What did wooden castles look like and how were they built?

[@amitabhakusari2304]

You have a ton of quality presentations, but when it's on the subject of medieval architecture, it's really on a different level. I really hope the academic historians are taking notice, and that they give more recognition some of the channels on YT, who research their subjects thoroughly and not just make simplified history.

[@MrChickennugget360]

Shad woke me up when he screamed "Machicolation" scared the shit out of me. here i am falling into a light sleep all of the sudden...MACHICOLATIONS!!! oh shit.

[@bendu49100]

What does it have to do with academic historians tho ?

[@2adamast]

One of two things, or medieval log builders were simple minded or this is a simplified view of log building. Long before rotting wood dries out and shrinks massively in diameter, so stacking logs to a tower works, but mostly for the enemy.

[@tamasmarcuis4455]

Pata Crepe I basis in real world building experience or experimentation answers a lot of questions pure academics seem to get wrong or have trouble working out. Roman and Greek building technology attempted reconstructions explained passages in Vitruvius that translators had great trouble.Re-enactors worked out why there was a big demand for animal grease by legionaries. The plate lorica armour they wore chaffed in areas of the upper arms and neck. Auxiliaries wore chainmail over jackets and didn't need it. Previously academics thought it was just better rations for legionaries who used it for cooking.

[@bendu49100]

yeah that's just called archeology y'know

[@FreeManFreeThought]

You have created what is quite literally one of the only pieces of well defined content on wooden castles on the entirety of the free internet. Feel proud.

[@joshuaclabeaux1470]

The key word is "well-defined"; there's stuff on the internet about wooden castles all over the place, but they don't go ANYWHERE NEAR the level of detail and definition that we're seeing here. Well done, Shad!

[@alyssasmith9081]

Yeah, I am excited I found a video that goes into the level of detail I've been wanting to learn about this at in order to write a novel I'm working on!

[@christophkluxen5559]

In a Russian museum there were modells of forts and fortifications of the Rus from the 10th to 12th century. They stated that the wooden walls had to be weatherproofed with plaster and straw. Numerous forts along the river routes consisted of wooden walls above earth ramparts reinforced with logs. This proofs your assumptions.

[@belakovdoj]

Before the siege of Kazan, Russians had built a wooden fortress, disassembled it, spilt down by the river and assembled log by log near the Kazan to have a siege base.

[@Wanderer1258]

There are still the whole sections of original wooden fortresses (Ostrogs) remaining in Siberia (Il'imskii ostrog, for example). They are 17th century, but nevertheless show the real examples of building walls and towers from old times.

[@BiggestNightmareJim]

Also something to consider, as in with log cabins etc. the logs are almost always raised from the ground to prevent rotting, so they might have made a low stone section of wall on which they build the wooden walls.

[@grumbeard]

Japanese did this with their castles to great effect, however not all did. Don't think the pagan Lithuanians did that with their wooden forts and they were build pretty much the same as a log cabin.

[@KewlCrayon]

I work in construction too, Journeyman Carpenter here who primarily works in heavy lead-bearing structural construction, and I plan to get into structural engineering. I loved your presentation and how much thought you put into designing these buildings from the ground up. Also really cool to know and even almost prove that many castles were in fact wooden underneath their rendered layer.

[@chrisdaniel1998]

I'm a couple of years late, but hats off for making all these Google Sketchup models. They really help in visualizing what you're explaining, and they're super satisfying!

[@fen503]

Your use of visual aids through Sketch Up make these videos so much more effective than if you used only stock image backgrounds. It really feels like watching you build and experiment with castle design in real time. Thanks for another great video!

[@OverlySarcasticProductions]

I'm fascinated that the secret to optimal wooden castle design is giving it a makeover. This is super cool, like you said, we're discovering something here! -B

[@shadiversity]

It's a very cool possibility. Thanks heaps mate, I really appreciate the support.

[@tigara1290]

Next collab when?

[@RealestSteve6969]

Two of my favorite KZbinrs noice!

[@baabaaer]

Hello Blue.

[@rewrose2838]

Damn you guys watch Shad too~!?

[@anoriginalzero3107]

As an aspiring author who wants to feature wooden castles in my own writing, this video is an undoubtably valuable resource, as always!

[@vaughnjohnson8767]

Awesome. You done with it, still working on it, or stopped working on it? I’m interested

[@mediocremodeler5174]

How’s the book coming?

[@fakshen1973]

Filling the space between two vertically standing walls with dirt makes the most sense to me. The dirt can come from a few yards outside of the castle wall, effectively making a moat. So you get a 2-for-1 benefit of a moat and a reinforced castle wall. The moat will aid against seize ladders, rams, etc. The thicker wall will help against bombardment. Your biggest challenge and greatest expense will be conveying logs and moving earth... the logs especially since they have to be moved as a whole unlike earth.

[@ArinJager1]

"rammed earth" look it up ;) (as in: you don't even need the wood, besides the formwork and falsework "molds", that is)

[@Timenaught]

Man. Watching these makes me want to actually build one. An accurate one.

[@Cyph3rHaxPalm]

Join the club lol

[@furretthefuzzynoodle3896]

*Cracks Knuckles and boots up Minecraft*

[@Vaenn]

The idea that many castles were made of wood makes total sense, but when you pointed out that it's possible that many of the castles we see in medieval artwork may have just been wooden castles with a render it totally blew my mind! I called my wife into the room, knowing that she doesn't care at all about such things, and excitedly explained it to her. She still didn't care, but the fact that I even tried to explain it to her says a lot about how excited I am about this theory lol! GREAT VIDEO!

[@shadiversity]

That's awesome, thanks heaps for sharing, lol

[@Usammityduzntafraidofanythin]

Your wife doesn't fucking care, dude. :)

[@benevolentworldexploder5395]

Ha. Me losing my shit to the wife every day. You have just summed up my life.

[@brianadams1907]

Lol ! I told my wife and my 10 week old Labrador Retriever puppy...the puppy ( Sugar ) seemed somewhat interested.

[@magnuschristianssen8999]

Vaenn No, those were not wooden Castles as those were temporary structures.

[@ur2c8]

Plain wooden walls would have been incredibly cold and drafty. Rendering would have been an effective way to insulate the wall.

[@AlcerusOfficial]

I don't think they had they ability to render 3D objects during that period of time

[@NickElliottOutdoors]

Easier than shaping logs to fit perfectly together.

[@quazznorm1777]

@@AlcerusOfficial Yea sadly they were stuck using MS paint

[@TruckerJesus187]

@@quazznorm1777 had they waited a week or so, they could've used Adobe Photoshop...

[@TruckerJesus187]

@Voltaic Fire only in certain regions. They were a tad miffed over the thought of Adobe in other regions, which i presume was a major factor in the start of the crusades.

[@cdgonepotatoes4219]

Now you're really getting me thinking about the half-stone-half-wood design: make a really strong base out of stone to hold the supporting and holding beams and then everything else out of wood, it makes for a good hybrid and, if someone ever knocks down a wall you could always get the broken log out of the socket and throw in a new one.

[@fionafiona1146]

Or rebuild sections in stone whenever you or your descendants can afford to do so.

[@alexhurlbut]

isn't that what the Japanese did for their castles, half stone (base)-half wood (structure on top)? Mainly to deal with earthquakes? :)

[@Zattack19]

This opens up some interesting options for constructions over long periods of time. The slow replacement of wood and whatnot or alternatively make the wood castle just a bit bigger than the final stone design so later on you could just build a stone castle inside the wood one!

[@cdgonepotatoes4219]

@@fionafiona1146 I can't imagine how tedious it would be to do that sort of swap bit by bit, it'd honestly be more sensitive to either expand the wooden fortifications or raze the keep to the ground once you saved up enough to build on top of the foundations that way. Either you think far ahead and build your wooden castle accordingly so you can fit the stone walls or make new.

[@manyinterests1961]

Dont vorry sooner or later some good people come around and burn it down ;-)

[@doublepiedavid8908]

Spy: *takes rock and chips coating* “It’s wooden!”

[@mr.birdie1406]

Imagine if people actually did that

[@Xplora213]

Yeah, I’m sold. Makes sense, and combining these ideas with the motte and Bailey and wood+earthen ramparts for the walls lends to a very realistic sense of defence that I couldn’t wrap my mind around before. 👍

[@xhagast]

And actually, rather cheap. In Spain we built more with stone because we had fewer trees and VERY determined enemies. We built A LOT of castles of all sizes. We REALLY had a lot of VERY determined enemies.

[@all5stars]

O no my Castle is in wood and might not look like as rich as the others what to do? I know I'll cover it in shit! Splendid!

[@kieranh2005]

Yes but it's white painted shit so it's ok. Maybe keep some seagulls on retainer?

[@christuncks]

If it looks stupid but works it ain't stupid

[@barklordofthesith2997]

So could one say that rendering is a "shitty waterproofing"????

[@davemoon8206]

I doubt you'll see this but putting pebbles or stones between dirt elevation and wooden wall, helps a lot to prevent rotting.

[@sirrathersplendid4825]

Dave Moon, yep. This is how my relatives' house in Eastern Poland was built. Same system was used extensively in Russia.

[@AlexLaw_Qld]

It is called rubble fill. It is also used in stone walls to prevent rising damp knocking the plaster off the walls.

[@cdgonepotatoes4219]

If there's anything a lord would better not go cheap on is having a good stone foundation. Don't know how effective it would be to have that spacing since it would add some air pockets but ultimately I imagine you could also just avoid that to be a problem by building a platform on top of the filling, instead of using the dirt rise as floor for the armaments, less constant pressure which would eventually push the dirt in those pockets and still get contact with the wood.

[@maxdecphoenix]

This double-walled design was actually used extensively by the Romans for their more permanent wilderness forts. Essentially the soldier would go in and make a camp, with low-tier defenses: trenches, pleachered shrub fencing, pallisades. If a camp was chosen to be a permanent settlement for trade or governance, the engineers would come in and construct the double-walled, rammed-earth walls. This was to provide a more robust defensive capability which could be defended by fewer soldiers, while the engineers finished the main buildings, which would have been stone. After the main buildings of the fort were completed, engineers would then build another exterior bailey out of stone, while still having the wood/earth walls to retreat behind if attacked.

[@romanstaniszewski1030]

I'm from Poland . In the mountains we have living in skansen museum where many log homes are 400 years old and oldest church build with no nails from wood in Poland is 600 years old . Yea logs last long if properly build !

[@agalie7139]

i have worked in monument restauration and on the wooden arhitecture we founded whitewash . the foudantions are always in stone or brick because wood is sensitive to water

[@liquidminds]

I think it was pretty common in medieval days to use stone for the base and to add wooden structures on top. When it comes to building up, wood is easier to do since it's lighter. On the floor, stone is more solid and more resistant to water. This didn't only go for castles, but even the regular houses for regular people. If they could afford it, they'd go for stone.

[@vlskns]

I would like to add that Japan has whitewashed wooden castles. Like Himeji Castle for example...

[@Elenrai]

sorry vlskns, cant help it. Japan has a lot of whitewashed historical elements :) Heh...ill go back to my corner now.

[@seneca983]

Btw, why does it seem that (largely) wooden Japanese castles have survived but wooden European medieval castles have not?

[@vlskns]

​@@seneca983 Well... It is my opinion, but from impression that I've got while I was there - Japan almost did not have external enemies and most conflicts were internal. And their military technology was significantly lower than in other places. So that means that wooden castles were enough to defend. And also the level of care that they show to their wooden buildings is huge. Temples are regularly rebuilt and roofs changed. In recent 100 years, Himeji castle was deconstructed to pieces, some parts changed and reassembled again. So yeah. In my opinion - they show high care, they renovate - change wooden parts / apply whitewash regularly, wooden castles were good enough for a long time, now they are kind of symbol of Japan and also lack of military technology + external enemies.

[@seneca983]

@@vlskns: I don't think the level of technology can explain that because, while Japan may have had a lower level of technology than say Europe during the same period, it was probably higher than what Europe had in earlier periods. E.g. during Sengoku Era the Japanese did have matchlock guns whereas in Europe was already building stone castles in earlier times when guns were not prevalent. European style stone (or brick) castles wouldn't be any good in Japan anyway as any decent sized earthquake would make short work of them. However, my question had more to do with why (largely) wooden castles survived in one place and not in the other even though both places did build them.

[@emsipin9480]

Because Earthquakes! Japan is in the Pacific Ring of Fire and is very prone to earthquakes. Wood is much more flexible than stone, it handles mechanical stress better. Also, carpentry skills and techniques in Japan is much more better than it is in Europe.

[@Lintary]

I don't think there will be a day where I get tired of listening to you talking about castles, so much insight to be had from it which I can use again in my writing, so thank you.

[@chiblast100x]

I doubt this will be seen, but I just want to say thank you for this series of videos on medieval architecture and castles. I came here around a year ago from Metatron because of sword stuff, but ended up staying and regularly watching because of the castle stuff, especially the historical architectural analyses which is so much more rare to find any kind of good information on in a readily shareable format.

[@kbforme]

Amazing video, thank you. I'm for sure an amateur castle enthusiast and Ive reached similar conclusions about the log/earth combo for the walls but never even considered the putting something over the logs. It's so simple and makes perfect sense, I think you are very close to the mentality they had back then when making castles and defenses with wood.

[@joshuaclabeaux1470]

I've seen all your castle videos and I LOVE WOODEN CASTLES!!! It's great to see someone looking into this and I can't wait to see what else we discover about wooden castles. Looking forward to the next wooden castle video, because: CASTLES!

[@Zong_Cheng]

15:26 The moment we have all been waiting for. You are all welcome.

[@arnekrug939]

I would really like to gather a few castle enthusiasts and build a wooden castle in some forgotten forest on a hill here in Europe.

[@ThePG90]

There is a project like this in france: www.guedelon.fr/en/ ...they are building a stone castle though

[@Ersa0431]

Why stop with the castle? Build a whole village and live there!

[@Yumao420]

@@Ersa0431 i like the idea

[@brakkagboy9208]

SironNFuries AND CONQUER THE WORLD

[@Tronikart]

Shad, you are an absolute wizard with that software you use to show us everything and it makes it so easy to visualize and understand

[@TheMrAlesT]

Which software is it?

[@peeblekitty5780]

@@TheMrAlesT SketchUp, if I remember correctly.

[@TheMrAlesT]

@@peeblekitty5780 Thank you

[@highcoastgamerhcg783]

Once again an amazing video, as a scandinavian i definetly agree with the design and everything you said except the logs, a few advantages of hewn logs is, a raw log isint the same thickness all the way through, you get it pointy, by hewing them square you thecnically get longer beams from said log and you reuse the hewn pices for planks or firewood, thats what we use in sweden, even our "log cabins" are hewn quite hard and they stand against rot far better, but the advantage of using rawlogs is time, and less "craftsmen" needed to hew or cut the logs into beams, i do agree with standing logs, have heard some cultures actually burn or "coal" the end they stick into the ground to double the lifespan of the logs, keep up the great videos ! love from sweden:)

[@alesbelunek]

Shad, I'd like to thank you for your great work here on youtube. I come from Czech republic with tons of castles and quite complex medeival history, which I was never able to fully appreciate. My parents never took me and my sister on vacations abroad to the sea, instead, we were discovering castles and historic places around our country. And naturaly, I wasn't able to appreciate it back then, but because of these trips I had a good relationship with history at school. Now I'm 24, working for an IT company and thanks to you I re-discovered my love for history, castles etc. I'm binge-watching all of your videos and I'm fully enjoying your occasional goofiness. But more importantly, your analysis of castles and what kind of weapons would fantasy creatures most likely use are always on spot! I love those. Having watched a big chunk of your videos I too am now very critical (constructive criticism) to historically based movies/games and so on and I enjoy the hell out of it. Big thank you, sir.

[@Count_Goatenberg]

Shad, you're better at this than any History teacher could ever be, because you're a fan of them, just like all the rest of us nerds. BUT: WHAT ABOUT DRAGONS????

[@christopherniewiadomski4075]

Dragon wouldn't be able to tell i it's a stone or wooden castle. That's why they - historically - whitewashed it.

[@burner27]

I think all history teachers should have Shads passion. Or they shouldn't be teaching history.

[@Langharig_Tuig]

History teacher here; Most history teachers are just as passionate about castles, wars and all that cool stuff. However, most of that is, let's be honest, fairly irrelevant in the subject itself. You're in school to learn, not for fun. Most of history as a subject is more about properly reading and understanding why things happened, although we try to sneak in a war here or a castle there. (the kids think it's to relieve THEM of the "boring" material, but truly it is a present to ourselves)

[@BraddahSpliff]

History classes in schools are about feeding you certain dates & events. & then you regurgitating those stats & facts back. If you are a person that is really into researching history, don't expect to find anything of real substance in a school history class, unless you're taking advanced college/university courses. In the modern day & age we have the internet, things like KZbin, & people like Shad. Way more & better resources than sitting in a classroom.

[@Langharig_Tuig]

"History classes in schools are about feeding you certain dates & events. & then you regurgitating those stats & facts back." that is simply not true. The most important things we teach are the how and why, the when and who (dates and names) are also thought, but only because they are fundamental before you can start other questions. As said before; history as highschool subject is more about properly reading texts and understanding connections and explanations. Just because people don't remember what they actually learned in history class and think it was all about dates and names, doesn't mean that that is true

[@concentratedcringe]

I could look at your SketchUp models all day, gotta love that program!

[@Verrisin]

Don't love the program, love the artist! (if I was tasked with making a castle in SketchUp, it would probably take me forever and end up horrendous...)

[@01ZombieMoses10]

I seriously hope experimental archeologists are paying attention. This sort of thing is what they *live* for and the great thing about building a wooden castle is that it would be *so* much cheaper than stone, they wouldn't even need absurdly rich or state backers

[@AvroBellow]

Brilliantly done as always Shad, this video has made me re-imagine how castles of the middle ages were constructed and why wooden castles are never "seen" in artwork of the period. It turns out that they were indeed seen, but were not recognised for what they actually were. Bravo my friend!

[@AutisticsRule]

Instant subscribe, this is exactly the infromation i've been looking for my novel work and i shall be using this exact castle tecquie for my big castle build in my minecraft work, thank you so much and look forward to checking out more of your channel :)

[@kristinradams7109]

I seriously want a massive tree house built like a castle now.

[@RikkiTheRose]

Just make it then

[@maelgugi]

Just do it! Don't let your dreams just be dreams XD

[@kristinradams7109]

Thank you all for your support :) I'm almost half way finished. I swear I was born to do just this. Much love from Texas!

[@m4thewrezidy611]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/eGi8n3R5Zcikec0

[@andersengman3896]

I'm watching this at work, and I need to leave in 20 minutes, so I'm watching it at 1.5 x speed. I think I might be addicted.

[@MinZilla]

i'm doing that with 2x speed now always when it's normal it feels like 0,5x to me

[@andersengman3896]

Yeah, but are you doing it because you need to finish watching it instead of working while you're at work? xD

[@X3._.n3]

I watch everything on 2x speed. You finish everything so much faster

[@glanni]

i've got the same problem lol

[@Dragnfly_mynamewastaken]

If you're a student, recording a lecture while you work on other assignments and then cutting out the near-silence and playing it back faster is a great way to get everything you need from the lecture in a very compressed amount of time.

[@indu6089]

While the mortar would keep the water out it is worth noting that it would also keep water in so it would be pretty important to make sure that water either gets drained extremely effectively or doesn't get in at all to begin with. From the looks of it your tower and wall design seems pretty much like rain catchers so they might need some design adjustments so water doesn't get in from the top. Just roofs on everything might not be a bad idea and would also hold true to the last painting.

[@jeremyclegg3588]

This is also my main concern with this design. It seems that with all that dirt behind the logs, every time it rains you would get some amount of mud. During a rainy season, quite a bit of it. I am not sure how much sod would help in this circumstance. The roots might even start to eat away at the timbers. But I imagine the ancient engineers knew how to keep timbers lasting. I suppose drainage would be am important park of design.

[@cdgonepotatoes4219]

Put gravel over the dirt to prevent erosion, then put planks as a floor to prevent pressure and a roof to prevent rain, 500-year wall right there. If you tamp down the dirt in a very compact manner it should not get much if any water deep down, whitewashing the inner side as well or adding some more gravel as a spacer can also help preventing contact with moisture. Even something like a thin clay layer would do which you just harden on the spot pitching a fire at the foot.

[@MissMeganBeckett]

Not sure if that’s the case, the presenter at the Rideau canal booth on a civic holiday a few years ago said that it was the fluctuation between wet and dry that caused the rot, if it was always wet or always dry it wouldn’t. Not sure if some water is different than other places but in some time team episodes they dig lake houses that were from the Bronze Age. Might be about oxygen content or acidity or temperature of the water as well, not sure. Needs further research.

[@jormavesa908]

Mortar is porus, and acts equal to wood in moisture. It doesn't seal the wooden surface, coats it, and gives protection from the elements that would eventually damage the wood. The important part is that there is no consistent source of moisture to the wood, as microbe life, mold and eventually rot will begin at temperatus of +5°C and and 80% moisture. Outdoors dry wood will always have around 12% - 20% moisture in them. Depending on the relative moisture level of the current weather. Indoors dry will settle around 6%-8% moisture level. This level will always fluctuate between the indoor and outdoor surface of a log wall. The mortaring on the outside wall will lessen that level greatly and protect the wood from the suns burning effect. But it has to be a mineral mixture of sand, clay and limestone. other biodegradable materials would not work on the outside under those elements as sufficiently. Todays cement being equal to those lesser materials and unusable with direct contact to wooden materials...

[@sofa_king_kool]

Good point. Also, end-grain would have to be properly treated with pitch or other waterproofing, otherwise it would wick water into the log.

[@redbayly]

As a historian, teacher, amateur archaeologist, and fantasy writer, I swear to God, someone needs to give you an award for cracking the wooden castle code (it is the soundest theory I have ever heard on a subject we have a lack of evidence for...it gets very tiring to hear supposed experts tag everything as being "for religious reasons" or "just symbolic in the artwork and couldn't possibly be done in real life"...or, if you're an expert talking on the 'History' Channel, "the aliens did it"). Plus, on a personal note, I want to thank you for giving me a new appreciation for castles and Medieval culture, as I have been binge-watching your videos while imprisoned during COVID-19. My forte has mostly been Classical Studies and the ancient world until recently, but, as I've developed a broader interest in more modern history, these videos have really opened my eyes to just how much more there is to learn. Also, from now on, every time I write about a castle, I will always, always mention...wait for it...wait for it...MACHICOLATIONS!

[@crisrody852]

So many interesting things on this video. But for me, the most outstanding of them all is: Want to protect your wood? Cover it on poop!

[@MultiMistick99]

Shad: "But I do think we're missing something rather significant" Me: "Go on..." Shad: "and this is the same thing that is missing from many of the experimental wooden castles that are being built in the modern day" Me: "Say it." Shad: "What am I talking about?" me: _lowers headphones_ Shad: "wood burns" Me: "wait... what? but what about Machicolations?!"

[@Olav_Hansen]

But what about dragons?

[@MultiMistick99]

Olav Hansen Machicolations have feelings too people, we can't forget the Machicolations!

[@TheAkashicTraveller]

Look at the pictures of said modern experimental wooden castles. What do you see?

[@MultiMistick99]

A severe lack of machicolations.... and you?

[@TheAkashicTraveller]

Wow, did you even watch the video? Literally *all* of them have machiculations even if not on all of the towers.

[@vampyrjack]

Very interesting theory. Only disadvantage I can think of when whitewashing your timber walls would be that it'd be harder to keep track of rot and so on within the wall and make it harder to do maintenance. Where without whitewash you might just notice one or two beams be rotting and you quickly switch them out.

[@jotabeas22]

Your videos are getting more and more useful for my role playing game mastering. Can't thank you enough on the culture side, either.

[@FuriousPresenter]

I've been on a binge of shadiversity for the last few days while playing crusader kings 3. It's a great way to spend a day.

[@PaulHofreiter]

The amount of effort you put into this, from the information to the 3D buildings is just incredibly impressive. Thank you for this and everything you post - you’ve taught me a lot.

[@qg786]

You would also have to dig a trench around the walls then fill it with stones then put the logs on top to act as natural drainage. If you just sink the logs into the ground they would start to rot because the soil is high in moisture.

[@MrMonkeybat]

Just as important as keeping the foundations dry would be a roof keeping water out at the top.

[@BartJBols]

You can actually keep wooden foundations pretty reasonably dry by adding a drainage ditch around them, just a dry depression that can run off so whenever it rains most of the moisture runs off and the elevated foundations stay dry.

[@SeanDeeDifferent]

Though this is 2 weeks old, you could also burn the end of the logs that you put into the ground to assist in keeping it from rotting.

[@mzmadmike]

You can also dump ash into the hole you're seating them in and the alkali will reduce rot.

[@netyr4554]

Wood ash is an amazing preservative, the alkalinity makes it quite hostile to bacteria, fungi and insects. I have personally dug organic material out of a pit of wood ash that would normally have rotten away, I'm sure our ancestors knew this, after all they did use it to make soap. Ash also drains better than the heavy clay soils across most of the UK. Something else people are not talking about is wood worm, where I live in the UK we have woodland and any timber left outdoors without some sort of protection will turned into Swiss cheese in a few years. Thoroughly daubing timbers is a simple cheap way to protect from the worm.

[@madisonlink7141]

17:00: You forgot to mention that the large picture window shown on the front would be much more expensive and difficult to make if the top were made out of stone. Wood has decent tensile strength, and a square windows are more natural for wood construction than arched windows.

[@mtgemperor]

Shad, thanks a thousand for this! I have often wondered about those towers in AoE2 and this may have helped answer the mystery of why those were in the game. Your speculation has some solid evidence and I think our Castle Experts in Archaeology should investigate this hypothesis!

[@averongodoffire7344]

I’m world building a fantasy world and to get advise and thoughts for the cultures, military’s and architecture your channel is always my go to place keep up the awesome work we want more shad

[@mrillis9259]

Remember the true enemy is within the walls already, if anything the outside force should be a logical ally to the people inside yet the real enemy casts them as the villian.

[@evilheyta3436]

been a fan for years, but i think this is your best video to date. you really have an impressive amount of knowledge in medieval history. keep up the good work mate!

[@andreascj73]

If you watch the various videos on youtube about the American frigates of the Constitution class from the early 19th century, you would also see that wood, even supported by wood, could be tremendously strong and resilient. So would wooden structures supported by dirt. Wood isn't necessarily prone to burning down if they are thick enough. They would have to be doused in long-lasting oil to catch fire, if they were even slightly skidded, much less so when they were rendered. Even if large sections of rendering fell off ... and it would probably fall in sections, the wooden structure would be little exposed and not spread the fire to still rendered sections of the wall. Great vid.

[@alexhurlbut]

If I remember right, unless the wood is particularly dry, it take great effort to set timber pieces on fire. Especially while attacking said wooden fortification.

[@windhelmguard5295]

as a firefighter i know my fair share of things about how well certain materials put up with fire and wood is actually better than steel even. you see a steel beam looses about half of it's carrying capacity at arround 500°c and looses 2/3 of it at 700°C, this is not even the main problem though, the main problem is that steel conducts heat very well which causes the entire beam to loose it's structual strength almost at once and can cause a fire to spread from one part of teh building to another as any flamable material in contact with that beam can also catch fire. wood has a variety of properties that make it preferable in case of a fire. first off wood doesn't conduct heat very well, the fire can onyl spread through the beam at the same rate at which the beam burns down, which is rather slowly for a substential support beam. secondly wood charrs, if the heat applied isn't strong enough to set the wood ablaze it will charr the wood instead, forming a layer of charrcoal which both isolates the remaining wood from teh outside, but is also even more difficult to set on fire, also the wooden beam only looses strength in that part that is exposed to the fire, it will continue to provide support to other parts of the building. last, but certainly not least, wood has the neat and very usefull property that wood cracks and splinters slowly, meaning that you can heare that the structure is about to give, before it actually happens, giving you time to get outa there (and again only the section of te building that is exposed to the fire will collapse), when a steel beam reaches it's limit the whole building comes down on you in an isntant.

[@Mailed-Knight]

+Windhelm Guard That's cool, thanks for that.

[@Greywander87]

This reminds me of a video I saw refuting the 9/11 claim that "jet fuel can't melt steel beams." The person in the video heated a steel beam to about the temperature that jet fuel burns at, and then bent it. Easily. It doesn't need to melt to lose its structural integrity. Now I'm curious, though: how does stone compare to wood and steel when it comes to fire? I feel like stone would be something in between, with a bit of the properties of each.

[@windhelmguard5295]

that depends on the type of stone in question, most don't really mind fire, i have seen chimney fires (when a chimney isn't properly cleaned periodically or can't be cleaned properly because of the owner burning fuell with too much moisture in it, soot builds up in there and that soot can ignite, this is called a chimney fire) often times a chimney fire happens with no further damage to the structure. the things that do not like heat are the mortar between the bricks and concrete because both are based on calcium carbonate which breaks apart into calcium oxide whe nexposed to intense heat.

[@danc6167]

Thanks for continually giving me new ideas for D&D campaigns

[@glowingorb645]

Everybody looked me like I was a freak when I shouted in the bus route : Machicolatioooooons !

[@shadiversity]

lol, I love it!

[@potatoking4368]

@@shadiversity great video

[@neilwilson5785]

My bus route from Shoreham to Brighton has no Machiolations :( Bodiam castle does. Carisbrooke castle on the Isle of Wight, too. Nice. There a plenty in the UK, too.

[@silas4lagoon776]

Shad, you need to do another collab with your brother where you draw stuff, only this time it has to include dragons, Machicolations, swords, and castles. Or draw something using swords (foam can be substituted for real swords.) at least try and. Do something of the like.

[@craigkdillon]

Grounds for divorce, I'd say.

[@kindratia5623]

I really appreciate all of the work you put into explaining and visually demonstrating this stuff with such a high degree of depth and clarity. I've learned a ton. Thank you!

[@BartJBols]

One of your best videos to date. I kinda grew out of the weapon review videos but this stuff is gold. Make this in a series.

[@dupline980]

Your architectural videos are my favorite .

[@nasserfirelordarts6574]

Since I am earlier than Shad facts, I will do his honors, Shad fact 7569 B verse 88: Shad actually has a secret underwater Machicolation production facility, this facility had been passed on from generations till it ended up in shad's hands, the founder of this facility was Charlemagne himself. Shad is plotting ma secret plan to take over the world with millions of Machicolations one day!

[@shadfacts6465]

Shad Fact: Shad has tamed a massive wolf like creature named "Fenrir". A woman keeps trying to steal her "brother" from shad but she is regularly theater.

[@RikkiTheRose]

That wolf died during the big battle for Midgård.

[@shadfacts6465]

Feffnirsbane Hel if we know how it works.

[@РоманГогешвили]

Which of the Shad's brothers sacrificed their arm to allow him to capture Fenrir?

[@Trifler500]

Very well thought out! One thing I was thinking was that if cost was the primary consideration when deciding whether to build the castle out of wood or stone, then perhaps it would make sense for some nobles to build the keep out of stone and the rest of the castle out of wood. Or perhaps the gatehouse. Picking and choosing very specific spots to use stone to maximum effect, using a cost/benefit analysis.

[@paulbeaney4901]

Shad makes learning fun. Great content as per usual. I've actually got my 13 year old nephew watching your channel now, he loves it.

[@DesolatorMagic]

A truly impenetrable castle would have been built out of stale fruitcake. That stuff could survive a meteorite strike.

[@DinnerForkTongue]

DesolatorMagic Wouldn't resist my munchies tho. Bloody _love_ fruitcake.

[@AdobadoFantastico]

*Meteor strike. Meteorite is just a fragment left over from an asteroid, comet, or meteoroid.

[@tpotshax8703]

@@DinnerForkTongue Even stale fruitcake, presumably rendered and whitewashed on the primary surface to look good?

[@DinnerForkTongue]

@@tpotshax8703 You kidding? That makes for the best taste.

[@josiahfleming7549]

Ahh yiss... now we are talking about war! How about loading a catapult with those bad boys? How about a war hammer with a fruitcake head? Feeling really festive? Try out our specially shaped and aged fruitcake ballista bolts?

[@dorkyface]

...now I wanna build myself a castle. THEN we'll see if those pesky kids will dare step on my lawn >:)

[@fuckinantipope5511]

"you damn kids get off my property!" *aims long bow*

[@ShadeHeart94]

end up making the most awesome lawn that ALL the kids want to play on

[@MrBandholm]

This is extremely interesting! I can't really find a fault in your logic, it seems like the most plausible way for a minor noble, or even a high nobel family, that has just come into possesion of some land would fortify it... This could, with an expected number of labor, be build in a few months, and look really intimidating... And after a few years, they could start (if the felt like it) to replace parts with stone (the gatehouse, the main keep, and so on)... And this could be done, without outside enemies necessarily would know. I think you are spot on!

[@SirAroace]

More over with just 3 to 6 feet of stone foundation and the daub coating you save your timbers from decades of wood rot.

[@Mailed-Knight]

Or they could build a wooden a castle on a natural defensible position while a raised earthworks followed by a stone castle is being built on their territory. Then either dismantle the wood castle or give it to a trustworthy subject to rule in your stead. Two forts, two headquarters and two locations your enemy has to attack which might even force your opponent to split his force.

[@MrBandholm]

Perhaps even giving it to the eldest son, as long as the Father is alive.

[@Mailed-Knight]

Ooh that's even better. A God-fearing family in a God-fearing period in a God-fearing culture wouldn't have too many rebellious sons. That's a sin the Bible repeats a lot.

[@MrBandholm]

Perhaps there is a DnD in this somewhere :P

[@pgfrank2351]

"Hey run up and go knock on that wall and tell me what you hear"

[@PandaNFriends23]

“And again, I have another video that goes more into this.” Me: .... I’ve found my next binge. >:D

[@davidm1563]

Can we crowdfund Shad to design and oversee the construction of a big beautiful timber castle here in Australia?

[@junkbucket50]

In Australia a bush fire will take out that bad boy in one summer

[@Daniel.Liddicoat]

I have one word for ya - termites

[@binozia-old-2031]

He has a small one in his backyard

[@deadsparta6600]

YES

[@Jord_God]

If you live in australia, have you ever see an medieval castle ? Real question

[@OmegaPaladin144]

Shad, you have continued to justify my Patreon subscription. I'm really impressed by your knowledge (and skill with sketch-up!)

[@RainMakeR_Workshop]

I'd love to see your fortified manor house design redone the way you would make it if you and your family lived there. I'd personally build a wall to enclose the garden and make a "gatehouse" which is really a playhouse for the kids but built to fullfil the purpose of a gatehouse. You could even have a workshop for your DIY weapons and a KZbin studio in one of the Towers. Tell you this much, You wouldn't have any issues with door to door sales and their ilk lol.

[@Leubast]

I'd apply for a guard position.

[@thas5324]

Thank you for actually putting in the work to do in-depth-videos rather than producing another "simplified history" video!

[@NahasapeemapetilonX]

this is really well-reasoned, thanks for the vid

[@-timaeus-9781]

Great vid. There's always more to learn about history. I wonder if you have thought about doing a video on Star Forts. Although they are not exactly medieval they are none the less very interesting architecturally.

[@great-wall-of-nowhere9377]

Agreed, SHAD, do the star fort!!!!

[@lukediehl1210]

I'll vote for this too. I toured Fort McHenry when I was in middle school. Loved it

[@tambarlas5248]

Star forts are interesting, especially as you dive into the overlapping geometry of covering fire.

[@2cubementaires]

Rather than just speak about star fort, it may be great to look at how fortifications evolved to adapt to the evolution of weapons, as a star fort would not have been as effective in an age of sword and bows

[@Leafy1-j1l]

Why wouldn't it be? The walls are still thick enough, and being able to shoot at people that are hugging your walls is a good idea even if you're just using bows. The problem is that they'd be far more trouble than they're worth if your enemies don't have cannons. You can expect to pay through the nose just for the rare expertise required to design one.

[@Kashanta]

I'm really glad you've talked about wooden castles, here and in a previous video. I didn't even know they were a thing until I started following your channel. I knew about wooden forts, since those were used in the frontier days in the US, but not castles. Thanks for the video!

[@drizztiley8740]

Interesting. But I'm certain a well placed pommel throw could damage it. In seriousness, this was a video I was secretly hoping you would make. I feel wooden fortifications would have been far more common than stone during the time of the Roman or Greek empire, or with Viking settlements and I've been curious as to how they would do so This will definitely help my writing. Thank you Sir Shad!

[@CubicApocalypse128]

In theory, you could take that down with a pommel. Get it up to relativistic speeds and it can destroy anything short of a black hole.

[@WarWulf778]

And now all of a sudden, I'm huge fan of wooden castles! Excellent video!

[@zakiducky]

Obviously this comment is two years after the video was originally posted, but I’d say it’s more educated guess than speculation- by saying you’re speculating, you’re underselling yourself, your research, and your expertise. This is a very well done video, and very entertaining to watch as well. I love it

[@zakker111]

That type of construction needs far less nails too! Remember they needed to be made one by one.

[@TheNorwegianSergeant]

That is exactly why wood shingles is rediculusly expensive and not something people would do in medieval times. 20:10

[@TheWampam]

@@TheNorwegianSergeant You don't need a single nail for wooden shingles.

[@Snaakie83]

There's a Dutch phrase for being a stingy nitpicker.. Translated it says: "You're searching for nails in shallow waters" which referred to shipbuilders that searched for nails in the docks to avoid any extra costs. Yeah ... They were scarce and expensive.

[@bradmiller2329]

And iron was expensive! Maybe they could use pegs? Wooden pegs, that is.

[@Echowhiskeyone]

Obiously wooden castles did not survives because of... DRAGONS... Dragon breathe fire, wood burns; hence, no wooden castles survived.

[@scratchy996]

You clearly are a man of culture.

[@GaborSzabo747]

But what about whitewash? Whitewash doesn't burn.

[@DJWeapon8]

It all makes sense.

[@Palmieres]

Well, a friend's grandmother said there were no castles in America because they have hurricanes all the time. So, yeah... dragons seems plausible.

[@Elijahgoods]

palmieres when America was colonised the time of castles was gone, it was more about cabins and general houses. I believe anyways, I don’t have any knowledge on this subject, correct me if wrong.

[@Dukeofvampires1]

I think you should have mentioned Japanese castles. Most of them didn't have unprotected wooden walls, why people think that European or slavic did?

[@shadiversity]

This is a great point!

[@SirAroace]

Shadiversity Japanese castle also have a first floor of stone then the rest is wood. Make you wonder if their are wooden castles have been misclassified as stone castles because all that left be the time we get to it is a stone foundation.

[@skylancer4441]

archeology may be? Besides, in some countries, like Russia for example, there were plenty of cities with wooden walls and towers, and some of the last fortifications of that kind were demolished only in mid-late 18th century

[@Dukeofvampires1]

I think even kremlin fortress in Moscow was made of wood for long period of time

[@luxource]

Winter Mute, it also burned down a couple of times, so at some point destroyed sections were getting replaced by stone ones.

[@Grivian]

This is honestly the best channel on youtube

[@MartinPurvis]

9:20 my local castle of Newcastle Castle built by Robert Curthouse, pass it every day on the way into work. 😁

[@victorengstrom7515]

Principal: your son is being bullied Me: he needs a sword Principal: what no that would... Me: *pulls out a sword* Principal: woah hold on i don’t want any problems Me: *to son* see what i mean

[@Carniolan]

Recently I stumbled on something interesting in an e-book called The Chronicle of Prussia, where the author described how the brothers of the teutonic order built a castle by fortifying an oak tree on the top of a hill and digging a moat around it. There were around 8 soldiers stationed in there. It's a very interesting read and many pages are free to read on google. It was called Thorn

[@matthiuskoenig3378]

so it creates the question, did medevial children build tree castles insted of tree houses

[@Carniolan]

what

[@ΘανοςΡουσόπουλος]

I actually watch your videos for d&d

[@TomDrake1989]

no one let's me DM anymore...

[@ΘανοςΡουσόπουλος]

@@TomDrake1989 feels bad man

[@tamasmarcuis4455]

In Lithuania castles were first built as a stone base with a wooden frame on top. In between the frames were laid horizontal logs keyed into the vertical frame members. The wood was later replaced with brick as seen on Trakia Castle. The stone base remained largely untouched. This construction method was and is still used in houses across the Baltic and Scandinavia particularly Finland.

[@mikeeasley6670]

One of my favorite books as a kid was David Macaulay's "Castle". Videos like this bring back some of that same wonder that made me check that book out from the library dozens of times.

[@JaffaJannu]

Alright then. I'm off to build my fortress. Later y'all

[@bendy496]

Shad you put in a ton of effort my dude, Seriously building them castles in sketch up is a lot of time.

[@arthas640]

ive thought the same thing about his videos, I've worked in construction since I was 15 and I know how difficult even bare bones AutoCAD plans can be so to make a full 3D model like that would be really difficult. I've always wondered if he used some sort of architectural program (similar to what they use for 3D mock ups to show off a house or store) and I guess now we have confirmation.

[@bendy496]

Arthas Menethil Yeah he uses sketch up for sure, They have a free version you could check out if you're interested to be bop around on. Shad is honestly my fav KZbinr, All the other people just beg for likes, Shad actually wants to teach people. I mean look he even took the time to

[@georgegaddis5026]

i was really hoping he wasn't using sketch up. he made it look so easy i thought he was using some other design site. my most proud sketch up creation is the lower half of a peasant house.

[@eiszapfenderwutendenwinde3233]

Nothing beats sand castles. So take your morning wood and go home!

[@ThePC007]

Maybe we should start rendering sand castles to make them look like stone ones?

[@sonofthewolfguardianofthef1214]

Some walls in Africa and the Middle East were made of sand stone

[@TheMULTIcanal]

Amazing...I am interested in environment design and concept design generally (for games and movie industry), I was looking for a good source of information about medieval architecture for a long time to better understand it so I can design something what looks more functional and believable... finally I found you few days ago! Great work, I really appreciate your effort

[@FlubbersQuid]

One issue I see with rendering the outside of a wooden structure is that due to the natural movement of wood the facade may increase maintenance load to prevent fissures. Inadequately insulated wood also tend to store moisture, adding to the risk of rot and mould expansion within the structure. If built on a good foundation away from excess moisture and with proper care in construction I do see this design to be a solid and cost effective option especially in areas where importing stone could become unreasonably costly. Great video, keep it up.

[@singleturbosupra7951]

When I realized you were going to say MACHICOLATIONS I immediately increased the volume. I want the full of awesomeness of Shad going full MACHICOLATIONS!

[@damuni1]

I’m watching this video at 2x the speed cause I have to go to sleep in a few minutes, and it actually makes Shad sound even more excited about every single thing he says.

[@BennysGamingAttic]

Person: *builds a real castle wall* Me: *can't build an Ikea desk*

[@cdgonepotatoes4219]

Forget the castle, not being able to build an IKEA desk is way more impressive.

[@SaltyMaud]

One of your best videos. Very interesting topic with great visualizations.

[@g.m.9180]

Quick-lime mortar has other properties : -it's a strong base, so it keeps out mold and parasites that might damage the wall, -it drains humidity out of the wall, another way to make it more durable However, it's vulnerable to wind and rain, so you'd want to make the walls vertical instead of inclined, and extend the roofs further to keep rain away

[@RikkiTheRose]

You actualy might be on to something right now. This solution is both logical and acessable for the time i do think you are right on this one.

[@derkanal1908]

But I just wonder, wouldn't the logs rot more easily, when they were coated? I can imagine that there will be a lot of Moisture trapped inside the coating which would speed up the rotting (also the ideal place for fungi or bacteria, because it's moist, dark and warm). Also imagine the pain of checking if the logs inside the wall/coating are still good and then, if they aren't, replacing them. I like the idea of coated wooden castles, but I think there might be a few problems with it. But I like the Idea of putting dirt behind the wall. Imagine hacking through the timber and then getting sweept away by a large wave of dirt. It would also be cost effective, which is why, if I recall correcly, they filled the stonewalls of medieval castles with just rocks. That way they could beef the wall up, in a cheap and effective way.

[@NightH4wkG4ming]

Technically you could check the moisture by simply drills a small hole (entirely possible with the tools of the time) You are somewhat correct about the moister from the rendering but it pretty likely that it dried quickly enough for the moisture content to be low. In any case, the first layer of rendering would most likely of been thin to ensure it dried in good time then I imagine it would have been layered on thick this approach would all but eliminate the problem of moisture :)

[@shawn6860]

Type of wood also is key.some woods are drier than others.

[@cerebraldreams4738]

It's interesting to think about: Wooden castles probably looked just like stone castles on the outside.

[@derkanal1908]

it's more that I think one could not completly eliminate wetness inside the wall and I believe that even a bit of moisture could be fatal in the long run. But nobody is arguing that the wall will work better or longer than a wall thats made from stone, so I shouldn't hold it up to that standart. I do however believe that even very dry wood will start to rot in these conditions, because there will be a build up of fungi between the coating and the wood, that will slowly penetrate the wood, thus weakening it. I would assume that the wood on the inside could be rotten to a large extend within under 10 years if the castle is build in a humid enviroment and that constant checking would really be a hustle, at least compaired to a stone wall that will last centuries.

[@Antigonus.]

I think this is your best video to date.

[@shadiversity]

That's awesome to hear because it took a lot of work ^_^

[@hjorturerlend]

Castle videos in general really. Probably because I don´t think any of the big channels do it.

[@Antigonus.]

It shows!

[@Ninjamanhammer]

Shad's castle videos are definitely his best!

[@profepik7525]

I agree !

[@DrkestShadow]

DO NOT watch this video at 2am. Or else your apartment neighbours will call and ask if you are alright and about what you were yelling. Try to explain "Machicolations" to them. Go ahead and see if you don't get carted off to the funny farm! (personal experience)

[@Lex60]

One of the few times you tube recommend me something wholesome. Very interesting video and channel!

[@THEfromkentucky]

This was a fascinating video. Excellent work.