Roman Coloniae: Tools of Roman Power and Expansion

In this video, I examine how the Romans utilized colonies to help expand their power and alleviate social pressure at home. Chronologically, this video covers Roman history from approximately the Middle Republic to the Early Empire, with some occasional forays into the Late Empire and Early Middle Ages.
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[@user-rq2ly4bf1w]

That map of Roman colonies really helps to show how the Romans shifted from speaking Latin to Greek in the eastern Empire. Apparently there were dozens of Roman colonies all throughout Asia Minor and the Balkans. This ruling class of Romans eventually would have fully transitioned over to Greek in time, but they retained their Roman identity for centuries, ruling from the eastern half of the Empire and doing it while speaking the Greek language.

[@billmorrison9068]

Hellenism is underrated.

[@StoicDivinity]

I believe it has more to do with Eastern Orthodoxy vs Roman Catholicism than you think.

[@historyrepeat402]

@@billmorrison9068 Alexander the Great’s Successors are underrated parallel to Hellenism.

[@billmorrison9068]

@@historyrepeat402 More specifically?

[@historyrepeat402]

@@billmorrison9068 The Successor Kingdoms, Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Empire, Pergamon, Pontus, Etc. Most people skip over those two hundred years of a Macedonian/Majority Greek speaking elite. I wonder if Rome conquered the east from Persia rather than Alexander if they would be speaking Greek or Latin.

[@grandoldpartisan8170]

“Lincoln surname The Lincoln surname means ‘from the lake colony,’ or one who came from Lincoln, England. The name derives from the Welsh element lynn, meaning ‘lake or pool’ and the Latin element colonia, meaning ‘colony.’”

[@denizmetint.462]

Coln Köln Colonia

[@robert9016]

Respect to the greatest US president

[@Creations-Corner]

@@robert9016 What’s this have to do with Teddy Roosevelt?

[@lunatikatlemans24h88]

Pwll =pool gwyn,(lynn) =White. Dwi'n siarad brehz a hefyd rhywfaint o Gymraeg. But french is my first.

[@moodist1er]

@@robert9016 Lincoln and Roosevelt were both psychopaths with corporate arms up their asses.

[@jl696]

"One became the city of lights and the other still is a swamp." Lol.

[@SSFFAA-gt9rq]

remember when commodus changed the name of rome to "colonia aelia commodiana"... those were the days... anyway thank you great video as always

[@gamerwithopinions2036]

ya and he adopted 12 names and renamed the months in accordance. Good old days.

[@YoungOddo]

@@gamerwithopinions2036 that madman

[@dragooll2023]

Commodus is in my top 3 roman emperors

[@gamerwithopinions2036]

@@dragooll2023 he is quite interesting his relation with his dad, his brother and mother, his entourage its a vey pivotal point in roman history

[@Fatherofheroesandheroines]

@@dragooll2023 then you Kinda have issues

[@floridaman318]

They really liked France and south Spain.

[@fantarcro]

Nice weather, warm climate, fertile soil, beautiful scenary

[@BoxStudioExecutive]

after caesar killed or enslaved 60% of them it was basically free real estate

[@AethelwulfBretwalda]

That's where you can grow olives!

[@bearonaromp7473]

And grow the bulk of grapes for wine.

[@chibble3591]

Probably cheap land for veterans

[@njm3211]

US military bases in Germany bear some resemblance to Roman legionary outposts. Local economies provide support to soldiers and their families and many are employed by Uncle Sam. Very interesting and informative video. Greetings from Italy.

[@MarcillaSmith]

But that would mean... No... No!.. no, it can't be!!!

[@bv2623]

@@MarcillaSmith It means Europe is basically being occupied by US forces but we are told they are "allies". Oh and we should invest 2% of our GDP into NATO defence (most of the budget being spent on US military contractors, it's basically the same as paying tribute);) Imagine an EU country having a military base in the US... Pax Americana was invented for some reason. Hell, we having this exchange of comments in English (my native language is Dutch) speaks for itself ;)

[@MarcillaSmith]

@@bv2623 right, by way of the internet, which was originally called the ARPAnet because, well, same things

[@Ruhnum]

@@bv2623 Tell me how much of the US GDP is invested in NATO defence ? EU is lucky that Trump lost the elections

[@dingus6317]

@@Ruhnum America isn’t

[@user-rq2ly4bf1w]

"Caesar, the triumvirs and Augustus planted twenty odd colonies of veterans, nine or ten in Greece and Macedonia, ten in various parts of Asia Minor, and one in Syria. Later emperors added about a dozen more to the list." - Greeks under the Roman Empire, Dumbarton Oakes, A.H.M. Jones

[@blazodeolireta]

dude you're spoiling me, being a big Roman history nerd.

[@fernandogarcia3957]

You should mention along the cities founded on top of a Legion encampment: Legio VII Gemina in Northern Spain became León,.

[@FaithfulOfBrigantia]

Most cities founded by Rome in Northern Spain started out as military camps, since the conquest of that area took a really long time and effort.

[@juwebles4352]

@@FaithfulOfBrigantia plus military forts in roman times were sources of trade for merchants, so you can understand why some iron smith who sell alot of swords to the romans anyway would choose to set up shop in the fabrica alongside the legionary smiths

[@xavisanchez7522]

Before leon was lyon, and was based in romance occitan language , like Çamora, Vall adolit, Burg, Uviedo, etc. Castilian language came later than astur lyones, in fact castilian is a dialect from aragonese,an ancient occitan catalan dialect

[@FaithfulOfBrigantia]

Galician was the first language to have diverged from the vulgar Latin spoken by the Suebian kingdom. It is estimated that it began diverging in spoken form as early as the 6th century, and was already used in official documents by the 9th century. Astur-Leonese diverged from the vulgar Latin spoken by the Visigothic Nobility and became widespread in Asturias when most of the Visigothic Nobility took refugee in there after the Battle of Covadonga, it is unknown when it diverged from Latin but probably in the 8th-9th century during the kingdom of Asturias. Castilian, like Astur-Leonese developed from the Visigothic Vulgar Latin, but it did so later, estimated around the 10th century, after the establishment of the county of Castile. Catalan developed from Occitan, brought by the Franks after they occupied the "Spanish March" in the late 8th century, it is estimated to have diverged from Occitan in the 10th century, when the county of Catalonia became independent from the Carolingian Empire. Aragonese is complicated, it developed in an area in the border between Castilian to the west, Catalan to the east, Basque to the north and Mozarabic to the south, resulting in a hybrid language with heavy influence from all of the previous ones. Portuguese was the last to diverge, it diverged from Galician somewhere between the 13th-15th centuries, when the Portuguese kingdom ended its reconquista and shifted its focus from warfare to cultural development and nation-building, while Galician began approaching Castilian instead.

[@21nickik]

Just so people know Londinum is still in legal exists. As 'City of London' (or 'Old London' as you called it) and its a legal entity inside the British system until today, even when the walls are no longer there. The current City of London is actually a city called Winser that slowly grew around 'Old London'. The King of England is STILL NOT ALLOWED INSIDE OF 'City of London' unless he gets invited by the Major. Check out CGPGrey video about 'City of London'.

[@6throundnate759]

Thanks bro that is interesting

[@MongrolianD]

You may want to reconsider your use of ‘British system’, “King of England” _’Winser’_ & _’the Major’_ (sic). None of these things exist, strictly speaking. Without wishing to be overly rude I suggest you rewatch whatever source you have for this. You *are* on to something, but you’re misremembering your own second-hand retelling something awful

[@TenOrbital]

Curious the densest area overlaps with the exarchy, later papal states

[@miltonthomaslowe]

At around 8:30 you displayed a dot map of Roman colonies. I noticed a higher density of these dots in central Italy that resembles the former Papal States.

[@miltonthomaslowe]

Can you recommend where I do further reading?

[@miltonthomaslowe]

@walter cuperidge thanks. Is the english version The History of Rome (Complete) by Theodor Mommsen?

[@denizmetint.462]

Gallia Revancisalpina

[@mariusstefan7214]

Roma-nia…Apulum now Alba Iulia my home town.

[@brendansheehan7714]

The photo shown during the discussion on Salernum is actually a photo of the nearby ancient Greek colony of Paestum

[@user-rq2ly4bf1w]

The biggest Roman colony of them all was New Roma, otherwise known as Constantinople.

[@hannibalburgers477]

Not in 2nd century. In second century it was full of Thracean cavemen.

[@AsiandOOd]

wrong. byzantium was a greek colony that was then made the capital by constantine the great. even then it did not surpass the old capital for some 50 years.

[@user-rq2ly4bf1w]

@@AsiandOOd First read to learn, then analyze all the facts, then come up with a conclusion. Byzantium and Constantinople (or New Rome officially) are not the same the city. Byzantium was an ancient Greek city-state that was conquered by the Romans and then destroyed twice, first by Septimius Severus then by Galienus. Constantine, first of the name, then built an even greater city on the ruins of what lied there before New Rome was built. Constantinopolis is not Byznatium. It is not a Greek city. It was Roman, and always was until it fell at last in 1453.

[@StoicDivinity]

why does everyone give Rome the credit of Eastern Orthodoxy?

[@AsiandOOd]

@@StoicDivinity because the romans established the patriarch system that is the distinct factor between eastern orthodoxy and the west, with catholicism preaching roman priority under the name of peter, referring themselves as first among equals. this slowly culminated in the great schism that formally split the east and west, with the west under the pope and the east under the byzantine romans. so the orthodox church is practically the church of the romans ever since constantine the great.

[@Giorno.]

One thing is that we are not quite sure how urbanized the Roman Empire was: based on the archeological evidence (Hanson and Ortman (2017)) it appears the Roman Empire was highly urbanized for a pre-industrial society (roughly 25-30% of the population lived in towns over 5,000 inhabitants) which is about 2-3 times the rate of urbanization in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries, which shows how important cities were for their society. Also, we lack labor force data to estimate which proportion of the population worked in agriculture, so it's better for us to not make quantitative claims such that claiming that the majority of the population worked in agriculture.

[@jasondaveries9716]

Yo how many cities did they found in the ocean? The romans were truly great builders

[@noided5599]

Omg i just discovered your channel mate I HAVE SO MUCH STUFF TO WATCH LOL . I just finished mike duncan history of rome while i was walking my dog everyday , now i can listen to more things

[@luissalcedo6493]

Glad to see you're active again on KZbin.

[@LlamaArmy]

Cool, a new youtube history channel to binge. The way you deliver the information is excellent, very concise.

[@xyAKMxy]

17:06 greetings from Rimini, once Ariminum. The Bridge of Tiberius still stands as a connection between the southern, wider portion of the old roman town/medieval "borgo", and the northern portion, called Borgo San Giuliano, across the canal, this latter being a location much loved by movie director Federico Fellini. And Augustus' Arch serves as the de-facto entrance to the roman town, leading the way for Piazza Tre Martiri, the chief plaza which in roman times was the forum itself of the city. Wish you all a good one

[@mikenunz]

Putting out some really great content, Thersites! Making quarantine life more tolerable!

[@Rick-ih7wp]

If you obey a quarantine, FUCK YOU! You are the problem.

[@atsekaleb7]

Very nice, I love your videos and you should keep uploading your quality content!

[@activeal]

Enjoyed these instructions! Thanks!

[@Erschado]

How is it possible that I missed this precious history channel ? KZbin Algorithm you failed me !

[@es.sanres3179]

Great video as always!

[@correasilva2714]

Excelent video. Congrats!

[@heinkhel]

Super nerdy and super interesting

[@alexandrub8786]

I am just curious how Romania remained latin and it wasn't slavicized . Why didn't the first german had not much influence ,so little that we don't learn that a group how germans immigrated here after Rome.

[@pipebomber04]

You mean during the germanic migrations. Most historians estimate the migrants as small in numbers although militarily strong.

[@RaidenWard]

@@pipebomber04 that is the every man is warrior population kind of thing. So they have 100,000 men and 100,000 warriors. Romans had 1,000,000 men and only 1,000 soldiers.

[@alexandrub8786]

@@pipebomber04 yeah butvi call them "first germans"(gepids and goths) because the hungarian kings colonized a part of Transylvania with "sașii/svabi", and (maybe) under the Habsburgs, for economical reasons in the medieval era.

[@alexandrub8786]

@@pipebomber04 And i wasn't really asking kow they conquered or taken under control the land but how they didn't have really any influence in the local population amd aren't remembered by most of my population even as a footnote.

[@My_Take]

Good question it honestly bugged me for a long time, especially considering that Romania (Dacia) is beyond the Danube river and wasn't always in the Roman fold. It may have someting to do I think with the fact that Romania is mountainous allowing for isolated communities to be preserved and Latin revivial efforts in the 19th century when Romanian nationalism took hold. Still strange though. Also, where the hell do Albanians come from?

[@nimbledick9869]

The Roman Road between Calcaria and Eboracum runs about 2 - 3m beneath my front garden, so tempted to dig it up and see what's there, there's a gnarly Yew tree above it though so don't really want to disturb it's ancient roots.

[@sarcasmo57]

Super interesting.

[@stevep5408]

The aqueduct at Tarraco is dry. I walked out on it two years ago. Mighty impressive.

[@OAlem]

The theater in Merida is so beautiful and well preserved that it's used as a theater today. In Spain a castro is a fortified settlement on a hill. Apparently it must be Celtic to Qualify. Madrid and Toledo count. The most famous aquaduct in Spain isn't the one in Tarragon but Segovia.

[@jonathanh5405]

I have been to Athens and as someone living an hour away from Caesarea - I have been there many times, it was never the size of Piraeus (though still quite impressive for the time)

[@AragornV]

"Manfume" That's hilarious! I'm gonna borrow that one.

[@Infected_Apple]

Such a weird comment section, Enjoyed the presentation, very informative!

[@lesliesylvan]

29:52 good one, ty 😁

[@stayrospaparunas3062]

Also there's an Amiga 500 game name Carthago Hannibal war,u can find so many name cities...

[@Gquequeg98]

Lol’d at “Nixonesque” 👌🔥

[@plazmica0323]

Hello from Singidunum, its more like Sing-g(hard g like g in goat)-i(like alphabet e)-dunum Fun fact, Belgrade in slavic means white city, we are capital of Gondor , cheers :D

[@titnesovic4522]

Good video but I'm not sure how accurate the map is. The piece of land where I live is missing at least two dots - Emona and Celea.

[@rundownthriftstore]

Hey DC itself isn’t really a swamp but the surrounding areas definitely are. Looking at you Belle Haven

[@wilb6657]

I was expecting more of these in Spain.

[@superzhane299]

Nice

[@madridista6862]

This was very interesting. Thank you for sharing the knowledge. The Roman period is very interesting.

[@OrdoMallius]

Notice the lack of colonies in the Balkans. They knew even back then.

[@juwebles4352]

Best to leave them to it

[@user-rq2ly4bf1w]

There were actually many Roman colonies in the Balkans: at least as many in the Balkans as there were in Spain or France. All of the northern Balkans were thoroughly Romanized by the 6th century AD (Slavic tribes reversed this process, though). The residents of the Balkans north of the Jirecek Line spoke Latin by a wide berth. There was also a considerable number of colonies in the Asia Minor and Greece. Looking at the map in the video above, there were quite a few Roman colonies scattered about the the Balkans.

[@jamespfp]

44:20 -- RE: London's Wall defining the boundary of "Old London" until the 18th Century -- *In Other Words,* until after the period of the Glorious Revolution, the Restoration, and Christopher Wren's architectural remodeling of the 17th century. Essentially the Industrial Revolution outmoded and/or made the Wall obsolete.

[@redcapetimetraveler7688]

7:50 in english you have reversed the meaning of "patrons" and on your slide too , for the romans the leader is the patron and his followers are the clients...while in english you have two contradictory meanings patrons as customers in a bar , and the one from the roman ,, what a good way to be totally confused ;=))

[@0MVR_0]

This is inaccurate, a patron is a person who offers resources or the disposal of such. In a bar, that resource is money or payment for drinks, with a client that is usually institutional access. A patron simply allows a service to continue in gratitude, hence the renaissance patrons for amateur artists.

[@maligjokica]

i am surprused how there is no significant colonies in Dalmatia and Iliricum. greetings from former colonia flavia scupinorum;)

[@freesbee5326]

Not many latin speakers there.

[@stipicaradic]

That map is not very comprehensive. I don't know why. Maybe because Roman coloniae and municipia (I don't think that Therasites makes a distinction between Municipium and Colonia in this video) were already large Illyrian, pre-Illyrian and Greek settlements, like Delminium, Epidaurum and Asseria. Here are some from the top of my head: Solin - Colonia Martia Iulia Salona, Zadar - Colonia Iulia Iader, Vid - Colonia Iulia Narona. Greeting s from Castrum Rubini.

[@freesbee5326]

@@stipicaradic you look at maps and warfare as a modern military observant. It does not work for roman empire. The tactic was devide et impera and roman roads were crucial for their welfare

[@stipicaradic]

@@freesbee5326 Spare me. I can tell you're not very knowledgeable or acute.

[@freesbee5326]

@@stipicaradic as you wish. I think you are telling the roman story like you are an american officer. .did not work that way. Roman military tactic was less on field and more political. They made economical deals and offered protection to tribes (that they observed before) making em fight against another tribe of the same ethnic group or same language. Why they conquered modern france easily? Cause of Gauls. Gaulish languages were akin of Latin, same family. They were not mutual intelligible or at least not easily, but there was surely a linguistic continuum with other italic languages. In fact, Gauls served romans very well to fight semi-gaulish people like germans. And romans at beginning were not very successful in tactic against Vascones, illyrians and people beyond Rhein and Danube. The people I mentioned were slowly assimilated and romans had a lot of guerrilla like battles against em. As for illyria, macedonia, thrace and greece, romans build the Via Egnatia. Roads were made first for military reasons, then commercial. All along the roads there were military forts which develop into cities. The same thing as Via Egnatia was done in Aemilia against Senones

[@theant4268]

0:05 why did they set up so many cities in the middle of the ocean?

[@ffreeze9924]

I can see a strange overlap between the massive concentration of colonies in Italy and the territory owned by the later Papal States. I wonder if that’s not just a coincidence

[@felicepompa1702]

Yeah it's just a coincidence (and also the densest area of roman colonies went further south than the former papal states, towards the campanian plain where naples is today

[@yiannimil1]

29:59....OUCH!

[@Mavo936]

I don't know about turtling, that's playing overly defensive. Wouldn't call an empire 'defensive'. Perhaps booming? or Forward defense?

[@Cos_Why_Not]

I would say blobbing

[@papageitaucher618]

Whats up with you people, why do you all want to be friends with Thersites?

[@richard343s]

I see these bots posting the same comments everywhere, really strange.

[@papageitaucher618]

@Thersites u should block or report them. Those are bots written by channels to push them

[@ThersitestheHistorian]

@@papageitaucher618 It's always interesting to find the channels the bots represent. It is rarely from a channel with remotely similar content or interests.

[@stayrospaparunas3062]

I saw a documenter years ago about Rome veterans,each one had about 7 wifes about 20 children,well i understand cuz Rome want soldiers, don't forget ppl that polygamy stopped with Christianity..idk why the today historians don't say about ancient polygamy...

[@Dear_Mr._Isaiah_Deringer]

Because the the institution of a roman marriage was strictly monogamous. That was already in pre-christian times a big distinction point to the ancient Greeks. Of course that didn't stop people from having multiple (but not formally married) wifes neither in pre- nor in post-christian times. It is rather the case that the Roman legal system formed the legal basis of what became the Christian concept of monogamous marriage and not the other way around. I'd recommend you read up on Roman marriage (law) as it has stark resemblance to what became the modern practice of marriage (even down to the ceremony).

[@rebirth5362]

Weren't the Nika riots actually crushed by military force?

[@panagiotisg83]

Yes, by the actual army units. Constantinople also had an armed force acting as a police, which was overwhelmed quite easily by the masses.

[@user-fb7or1wt3t]

Hello! It is indeed baffling, for many history passionates and some academics alike , how in spite of all migrations, settling and establishment of many non-roman people and the apparent short period of roman control over the north danubian territories the people of these lands continued identifying as romans and speak a romance language. Even the romanian history manuals tend to oversimplify the matter of this subject that most romanians can't properly explain why they are who they are. I think that the problem lies in underestimating the effects of several key historical phenomenons which, in a "butterfly effect" fashion, led to a consolidation of romance culture north of the Danube and in the same time, it's dissolving south of the river. First, people tend to believe that romanisation occurs whilst cultures are directly controlled by Rome. I think this is misleading, because it is not a forceful process, it takes several generations for native non-romans to gradually replace their local tribal, or town, or clan identity with a newly acquired class/title identity and it it is sparked by events or decisions which intice the natives to adopt a new conduct, words and expressions of another language, gradually replace older local traditions with a decorum and fashion signaling a certain social improvement and the prospect of inheritance of said improvement. The birth of the romanian people began long before Trajan both south and north of the Danube, the starting point being the reforms of Octavian, the same as regards to the romanisation of Gaul and Hispania. Roman colonies played little to no role in this process, since the natives must be given alluring reasons to change and simply forcing change Invites constant revolt (why would Israelites revolt, are they not afraid of the collosal might of Rome?)... Second. Same as in Gaul or Hispania, the area of the lower Danube basin (which the ancient greeks tended to generally identify as Thracian lands the same way as the romans would call Germania everything east of the Rhine) was inhabited by multiple tribal confederations of the same or of different but strongly related and similar cultures which maintained their connection even when the Roman empire forced them to consolidate in antagonist kingdoms and then solidified that cultural connection when Rome expanded control over most of the area. The Roman limes was not a border wall of exclusion, but a well guarded bridge. There was nothing stopping the common dacian and getian from north of the Danube to communicate and share experiences with the common Thracian, moesian and illirian from south of the Danube. And with this sharing, the realization of the possibility of aquireing a certain title, as a private individual, that will grant not land but generally respected privileges for the modicum effort of serving the romans in their campaigns whilst ussualy being allowed to keep the loot and send it to wherever your home is. People tend to be very proud and defensive about their hard earned titles and privileges. Whether it was a title or a privilege... What was clear was that it was roman and so were all who got them. Third. Historians tend to stay clear of the apparently murky period of the "dark" ages, fearing subjects of the period to be lacking in sources and therefore whatever stances taken to be treated as mere speculation (academics especially seem to be terrorized by this so they never come close to such subjects). However, there are sources giving us clear indication of what happened to the romanized people in this region, the dreaded Byzantine sources which explain how, starting with the huns, but really enforced by the avars and the bulgars (who were turks, not slavs) the settlements of the balkans were subjected to a policy of forceful relocation of people after each successful raid. It seems that the avars and the bulgars were playing the game with cheat mode activated, not only were they raiding for wealth and tribute but they were taking away the very possibility of recovery and source of renewed strength - the people who were expected to respond to their civic obligations to the state, the ones who were supposed to be romans and not just any slavic settler that was only expected to pay taxes. On top of this, these new khans, instead of selling the captured as slaves, they resettled and ruralised them in their core provinces bolstering their own taxpool. It helped these khans that they already ruled north of the Danube over people who were the same kind of Roman as the resettled ones.

[@ozzy5146]

Although surely related etymologically, it seems that "colony" is not the appropriate translation for "coloniaie." "City" or "Settlement" or something else is better.

[@jakobraahauge7299]

your so cute 😙 but you gotta up your game on translations into modern name from the beginning, bro! 😆 But very tudy job +keep 'em coming, please! 😁

[@prudentibus]

Oh ye, best weapon to control crowd - machine-gun.

[@climberly]

Nero was the greatest emperor. This comment is dedicated to him and him alone.

[@CatholicSoldierX]

Nero was a massive degenerate with a pathetic beta face. Good that he died.

[@Ruhnum]

You said that like you lived under his rulership

[@climberly]

@@CatholicSoldierX nuh uh!

[@climberly]

@@Ruhnum yup. It's all that garrum. does wonders for your complexion.

[@theletterw3875]

Thersites' most condescending video

[@bushit123456]

Why the dots at the sea?

[@rutufn0596]

Islands

[@florianbaun2510]

too many commercials

[@pierren___]

Lutetia = hill.

[@ikerriveraperez]

29:54 …and the other is the city of blacks

[@christopherellis2663]

Firenza Florența (florin, forint) You do need to learn Latin vowels, Think, Spanish, Italian.... Zaragusta, Colonia Cæsar Augustus Roman Palestine in 63 AD? Köln.... Singidunum: Beograd! The main street is the Roman road. Dacia (Samigezatusa )🇹🇩 Alba Iulia is well north, near Cluj Napoca.

[@xavisanchez7522]

Latin was the language of the elites,population spoke romance, later became the language d’ oc, Occitania, the mother language of french, spanish languages,italian languages( napolitan until 19 century then tuscan as italian language)

[@NeonShadowsx]

>CE okay lol bye

[@geordiejones5618]

Some people prefer bce/ce. Take your dead jew on a stick and shove it all up your ass.

[@Rick-ih7wp]

Advertisements every 5 to 8 minutes have rendered this UNWATCHABLE!

[@ruibeto]

Fast forward to the end and then start again ... no adds 😉

[@Rick-ih7wp]

@@ruibeto That trick stopped working a couple of years ago.

[@zacharyb2723]

You say the elites weren't interested in alleviating poverty - full stop. Don't you think its a little more complex than that? Cool videos. but authoritarian bent it seems. why you hate on cicero? i mean as opposed to other rich romans?

[@fiddlesticks7245]

I see CE, I hit the dislike button.

[@JBigjake]

Poor you!

[@fiddlesticks7245]

@@JBigjake Why is that

[@theyoutubenomad.3035]

The Romans were never colonialists.

[@JBigjake]

400 coloniae beg to differ.

[@geordiejones5618]

Thats literally how they conquered Italy by breaking up other tribes/polities with strategic colonies.