Sandy Munro On Next-Generation EV Technology: Tesla, Solid State Batteries, MegaCastings, VTOLS, Q&A

[@MunroLive]

Thanks for having me!

[@trent7899]

Terrific presentation!

[@hedialaya3230]

Thank you sir

[@tomknop8675]

All the best to Megan!

[@anthonysmithtube]

Awesome! Looking forward to the Quantumscape interview- keep on keeping on Mr Munro

[@echoeversky]

"I've been pushing them for.. um.. 30 years.." -woof. I look forward to more of your forward looking fact based statements and translating Elon Musk into plain language. I also do hope that Sandy can get some joy and closure from further disclosures all things plasma and kinetic.

[@tracyjiang2576]

At 21:17, I just love that quote on screen “once attracted it sticks like a bloodsucking relative”. Priceless.....

[@WeVisitTravelGuide]

most plentiful "eliminate"

[@DmitriGoncharov]

This presentation would be fantastic to watch again in 2031.

[@MrNikitir]

Let me come back in 10 years

[@jamespong6588]

We would be really close to a fully EV by then!!!

[@korchansan]

It really will be

[@bbcooter388]

I only wish I could give this video ten thumbs up !!! Fantastic talk from an exceptional speaker !!!! Thanks Sandy Munro !!!!

[@nellyt2807]

A fantastic speaker that waffles as much as this errrrrm errrrrm

[@theknifedude1881]

Thank you so much for this presentation. I’ve been following Sandy Monro for a couple of years. Ever since I saw him on Autoline After Hours. When Gali/Hyperchange said he had introduced Mark Frohnmayer to Sandy I rushed out and bought FUV @ $3.01. Unfortunately I didn’t sell @ $36.80. But I have made a few $$ and FUV is my second largest holding, behind TSLA. When Sandy says something I pay attention. Thanks again.

[@joenavarro2973]

Wow this is quintessential Sandy , he makes engineering understandable and enjoyable. Such a unique and rare gem,awesome channel

[@korchansan]

Agreed

[@TAD-9]

Thank you so much for making this happen. Munro is a national treasure!

[@danubiosalas4231]

How flixzone relates to Sandy Munro, EVs or even engineering? Go sell somewhere else.

[@TAD-9]

@@danubiosalas4231 just report it as spam so that KZbin can pick up on this spam trash.

[@trizvanov]

VTOL personal vehicles at around 34:00 marker. The biggest issue with those and especially when we talk about separation, are the forces of nature, namely the air drafts such as heat and wind. The air, unlike the pavement is never solid and if you've ever flown a small aircraft you'd know just how "bumpy" it is. No matter how comfortable you may become with constantly getting thrown about, there is an inherent risk of smashing into structures, particularly in the cities. Take one such as Manhattan or Hong Kong that are full of very tall buildings in very close proximity to each other, and you have massive amount of warm air swirling about. Now, combine that with natural weather patterns and you have a whole heap of challenges to worry about.

[@americaswayout4489]

Thanks, I just started reviewing all these technologies, your introduction certainly was informative.

[@alanrogers7090]

Thank you to Sandy Munro and Charged for this presentation. I had much of the basic information floating around in my head, but this put a laser focus on breaking the options down the best way. I specially was interested to find out, (for sure, though I suspected), that there is no ONE best solution for all needs. Cars, and other small vehicles NEED batteries. At the present time, this means Li-Ion. Larger vehicles can make use of hydrogen. Eventually, there may be a viable Solid State Battery available for general use, but to replace Li-Ion may take decades. Hooray for Sandy. He covered all bets while sounding knowledgeable. I'm kidding, of course, Sandy is THE BOSS when it comes to engineering.

[@RayNLA]

Many blessings to your niece Meagan Sandy!

[@ronaldgarrison8478]

46:00 You can make a casting with the crush characteristics you want, and you could make the alternative with desirable crushing as well. The question is how much it weighs. Nobody seems to be putting it in those terms. I think the castings will save substantial weight. It totally makes sense. There are no operations such as stamping, and stamping inevitably weakens a piece of metal to some extent.

[@cruiser97eric1]

Stamping can make metal stronger because of work hardening. Casting produces metal in its weakest form, lacking extra strength from work hardening or heat treatment.

[@richardhamilton-gibbs6360]

Thanks for doing this. I have the greatest respect for Sandy Munro and his engineering knowledge. As another old guy, I know there's no substitute for having paid attention to everything around me all my life. It's worth remembering and respecting the enormous depth of Tesla from both a management and technology perspective. Elon Musk has built a company that is a magnet for the best talent in the world, and the ongoing result is that Tesla is the most competent and far-sighted company in the world in every aspect of physical transportation, energy production, energy transportation, energy storage, and AI. Every aspect? Invent, research, design, and develop; manufacturing systems; software control systems; user interfaces; user assist systems (FSD, for example). Tesla is now so far ahead in every area of its technology, every aspect is licensable. The scary aspect for every other organization is the Elon Musk corporate model. It's an entirely new model that disposes of the old power heirarchies that exist inside every other company (departments, management structure, etc). This new model gets much faster, better results which means that any old heirarchies can't catch up and will have no choice but to licence from Tesla.

[@nickfosterxx]

Wow. The Q&A is terrific. Great questions.

[@randolphtorres4172]

THANKSGIVING

[@gyoung4597]

Wishing Meghan a quick and full recovery! Thanks for your insights, Sandy!

[@hkrol100]

Thanks so much! Very helpful indeed!

[@markoverton5858]

Awesome vlog tons of info Sandy is a faint mind can’t get enough of his thinking ,👍👏👏👏👏👏👏

[@horacethompson9330]

Mr. Munro, you are a fountain of info, vision and inspiration. Thank you for this clarity.

[@javaerrol]

Very informative... Very much appreciated!

[@johnstubbe3113]

Sandy great job, I'm a big H2 fan , did research in the 70's on them. Did you know my dad James he worked for A.O.Smith into the late 80's in R and D and production.

[@florenciovela7570]

i've ordered the tri motor fsd ct & i can't wait for it to get here!! I may buy the S or the Y in the mean time..i got lots of solar & back up battery system as well.

[@wobby1516]

As always Sandy is brilliant, to the point and most informative. 🙏 thanks 🇬🇧 Oh, and he’s absolutely right about CEOs most of whom are accountants, who look at balance sheets to the exclusion of all else. That’s why so much has first gone to Japan and now to China, China in particular leads the world in electronics.

[@bluetoad2668]

Yep, accountants and lawyers -

[@markskeldon1347]

The top brass in the traditional ICE manufacturing sector are the source of the sectors insistence of their retardation of their vehicles by using up the old parts they have in stock instead of creating new technologies.

[@lengould9262]

And exploitation of / protection of their patent portfolio.

[@MichaelGreenLagos]

I think the reason for oem not going to body casting are Union simple

[@Barskor1]

U r guing to gurt rid of Gerbs! Nooooo!!!

[@Dave5843-d9m]

The Japanese used aluminium castings and extrusions for motorcycle frames. Sadly they have not really progressed with front wheel suspension. Designs like the Hossack (which was done to be low cost) have never taken hold.

[@seymoronion8371]

@@Barskor1 Are you drowning?

[@danneil8778]

Thanks to all. Very informative.

[@alsmith358]

26:14 Not sure where he gets that 'battery 4% recyclable' stat, but that's just wrong. Batteries are in the 90 to 99% range of recyclability.

[@rhamph]

He might be talking about economic recyclability, meaning what actually happens rather than what could be done. Not sure though.

[@ChargedElectricVehiclesMag]

90%+ recyclability is true for automotive lead-acid batteries, but large scale Li-Ion recycling is still in the early days.

[@johnharvey1786]

Charged, you need to look at what’s happening more closely with recycling EV batteries. Yes it’s ramping up from a low start but that’s because EV use has been very limited in Europe until now. Fully Charged have a very good video on this, showing the efficiency of the latest process is high.

[@akselhanssen9301]

@@ChargedElectricVehiclesMag Fortum claim they can recycle 80% + of lithium-ion battery materials. I wonder if its true or not.

[@ChargedElectricVehiclesMag]

​@@johnharvey1786 Here is JB himself saying, "In the US... about 90% of these batteries end up in the landfills or trash stream. A near-term mission is to mission for us is to reverse that trend..." kzbin.info/www/bejne/l4G4nINsj6mVhaM

[@guylarabie8229]

I like both the Hydro Quebec battery idea and the light activated hydrogen solutions, Because of the large availability of electricity, specially hydro, in some parts of the country I tend to go for this option.

[@ronaldgarrison8478]

22:40 When you talk about the energy density of hydrogen, you MUST include the weight of the TANK. With gasoline or diesel, the weight of the tank is not a big deal because of the density of the fuel. But with hydrogen, it's everything. And when you include that, hydrogen can still look fairly good, but not THAT good.

[@markweatherill]

The response to that might be that if you can make a battery a structural part of a car, surely you can make a hydrogen tank structural, right? I am not too sure how realistic that is!

[@ronaldgarrison8478]

@@markweatherill I must admit that's one possibility I hadn't thought of. It probably could be done. I'm not sure how much advantage that would provide. And one thing that may be a misconception is that it's easy to quickly refill a hydrogen tank. Filling a tank to thousands of bars might require quite a bit of compression energy, and take much longer than just pumping in liquid. One thing to keep your eye on might be the "power paste" I've heard of, which is a sort of hydride goo, consisting of tiny hydride particles. That would already have the hydrogen pre-compressed, and could be pumped in quickly, and you could get the gas out as you drive.

[@Radarcb329]

This is perhaps outrageous, but if metal hydrogen (solid at room temp) can be produced with advanced nuclear energy and a method to infinitesimally use small amounts of it, that would blow everything here away. Also, if liquid hydrogen is part of the solution, why can’t liquid oxygen be also. Reason for propelling with precise blending of these two, is that the result is truly water, versus nitrous oxides + water.

[@Radarcb329]

@@ronaldgarrison8478 Why can’t tanks be plug and play, no refill in real time. Same goes for battery packs, except the architecture being designed doesn’t permit that.

[@ronaldgarrison8478]

@@Radarcb329 I think one thing we can safely say is that, for either hydrogen or batteries, swapping will come at a price in weight, volume, and cost. That cost may not be too high for hydrogen. I'd like to see a real analysis of it.

[@nyguy30rr98]

Sandy the best!!!😤 always teaching me something

[@Animalwon]

I enjoyed the talk with Sandy but WHY is Sandy in 720p when he should have been in 1080p or even 4k? I would have wanted to see his wall decorations in better detail.

[@johnbirk843]

I see very little coverage of the Lilium vertical takeoff electric jet, it would be interesting if you looked into it

[@jonesmatthew7511]

EVTOL Please! I"m right there with Sandy

[@YaMumsSpecialFriend]

Ah, so I’m the 1500th like. I feel strangely satisfied, over enjoying another great talk by Sandy🖖🏼

[@alanrogers7090]

At 1:19 you talk about Michael Dunne. He is with "Zozo Go", an Asian automobile newsletter.

[@Top12Boardsport]

Great show.

[@vabels54]

One question to Mr Munro, concerning the structural resistance of the one-piece front and rear car bodies. Too rigid, means that, in case of accident, the forces coming from the outside will go integrally to the drivers, passengers and cargo (the problem with chassis made cars, like old VW Beatle). What about this?

[@rp9674]

Ideally they will be rigid until an accident, then they crumple in a controlled designed manner. Controlling deceleration and limiting cabin intrusion.

[@rp9674]

... I have the same question about the cybertruck, tho, that's another level of structure. Accident avoidance can only go so far.

[@streamlineardmona3087]

Such an enjoyable video,

[@TRYtoHELPyou]

Very good overview/intel

[@TheMan-jz5te]

solid state battery is the future .. just time to work👌

[@madintheheid]

My Lord! What a rambling delivery! Take a breath, Sandy, please "...very plentiful kind of an element"

[@markstemmett5296]

You need to visit Hytec Automotive in Port Elizabeth, South Africa

[@michaelvadney5803]

Thanks for the video. Question: if any of these castings get damaged in an accident there is no repairing them, correct?

[@bbcooter388]

Sandy stated that the casting can be welded, the casting is basically 386 Aluminum. But, 420KinK is right, once the car's frame is damaged the Insurance usually writes the whole car off.

[@foley.elec.services]

Sandy.. You are the man 😎

[@chaso4937]

Good Show, Sandy!! Mr. Munro, you are Very Bullish on electric powered VTOLS, and while I'm a High School drop out, and really don't want to bore you with childish questions, I gotta try : of course, the weight of batteries or fuel cells and hydrogen tanks are the biggest problems to overcome, but since the most energy intensive part of any flight is just getting the DAMN thing off the ground and into the air, and since this is a very short duration, high energy event, wouldn't Ultra Capacitors be perfect for this part of the flight?? I read that Ultra Capacitors can store large voltages of electricity, but not large Volumes of electricity yet, but I believe they are much lighter than batteries, which means you'd only need enough batteries for the lowest power use, easiest part of the flight, but I haven't seen or read about using them in that type of application, so I guess I'm wrong!!! Sorry!!! Chas Orvis, Plainville, Ct. PS : you ARE THE WILLIE NELSON OF THE AUTOMOTIVE WORLD!!!

[@Terascon]

This is a very good idea

[@jbrcich709]

I had not heard of light activated hydride until this talk. I am surprised more effort is not directed to this technology.

[@2nd3rd1st]

2:20 Early 2019, that can't be right? Munro's channel and the production Model Y are only a year old, or did they tear down a preproduction Y directly after the reveal in March 2019?

[@Steph1]

He mixed up 2019 & 2020. He did the same for battery day

[@kevinfletcher1999]

The UK postal service has small scale underground tunnels in London. Tiny trains for post and packages.

[@LimabeanLiving]

Fantastic!

[@scrapbongo]

Thank you for the show. Sandy is great source of common sense. subscribed /cheers ScrapBongo

[@jasonc6194]

You need to do a video of Nano One cathode innovator. A lot going on. Their new partnerships and recent uplisting to the Toronto Stock Exchange.

[@timothydawson5042]

Megan, Im a stage 4 survivor. Congradulations. OurStoryBlockchain© ?? #SandyMunro awesome!

[@michaelchang9932]

What about BYD’s solid state battery? It seems that they have that ready for cars soon.

[@ralphlumbard6493]

Sandy. I too for more then 20 years have been saying that the future of transportation is above the ground. My reasoning has always been that we cannot continue to support all the infrastructure and consuming all the natural resources required to keep moving along the surface of the earth. We are seeing it even today. Our roads are a mess and bridges are crumbling and we are continuing to build more knowing full well we can’t pay for the up keep. Air does not need constant repairs. We simply cannot afford to remain on the ground. Spreading out the population both vertically as well as horizontally even just 100’ AGL adds an interesting element of safety. It will save millions of lives.

[@s_dharni2483]

Sandy......u are a gem 💎

[@karl_wiley]

Interesting that Sandy commented on the potential for a car from Apple. He's said numerous times that he has an NDA and can't speak about it. Here he seemed to casually dismiss it as unlikely and not their strong suit 1:23:00

[@bushbruce7926]

Stay after it you the man

[@rickpick6279]

does muro have alzhiemers? didnt he say lmp has ssb? but then goes onto say ssb are only commercialy avaliable in a hearing aid ?

[@GuyIncognito764]

I don't think that's the DSM criteria for Alzheimer's.

[@andrewjackson9697]

Hybrids (diesel/elected, gas/electric.)will have to serve as the stop-gap for all-electric vehicles till the technology and infrastructure can catch-up.

[@nickfosterxx]

What on earth is the advantage of steering by thought. That's what fingers and hands are for. They are designed to translate thought into movement.

[@waynerussell6401]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/sGKWZIx5pMhmiNk

[@fieldlab4]

The most overlooked hydrogen storage option for fuel cells or for combustion is liquid ammonia.

[@brunosmith6925]

Overlooked for a reason... no future for H2 in road transport.

[@fieldlab4]

@@brunosmith6925 Sandy says the exact opposite and ammonia is not H2.

[@brunosmith6925]

@@fieldlab4 Oh... so I suppose we are to regard Sandy as God... what Sandy says will happen? Most observers believe Hydrogen has no future in terrestrial transport because BEV will be much cheaper. People make decisions by looking into their wallets. The engineering may be workable, but economics dicates behaviour.

[@fieldlab4]

@@brunosmith6925 I'll wait for BE aircraft. Meanwhile, the energy density and inherent efficiency of using free oxygen for half your energy cycle will not be ignored. Are fuel cells a battery or a "H2" power source? How many kilowatts per pound do the best batteries provide, versus H2 and ammonia? There is your answer, right in the numbers.

[@monstercameron]

I like how he says we have x, we have y and we have z, like he gets how technology is supposed to benefit us all not just the 1%ers

[@ScientistInvests]

Very informative! Thank you!

[@malekmalek9064]

Where is BYD in this presentation ? For all i know,they're blade battery is the best currently.

[@bettyswallocks6411]

Judging by the ‘thumbs down’ count, at least 10 Ford/GM/Toyota, etc., shareholders have viewed this video. What’s not to like?

[@Prodigious1One]

Intriguing ideas! The VTOL sounds like an idea from the Jetsons. Pretty cool.

[@ginog5037]

dreaming, in 13 yrs still couldn't get funding...sad

[@spuddy4063]

Do you think that the TESLA charging infrastructure will be forced to convert the Supercharger network to allow other vehicles charging?

[@erifra5606]

Much wow!

[@johncurtis920]

What IDRA is doing for this sort of manufacturing is akin to what TSMC is doing in the silicon/chip sectors. Thanks for this video. It made me sit up and start taking notice of what IDRA is doing. Looks like they are key enablers...selling the shovels to the miners (so to speak)... As for VTOL's....Sandy seems very enamored by the potential, and I get it. But Sandy....think it thru. Consider something from this perspective. Ever sat close to an airport? Or under a hovering helicopter or large drone? What's the one thing that leaps out at you? Noise. Big-time noise. Now consider this in light of a world where hundreds to thousands of VTOL-like vehicles are whirling directly overhead. That would be a racket wouldn't it? And on a 24 x 7 basis, too. I'm not sure this aspect is being thought thru.... John~ American Net'Zen

[@jalvarez4371]

Munro is the real GOAT

[@seasong7655]

32:42 Wow it actually has a similar design to the ALICE

[@blueslsd]

Found and Subbed!

[@agoogler1887]

Toyota is not useing the prius anymore ?

[@kirkjohnson9353]

Doesn't the Aptera's use of vacuum cast composite body components take advantage of the giga press casting idea without having to buy a giga press and deal with molten metal? I think the Aptera has maybe 5 total body components that can be self aligning in assembly and hand fitted with no use of robots. So much about the Aptera seems to be really smart to me. I know Sandy is working with them so I'm looking forward to a tear down of one in the next few months as they are getting close to rolling some off of the assembly line. By the end of this year or early next year. Exciting times ahead.

[@Racingforblues]

a ventilation safety device for batttery packs can help it to breath fresh air and out. Also act as safety device in an evetn of thermal runaway.

[@bbcooter388]

The battery packs don't need any ventilation.

[@Racingforblues]

@@bbcooter388 kzbin.info/www/bejne/noW2pGenq9StkKM something like this.

[@cruiser97eric1]

You don't want any moisture to accumulate inside the battery pack.

[@Leopold5100]

Sandy, great video, it would be great if the IDRA KZbin link is also listed in comments section; otherwise so difficult to get correct and watch

[@stanwatkins1877]

Well, they are standardizing on the Tesla plug.

[@tjmozdzen]

In the old days, the stiff one piece construction of the race cars lead to more driver concussions from crashes. The crumple zones helped reduce occupants from sudden acceleration during crashes. Is the solid one piece body cast bringing us back to this problem, or is all solved with air bags or something else?

[@unitrader403]

The Tesla Casting is not part of the crumple zone to my knowledge, the Crash rails Elon mentoined are the "part" where the parts of the cumble zone are attached to on the chassis

[@mauricecoulter-boisvert4159]

Have you given any consideration of the Kia EV6 or the Hyundai Ionic5 products?

[@thestresstheoryofhansselye3607]

I'm impressed that battery chemistry advances gradually via "trial and error" and the Tesla "jelly roll" technology lends itself readily to improvements in battery chemistry without necessitating major alterations in expensive manufacturing machinery. Can the same be said of solid state batteries? My guess is that mass production machinery for solid state batteries would likely work for only one type of solid state battery, and that advancing to a better solid state battery would likely entail major changes in manufacturing equipment.

[@Reddylion]

Interesting

[@daveboon5992]

Love to your Niece Sandy 😍😍🙏🏼🙏🏼

[@Dave5843-d9m]

Ammonia is a stable hydride in liquid form. It adds one nitrogen per three hydrogen atoms but it can be used in internal combustion engines. Thermal efficiency is always the issue. But a crank less engine moving a coil back and forth will generate power with fewer losses and could potentially be made with variable stroke and variable compression ratio.

[@luislongoria6621]

Sabic and Mitsubishi have been working on Ammonia projects for a variety of applications, but haven't released any details since the initial announcement

[@theoldman8877]

The problem with personal vtol is flight is an extremely dynamic situation. That's the reason only 2% of the population has ever operated any type of flying vehicle. Those vehicles will need to be fully autonomous because the average person simply doesn't have a high enough livel of situational awareness if they did there would be zero traffic accidents on the highways today !

[@tjmozdzen]

How does one do a quality inspection of the die casts? it would be bad to notice a small defective section after more assembly is done. Or do they do an in-situ repair?

[@jjw5165]

Probably automatically with cameras

[@cruiser97eric1]

In Tesla's case quality inspections are the responsibility of the car buyer, not the company.

[@tjmozdzen]

@@cruiser97eric1 LOL, but those presses are interesting. I'd like to see what it takes to completely fill the mold and what they do to insure that it comes out perfect 9x.xx% of the time, and what the value of x.xx typically is.

[@tjmozdzen]

I wasn't real happy with the gigapress video. I was looking for more engineering info.

[@benniestaggs3358]

Why not put a high powered alternator on the car to charge the battery when its moving

[@briancayer5815]

Sandy, you have reached the professor level and you deserve a chair when you get tired. I hate to see you endure pain to give me so much info. You gotta take a little guru posture cause that’s what you are. Brian

[@jean3xyz]

Sandy Munro et son équipe ont eu toutes les difficultés du monde à démonter le pack de batteries! Comment est-ce que pourront s’y prendre les recycleurs pour avoir accès à ces batteries tout en rentabilisant leurs efforts?

[@BluemanBas]

where can i get that batery stl?

[@chrismullarkey3181]

Sandy "Hurricane" Munro: He takes the engineering world by storm!

[@crazydrifter13]

What a dude 🔥

[@madmotorcyclist]

Wonder why there was no discussion about AL air batteries?

[@chrisheath2637]

Non-rechargeable is a problem.

[@markskeldon1347]

Mega Casting will rule. The platform is decades ahead of current technology.

[@carlmelville]

Outstanding Sandy, Thanks. Can you do a dumbed-down version MBAs can understand, specifically stock analysts? I'll get you the crayons.

[@pwells10]

dumbed down version: Buy TSLA. that robo taxi network and robo semi delivery is going to be HUGE. The solar charging and battery storage business is eventually going to be an even bigger market.

[@alanrickett2537]

This is the dumped down version.

[@tobyneufeldt5763]

Mega casting save lots of production steps, but how repairable are they? If the car is in an accident will the entire mega casting have to be replaced? I think so. This almost writes off the entire car in an accident that could have been repairable on other conventional vehicles...😕

[@unitrader403]

Since the Megacasting is effectively a part of the Frame the question about repairability is superflous - if the Frame of a Car is damaged in a Crash its a writeoff, no matter how said Frame was manufactured. Also before it gets damaged the impact would have to go through the whole front/rear crumble zone first, not sure if you would trust any car repaired from such an impact..

[@JanineArchiMarie]

The mega casting has front crash rails that can be sawed off and new ones bolted on to the remaining frame, so it’s designed to be more repairable than most frames.

[@tobyneufeldt5763]

@@JanineArchiMarie - So sections of the Mega-Casting can be replace if dammanged?

[@deltaskyhawk]

So when you break your megacasting ..... you have to throw the car away because it is not fixable?

[@noodle3768]

This is my theory about the two Texas guys crash. They started driving with both sitting in front, then they wanted to switch driver while driving. So the passenger moved to back, the driver moved to passenger seat. Before the back seat guy moved to drive seat, accident happened.

[@wsi1917]

eVTOL? UAE and China are piloting ‘Unman Drone Taxi’ between urban to urban (big city) and urban to suburban with batteries operated for 2 and 4 seaters. It makes senses Dow few reasons. Firstly it’s autopilot so no license or pilot required. Secondly drones talk to each other (drone swamps) which means the taxi fleet could comply with aviation regulations for traffic control and safety purposes. Lastly is maintenance, a taxi fleet with equipped with knowledgeable engineers with routinely check list according to requirements while personal one could created issues either personal discipline or service quality.

[@dennissalisbury496]

Airlines/aviation have been using autopilots for decades, to reduce crew fatigue and improve reliability/safety.

[@sudheeraggarwal570]

You have not discussed the use of capacitors with batteries,. ..... In various ways.

[@yehudacern5311]

Please keep power and energy units straight, GWh is gigawatt-hours of energy, GW = gigawatts is a unit of power.