Science Of Genetically Modified Crops

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Narration Script:
Genetically modified crops are plants that have been created by adding new genes using methods of gene technology.
Most plant crops grown today have been created by breeding. Breeding achieves introduction of new traits into existing crop lines by crossing them with other lines of the same crop that have a desired trait.
During initial stages of breeding, all genes of parental lines are recombined in a random order. Because resulting plants are quite a mix, both genetically and phenotypically, they are backcrossed to one of the parents, and then backcrossed again several times until the original genotype of the parent is restored to large degree.
Now, think of the time it takes to do all the backcrossing. On average it takes about ten generations, or five years of back crossing, to develop a new variety of wheat by conventional breeding methods. Breeding a new variety of apples takes about fifteen years.
Another challenge plant breeders face is that they can only transfer genes between closely related species. Even if there was, say, a very useful draught tolerance gene in oranges, it could never be transferred to apples by crossing.
These two limitations of breeding can be bypassed by introducing genes into plant genome directly, either with Agrobacterium or with a gene gun.
A gene that is being introduced can be isolated from a related plant species, isolated from a completely different organism, or it can be designed on a computer and synthesized in a test tube.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil microorganism that can naturally transfer some of its DNA into plant cells.
In wild Agrobacterium strains this DNA, called transfer DNA, contains several genes that hijack plant biochemical pathways and make plant cells synthesize chemical compounds that Agrobacterium uses for food.
Using methods of molecular cloning, all bacterial genes on transfer DNA can be removed and replaced with the genes of interest. Agrobacterium then delivers these genes into plant nucleus where they integrate into plant genome.
Another technology widely used for plant transformation is a gene gun. Instead of inserting genes of interest into Agrobacterium, the DNA is loaded onto microscopic gold particles and it is literally shot into plant cells. Some of the gold particles land in cell nuclei and DNA from them gets inserted into plant chromosomes.
Both Agrobacterim- and gene gun-mediated gene delivery is done in plant tissue culture - little clamps of plant cells that later on differentiate and grow into actual plants.
So, in the form of breeding, genetic modification of plants has been practiced for thousands of years. Modern methods of gene technology make this process faster, more precise, and open to using genes from unrelated species.

[@Anish260493]

This video makes it very easy to understand the process of Genetic Modification to even a layman. Thank You!

[@CloningStrategies]

Thanks mate, I appreciate it

[@WorthlessWinner]

Great video for explaining the benefits of genetic modification over traditional breeding methods, as well as the two main ways of modifying plants.

[@tetra_1]

Thanks so much for making this! I couldn't find any other videos that talked about the methods of inserting new DNA into plants.

[@EnderCorePL]

Thanks, it will help me a lot with my science project.

[@tobalation]

Excellent!! A very clear explanation. I hope many people will watch it

[@CloningStrategies]

Thank you :)

[@rebekahmathis4060]

Very clear and precise explanation!! I had been working on horticulture schoolwork for a few hours before I stumbled upon this, and I wish I had found it sooner!! If it is ok with you I would like to share it with my classmates. Thank you!!! ps LOVED the animations :)

[@JimBimBum]

Not very precise at all as it doesn't get Specific.

[@shawnheidinger8469]

Great explanation. Thank you!

[@kundaimuroyiwa7516]

Excellent explanation on how GMos are made and how to mitigate hunger

[@zugzwang4678]

I'm guessing that the agrobacteria method you discuss does not include CRISPR? Or is CRISPR used to alter the plasmids that are inserted into the agrobacteria?

[@drd6482]

Do you have a license for that gene gun #tjamesbondofscience @yeahboi

[@NannaElise]

How do they plant the plant cells to get them to grow once they have inserted the genes into them?

[@CloningStrategies]

Nanna Elise Clamps of plants cells get transferred to a Petri dish that has a combination of nutrients and plant growth hormones that tell cells to differentiate into roots and leaves and to form a plant. Once a roots and leaves are formed, the plant can go into a soil pot. By the way, creating Petri dishes with right combination of nutrients is the hardest part of the whole process of plant genetic modification. I hope it's not toooo technical ;)

[@NannaElise]

Wow Thank you so much for this quick response! This helped a lot. Love this video.

[@CloningStrategies]

Thanks!

[@rexiefegaronita3927]

This vedio is part of GMO? please answer. i can't open this vedio

[@JimBimBum]

GMO means Genetically Modified Organism. Soooo what do you mean?

[@ashleynoel114]

Hello, You video is awesome in explaining what you need to know about Genetically modified crops, and how it's done. I would like to use your video as a reference on my APA format paper? are you the Phd.? or that animator? Thank You

[@CloningStrategies]

Hey, thanks! Yes, I have a PhD and I make animations

[@kiwibranches6013]

#yeahboi

[@LimaCeeDeezNuts]

#yeahboi

[@SylkaChan]

Thanks for explaining how it works. GMOs can be very useful in the future.

[@charlesmrader]

Did you have to begin the video with a picture of hypodermic needles injecting a plant? These hypodermic needles are a regular feature of the omnipresent anti--GMO propaganda, but play no part whatsoever in the actual methods of creating GMO crops. I have to admit, though, that your animation might be showing syringes without needles. Such syringes might be used to transfer a precisely measured amount of one liquid into another.