Something from Nothing: Pair Production & Pair Annihilation

[@FortheLoveofPhysics]

I have uploaded my lecture notes to Google Drive drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Kd2VQxDxCq-x3e0zgx5_jxV3xjWlwpc-?usp=drive_link

[@sanaullah9673]

Stay blessed Professor ❤️😘

[@AnkushPanda-gi2nz]

Today is the day i fell in love with physics ... Thank you so much sir

[@suhasisroy7240]

Love to see a Bengali is continuing its legacy in the field of science and academics of world standard in todays era of exponential decay of Bengali intellect and identity. ❤❤

[@mjmeternal2696]

You're the best. I also teach Physics. But I do watch your presentations. They are very good

[@denilla8034]

Teeeeeeeeeeach meeeeeeeeeee 😂

[@yacc1706]

6:55 see 8:40 kinetic energy of nucleus recoil due to momentum conservation. 8:44 very important

[@aaruna2979]

Thank you bro

[@kabboatif729]

Sir, I'm from Bangladesh and currently studying in 8th grade. This videos help me a lot in my self study... Thanks for your guidance.. May Allah bless you ❤

[@Ehvan1729]

bro you are learning it too early

[@SajjadAhmad-g3l]

Grate teacher that work on physics from its heart ❤❤❤

[@PrivateSi]

Makes a lot more sense if you start with an Electro-Positronic EM matter-energy field of +ve cells (base quanta) close-packed by -ve electro-gas (or liquid in another variant). It's an elastic medium but also a quantised particle field. Kick a cell free with 'Full Escape Energy' and it forms a Positron, with the excess -ve gas left behind forming an Electron. -- The far more balanced, regular surrounding field repels the field warp from all directions while the particles imbalanced field warp tries to expel it's excess charge in all directions, thus creating a (possibly continuously pulsating) spherical field warp. Full Escape Energy may actually be a field cell moving at several times the speed of light past a few surrounding cells, getting far enough away quickly enough for the field not to re-balance as regular, empty field, instead, two spherical field warps form, handily traveling in opposite directions so they don't annihilate instantly. -- Add in relativity and you have the base electric force speed governing the speed of light through the medium (and this can be a stretchy, curved space medium with charge density / local cell size gradients, with perhaps even light traveling from cell to cell in a fixed absolute time so light absolutely slows down in denser, high gravity field... Exotic=Junk Matter is short-lived, unstable clumps of +ve cells and larger excess -ve gas particles who's repulsion is not felt at close the the speed of light as it cannot reach partners. Time (almost) stands still for it. As this junk matter slows it of course decays into Positrons and Electrons. -- It also makes a lot more sense if Up Quarks and Down Quarks are ditched as theoretical confusion, and replaced with 2 half neutralised positrons and 1 fully neutralised electron, bound by the Mass Multiplier Force, with a Neutron being a Proton with an extra, neutralising Electron bound by the Mass Addition Force (it's basically compressed hydrogen in a nucleus). -- My main mass multiplication mechanism is the neutralised central electron of a proton consisting of a hard core of trapped field, and possibly trapped inwardly stretched bands of cells and -ve gas (an alternative/complimentary energy level mechanism). The stretch warp may not consist of trapped cells, instead warping the field as the particle moves. -- Firing high energy light at a proton causes its positrons to collide and squeeze out a cell with escape energy, with the electron retained, forming a Neutron and the Positron repelled at high speed... Obviously beta- radiation is a Neutron losing it's electron (due to centrifugal force overcoming the electric attraction... blah.. blah.. I really appreciate your mathematical explanations but to me there has to be a quantised base field, and it's much better to get away with just a 1 or 2 particle field and 1 or 2 base forces than fudging a quantum field for each slightly significant energy fluctuation they find, as in QFT.. It works for what they want from their model, but it's a horrible way to quantise matter.

[@Muhammad-Umair11]

That kind of video I was looking for. Thanks you sir, thank you again and again

[@snehashahid07]

What a wonderful lecture ! Thanks alot from Pakistan

[@agrajyadav2951]

Thanks a lot for the lecture, professor!

[@salsa7216]

Thanks kk sangat berguna sekali... Mantap...

[@Alhamdulillah___5er9ps1j]

Thanks a lot sir.its a blessing to find a teacher like u. Thank u so much sir.

[@thegreathope5751]

You're the best tutor

[@devikushalcs215]

Excellent teaching With out using other language

[@yacc1706]

11:30 wavelength 12:53 10e-12m is aprox 10e3 times nucleon size 10e-15m

[@yacc1706]

20:45 analytical contradiction. Also think of the inertial reference frame of center of mass of the pair. The total momentum is 0, that is contradictory with the photon momentum > 0

[@WaqasKhan-ym4fo]

Hi sir

[@jkcheleindrajit3786]

good quality content and lecture was really very nice and easy to understand. Thank you Sir.

[@swatanpadhan6856]

Nice explanation

[@goboy6882]

Where were you 60 years ago? What an inspiring, brilliant lecture. Thank you!

[@agrajyadav2951]

He was not even conceived by his parents 60 years ago bruh

[@Redmoonlight-qu2xw]

​@@agrajyadav2951 😊😅😊

[@Redmoonlight-qu2xw]

​@@agrajyadav2951😊😊😊😅😊

[@Redmoonlight-qu2xw]

​@@agrajyadav29512:01 😮😅

[@Redmoonlight-qu2xw]

​@@agrajyadav2951😅😅😅

[@robiraufson5757]

Sir, We need more of quantum mechanics videos.

[@anitachu29]

Is there a video talking about pair production in Vacuum Sir?

[@surendranmk5306]

Very important lesson!

[@theprismstories]

Beautiful physics ❤

[@karthicksk8793]

20:05 Photon energy is greater than particles energy right?

[@bishwajitbhattacharjee-xm6xp]

Very classic lesson.The high energy photon is sufficient conditions to establish Energy - mass relationship with high energy gamma radiation. The relativistic high velocity is from special theory of relativity but the physics is not clean. The high velocity photons are due to massless. Hence two conditions of mathematical momentum conservation differs to tell the necessary conditions of physics is not. Why pair production ? As you have thought us actually space -time is 4D Thank you sir.

[@makespace8483]

@21:00 Why is the Y-axis momentum not included in the conservation calculation?

[@FortheLoveofPhysics]

The y-axis momentum is conserved, and hence not important for us, as violation of momentum conservation only happens in the x-axis, thus proving that such a process is not possible in absence of nearby nucleus

[@raviprasadamanapu]

You masterd the topic sir really thanku soo much sir

[@swarnkarmadhur]

Sir What are the special circumstances in which pair production can occure in free space ?

[@60pluscrazy]

Wow, very good 🎉🎉🎉

[@blnprasad5484]

Sir .. really good 💯

[@mridulbanerjee7114]

Please tell about the exceptions where pair production occurs in vacuum

[@cesarmoreno987y]

You are a great lecturer. I think you should make a textbook

[@AnantjainPCE]

Sir jee advanced ke syllabus ke liye bhi kuch padha diya karo please 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏

[@basharatmalik2004]

Sir I have a question. Please answer it. If a quantity say x is directly proportional to y, does it imply that y is also proportional to x. Is proportionality between two variables both ways correct.

[@goboy6882]

yes. if y = A*x then y is proportional to x. But x = (1/A)*y so x is also proportional to y.

[@agrajyadav2951]

Yes

[@agrajyadav2951]

​@@goboy6882 good explanation!

[@basharatmalik2004]

@@agrajyadav2951 have some other questions

[@basharatmalik2004]

Can I get any contact

[@naveedullahkhanbsphysicsst7573]

Excellent sir 👍

[@ah-lx9xi]

Is there a possibility where annhaliation does not happen, another words the electron and positron separate and follow different paths?

[@emranhasan7480]

I am quite a bit puzzled about annihilation if I compare it to a hydrogen atom situation. The question arises to my mind is that why not then the election falls into hydrogen by emitting energy and just get annihilated ?

[@sushmamishra9268]

Sir please add previous lecture "Compton effect" in Quantum mechanic playlist

[@FortheLoveofPhysics]

done

[@Tanvig8888]

Best lecture

[@sanjanayadav9765]

Photon have quantized energy then how can be it's energy divided some of energy to recoil electron and some to scattered photon in Compton effect?

[@Dipayan21485]

Thank you so much sir

[@zinibrahim1026]

A photon hits an electron. Pair production occurs. The question does not state the speed of the electron and positron. When applying conservation of energy, can I ignore kinetic energy?

[@abdurrauf7525]

Sir, if the photon has energy equal to the minimum energy required for pair production to take place, then the electron and positron will have no kinetic energy. Right? If it's true then the linear momentum of electron and positron will also be zero.

[@surendranmk5306]

If it is so, the positron and electron have to annihilate each other and again they will convert to electro magnetic waves!

[@abdurrauf7525]

@@surendranmk5306 thanks

[@SpotterVideo]

@@surendranmk5306 Are two Gamma Rays necessary, instead of one?

[@surendranmk5306]

@@SpotterVideo of course! pair production is only happens when two gamma rays collide each other from opposite direction and two negative parts and two positive parts of the waves have to collide each other. Then they can not return to their former wave form, because positive and negative charges doubled, remain as stable particles. Actually, a nucleus or any other matter has nothing to do with the pair production. Keep in mind that no physicist knows what is electric charge yet!

[@SpotterVideo]

@@surendranmk5306 I am a Biologist by training but spent 29 years in the classroom teaching General Science. Now I am a retired teacher and part-time gunsmith. Now I spend a lot of time looking down the barrel of a rifle and inspecting the twisted grooves of the rifling. What does that have to do with Physics? If you have time, take a look at the following model. ================================== String Theory was not a waste of time. Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: "A theory that you can't explain to a bartender is probably no damn good." Ernest Rutherford The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics? When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry. Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Mesons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. We know there is an unequal distribution of electrical charge within each atom because the positive charge is concentrated within the nucleus, even though the overall electrical charge of the atom is balanced by equal positive and negative charge. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone. 1/137 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter?

[@puneetbajaj786]

Sir in pair annilation can't one photon be created if electron is coming along -(i-j) and positron along -(i+j) direction😅

[@subhammukherjee6863]

sir, how does the velocities of electron and positron become same, is it experimentally proven or theoretically assumed as there masses are same and confirming the law of conservation of linear momentum?

[@devajitkalita3924]

Bro if theta is same for both electron and positron ....and as their masses are equal ..so their velocities must be same to conserve linear momentum

[@devajitkalita3924]

So that momentum conserved along y direction

[@ramasubbu2890]

Some kind of video about matrix mechanics related topics upload sir

[@jacobvandijk6525]

LET'S HOPE Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie COMES INTO THE PICTURE NEXT.

[@sandeeppatidar1106]

Thankyou sir

[@SpotterVideo]

String Theory was not a waste of time. Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: "A theory that you can't explain to a bartender is probably no damn good." Ernest Rutherford The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics? When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry. Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Mesons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. We know there is an unequal distribution of electrical charge within each atom because the positive charge is concentrated within the nucleus, even though the overall electrical charge of the atom is balanced by equal positive and negative charge. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone. 1/137 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter?

[@harry-ho9ti]

Tq❤

[@divyakumar8147]

thanks sir

[@agrajyadav2951]

You are a genius if you remember electron mass sir

[@kca698]

electrons are fundamental particles; if you work with them, you will know nonetheless, agreed, sir is a genius

[@afzal9608]

You are an idiot if you think so.

[@hollies4806]

👍👍

[@musman5806]

👌

[@kevconn441]

Sorry Proff, but I thought there was no such thing as "pure" energy.

[@FortheLoveofPhysics]

I hear you 🙂 What I meant by that was *light* (a massless non-particle in the traditional sense) as I made it clear in the discussion

[@omeedkhan771]

Very bad lecture sir you are very weak