louie, you are amazing, you made it so easy and straightforward to understand. Thank you so much.

[@fawndawn6159]

When he said 1 direction at 10:25 , I was lyk yayyyy...idk y

[@nandhinipuppy4357]

some one clear my doubt. why don't we have n=5, if we have what will happen to the angular momentum quantum number l=4? what will be its shape? we have more than 119 elements. how will we accommodate all the electron when we have only n=4?

[@meltdown6856]

Nandhini Puppy We can assume the value of n as any positive natural number. However for teaching purposes n=4 is pretty much enough

[@meltdown6856]

However...with the increase of value of n, the shell with have more sub shells and more orbitals

[@nandhinipuppy4357]

Melt Down sir please clear me this doubt. when n=5 l=0,1,2,3,4 when l=0 s orbital when l=1 p orbital when l =2 d orbital when l= 3 f orbital when l= 4 ?

[@meltdown6856]

@@nandhinipuppy4357 First of all, sorry for the late reply When I = 4, then the orbital name would be 'g'.Orbitals for ℓ > 3 continue alphabetically, omitting 'j' because some languages do not distinguish between the letters "i" and "j"

[@meltdown6856]

@@nandhinipuppy4357 Hope i was able to help 😁😊

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[@jasonchu212]

Hands down the best definition of energy levels. Simple and concise. Thanks

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Finally! A step by step logical approach with perfect illustration. Thank you!

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You're my 5th video on this topic and you are the only one that made this make any sense THANK YOU!!! Someone please give this man an award!

[@fatenadel2611]

I swear it's the best explication I have ever seen, thanks from my heart, now all things became clear in my mind

[@Yagnagosh]

Hats off. Thank you millions . It was quite hard understanding but your diagrams made it crystal clear!

[@midnightrider1100]

The best lecture I have seen online for this that does not assume we already know everything before we watch it. It fills in all the knowledge gaps. The only thing I wonder about is your mention of circular orbits when scientists are saying now that electrons do not orbit in a planetary fashion as in your descriptions.

[@adityamanoharan6613]

THE BEST EXPLANATION I'VE EVER COME ACROSS!!

[@abhinandandixit7966]

CORRECT... CLEAN... CRISP... CLEAR.. THANKS!!!