Something Strange Happens When You Follow Einstein's Math - Nuclear Engineer Reacts to Veritasium

[@tfolsenuclear]

Thanks so much for watching! If you would like to see my reaction to another crazy physics video, please check out: kzbin.info/www/bejne/fmiyiJKkiKiWopIsi=Pl0c5BJr1hD7aH3_ And special thanks to my newborn son for letting me borrow his room to record in while we work through an electrical issue 😂

[@markmurad63]

I got a question regarding nuclear detonation. Will the wind also be affected by the coriollis effect, and if so, would the north hemisphere would have trouble with the fall out or it doesn't matter when it comes to the fallout?

[@Klinkiwinki]

Schwarz Schild Rot(h) Schild They all relate to the colors of coats of armor of old Families. The Schild means shield or in fact sign but more commonly the protective one in this case

[@Klinkiwinki]

Also, my toes curl up every time someone says Roths Child, so thanks for properly pronouncing Schild ❤

[@MrHeroicDemon]

31:50 Guess what?! My teachers been showing me more videos of Steve Mold and Hank Green channels, and some others, to explain complicated things quickly with visuals. (univeristy prep 12 U) They are better than most at explaining shortly, same way everytime. Their work has done us nerds well. Brady's Channels like Sixty Symbols (I think you may like) (Univeristy of Nottingham channels like Periodic Videos/numberphile/computerphile/deepsky and objectivity) smartereveryday, vertasium, list goes on.

[@Kalavani-vz2cz]

You should check out the latest captain TV Minecraft mod 100 days video which is a lot more realistic about making nuclear fuels and reactors

[@BigWhoopZH]

Schwarzschild means both black sign or black shield in German. The latter seems even more fitting. Funnily if we put it as a verb "to shield" we use the verb "abschirmen" which comes from "Schirm" = umbrella. In the German dub of TOS star trek the shields are translated as Schirm (umbrella) and since TNG as Schild (shield)

[@Solo-Anarchist]

Interesting... Could you break down this famous person's last name while you're at is, it has some similarity lol : Arnold Schwarzenegger

[@OhhCrapGuy]

​@@Solo-Anarchist Black Corner/Black Ridge, basically

[@BigWhoopZH]

@@OhhCrapGuy black is more likely referring to the hair color. Egger can mean what you said or it could refer to eggen = loosen up the field.

[@HistoryNerd808]

Thanks for the lesson in German. Quite an appropriate name for such an important figure to black hole science.

[@Solo-Anarchist]

​@@BigWhoopZHI could see the logic in black corner/black ridge if older German naming convention was the same as some other places, like if it were referring to a geographical location: Arnold of Black Ridge mountain for example.

[@gavinjenkins899]

"Heavier than air flying machines were impossible" Uhhh was Lord kelvin unaware of this cool thing called "birds"?

[@walk-in]

ikr 😅

[@nestor1208]

You see, there were no birds yet! The government haven't made the drones yet

[@dennisestenson7820]

He didn't consider birds to be machines.

[@gavinjenkins899]

@@dennisestenson7820 That's not the point. It's not a semantics nitpick, of course bids aren't machines. The point is that obviously it is physically/mechanically possible to fly without being lighter than air. Objectively. So the concept that a machine doing something a bird already does is "impossible" is really dumb.

[@The_Canonical_Ensemble]

​@@gavinjenkins899 Kelvin was talking about the practical possibility of creating such a machine, not the physical possibility.

[@MerlinsDrAgon]

20:50 Holy crap!! Love your videos and inside knowledge into such an incredible industry, haven’t been able to stop watching recently. You’re more of an educator than a KZbinr, there isn’t one episode where I haven’t learned something hasn’t contributed to my slow and steady path to becoming a physicist. As a former industrial electrician in Australia I’m aware of how intense safety protocol can be on certain jobs so it’s really nice to see someone sharing with the public the truth of having power at home means people risking their lives to generate/distribute/connect it, and when accidents happen they’re rarely small. I’m constantly humbled by how little I know about the the 4 forces when I watch these and was blown away when you didn’t say antinuetrinos when you were describing beta decay. Neutroninos as you said probably could’ve been what you meant to say so may have misunderstood, but still a good feeling to finally be wrapping my head around particle physics, looking forward to the day I can describe the complexities of of nature as easily as you do.

[@John-ir2zf]

Another part people fail to talk about is the nucleosynthesis of the very heaviest of elements. They are formed from the neutrino flux when neutron stars collide or when the most massive of stars (~100M○) collapse. The inner shell around the core is so incredibly dense, and the neutrino flux is so high from the forming and collapsing neutron star, that the neutrinos can interact with the shell and "fuse" (through neutrino capture) the heaviest of elements. The true story of nucleosynthesis is a deep and very interesting topic that is overlooked by most.

[@Dinoplank]

The original video is 37 minutes long, it's all connected!

[@rafazieba9982]

Black holes weren't always called "black holes". They usually had the black part in the name but the whole phrase appeared in the late 1960s. Even in Star Trek TOS episode "Tomorrow Is Yesterday" from 1967 they refer to it as a "black star". Schwarzschild's name can be a small percentage of the reason why it is "black" (beside the obvious that even light "can't escape it").

[@Sugar3Glider]

36:15 Sounds like what they're saying is that a parallel universe is just this universe, but outside of the edge of our 'visible' universe? That's why there's the ability to see the light of their universe, thus seeing their effect, while they remain outside of where we can physically go?

[@jaredf6205]

There are many different types of the parallel universe idea, some existing together. For example, a part of space that is similar just by coincidence because there is so much space, or a universe in a different time line, or a universe before or after ours, or a universe outside ours etc.

[@ak74udieby]

According to the diagram it should be a mirror universe rotated around the time axis

[@cationr]

Yeah, for example a paper is 2d universe, If you pass a 3d object, like your hand into that universe. Only 1 layer of your hand is in the 2d verse, let’s say we have a book, which can be refer as 2d multiverse (as 1 paper is 1 2d verse). Then based on your point the 2d universe still infinity large, but cant cross the other paralel universe

[@BarioIDL]

@@ak74udieby time is always up, the space axis is mirrored

[@dennisestenson7820]

38:45 the Einstein field equation is a tensor equation, thus coordinate free. When you solve it, you choose coordinates to solve it in. These are the results of Schwartzschild's (albeit natural, but arbitrary) choice.

[@DrDeuteron]

Engineers need coordinates. I haven’t met a coordinate free engineer.

[@juanvaldez-watchesyoutube]

Whenever I see a reaction video I expect the original video is going to get panned. So I was worried to see a reaction to Verastrium. But I'm glad you enjoyed his video!

[@HistoryNerd808]

He's reacted to a lot of Veritasium's videos. Seems to be a fan which I love because Derek's great at simplifying complex things, even if this one still goes way over my head in some places, even with it being simplified.

[@gordonliu927]

mistake around 12:33 polar coordinates is what a cylinder would use and not the spherical coordinates which has three angle quantities while polar has two plus a 'z' axis

[@jamcdonald120]

wow, I watched the video and emediatly went "man its too bad tyler probiably wont react to this for a month" yet here you are!

[@RiadoKunsoh]

Brother you kept killing me with the "Ringularity" 🤣

[@beyondwx]

Tyler: Becomes Dad Also Tyler: Dad jokes

[@CraftMine1000]

"interstellar had its problems with physics" You say that but AFAIK they got several papers out of that movie and broke genuine new ground, the ringed black hole you see in the movie is the most accurate rendition to date

[@arnabbiswasalsodeep]

the papers were based on the simulation technique & formulas used for accurate yet fast simulations. Doesnt mean there's no problem with the physics of the black hole cuz dealing with very edge cases.

[@barefootalien]

Yes, but sadly the wormhole is blatantly anything _but_ accurate. Kip Thorne created a realistic simulation of a wormhole, and the director didn't think it was exciting enough and ordered the "tunnel" visualization instead. This isn't necessarily a criticism; he was probably right, as the realistic visualization wouldn't even make sense as a "wormhole" to the general public, and most audience members probably would've just been very confused. Movies do have a useful lexicon, and using it is a valid choice, of course. Buuuuut then we go through the wormhole, and poof, we become Star Wars, where a single shuttle can go down and land and come back to orbit multiple times on a single load of fuel that goes, er... well. I'm not sure _where_ it goes, as the shuttle is about the size and shape of the passenger compartment. My problem with Interstellar has always been that it isn't internally consistent. It begins as hard sci-fi (multi-stage rockets made of almost entirely fuel, spin-gravity, multi-month travel time to the outer solar system), transitions to space opera (single-stage rockets with no space for fuel making multiple launches and landings, flitting around an even larger 'solar' system in hours or days, running with the coolest-looking idea that's kind of a loose nod to some concept in science with no regard for whether it's being depicted realistically), and ends as loosely tech-looking fantasy (multi-dimensional beings, time travel/reversed causality, and any pretense of a nod to science a distant memory). I guess they just hoped nobody would notice that they made three different movies and stitched them together at the horizons? Which to be fair, most people seem not to have... Also, there are _much_ more realistic renditions now. That black hole has... rather a lot of problems. Starting with the accretion disc being two-dimensional. I'm sure they could have done a realistic accretion disc; it wasn't that long ago and computing power hasn't increased all that much since then... but again, a realistic accretion disc wouldn't look so cool on screen, so...

[@Yotanido]

@@barefootalien I'm not sure how much I even remember of Interstellar. I was too busy adjusting the volume.

[@barefootalien]

@@Yotanido Heh, yeah, movie equalization, or the lack thereof, is um... problematic at times, isn't it?

[@weswes666]

Measuring the circumference of the earth with a ruler is literally how the ancient Greeks did it an it was quite accurate. The Trick is sticking it straight up to measure the curvature instead of trying to circle the equator. You can eveneobserve the obliqueness of the earth. Though for accuracy you need to measure both point from a connected body of water.

[@stephanparis6887]

And all along i thought that crossing the event horizon would make you disappear then return 7 years later as absolute evil with sharp needles sticking out of your head.

[@exapsy]

Thanks for analyzing this so thoroughly despite the video already being pretty thorough for its educational nature. Watched both of them, now it makes even more sense.

[@McSkirmish]

Definitely my favorite video you've covered. Love to see you cover more veritasium videos

[@Fabboi_unl]

German dude here. I would translate Schwarzschild to Blackshield instead of Blacksign. But its a name so both are technically correct I guess

[@sodiumchlorid]

schwarzschild = Blackshield one possible translation

[@smexijebus]

If only Lord Kelvin had the foresight to upload his reaction to the Wright Brothers' first flight...

[@ShadowfaxSTP]

"Maybe we will discover exotic matter before commercial nuclear fusion..." What a quote, what a burn, and wouldn't that be hilarious if it came about

[@rayplaylist]

my professor once introduced me a concept of what if we calculate time as space itself. you see here on Earth we always calculate space and time as a different variable, how much time do it takes to go from here to there, that's always happend right? so he came up with this concept of calculating time and space as a single variable, so basically time is space itself. with this concept in mind, I remember he was trying to simplified Einstein's theory of relativity, but I don't think I've seen the finished equations of that tho'. but honestly, with this concept, those 2D diagrams (x and time variable), that always become our sort of "boundary", can be simplified and we can add more "dimensions" to the diagram.

[@dennisestenson7820]

14:45, IMHO, the interior of a black hole (within the Schwartzchild radius) doesn't a contain a singularity, but instead is a quantum particle in an infinite energy well. This a physical realization of the quantum mechanical idea of the particle in a box.

[@thetalantonx]

47:35 - Doesn't that suggest a causal chain of some sort, as you see in Anathem? Each universe downstream can't communicate back but you can continue forward, exploring the strangeness ahead?

[@joolsstoo3085]

When I saw that thumbnail my first thought was "Following Einstein's math gets you quad damage?"

[@LSWoOz]

Old soldiers never die, they just red shift away

[@Rusty-METAL-J]

It's very hard to directly observe a black hole. When we look towards the center of our own Milky Way, we don't see a black dot or any kind of point. We see the bright light of gas and dust of the birth and death of stars around Sagittarius-A star. In fact, the 1st observations of black holes weren't Sagittarius-A Star. We noticed the black dots out in other galaxies as they transit other stars and galaxies.

[@LordMarcus]

Does "Sagittarius-A*" not work?

[@Rusty-METAL-J]

@LordMarcus Oh no it works very well. It's more than 25% of the entire mass of our galaxy. When you see how fast the light around it is moving around it and radially inward, you can see just how powerful the gravity and the electromagnetism of Sagittarius-A Star is. We have found 100s of Black Holes that are a fraction, and some are miniscule in size, too our own.

[@LordMarcus]

@@Rusty-METAL-J No, I mean, why are you calling it "Sagittarius-A Star" and not "Sagittarius-A*"?

[@CircuitrinosOfficial]

At 11:00, the spiral wasn't showing the motion of the Earth, it was the time dimension.

[@commonsense-og1gz]

what is also interesting is that david bowie, who is on the shirt of the physicist in this video, was the one that sang the song called "Blackstar," which is a fun fact.

[@aykiedits]

"Cool fun sci fi stuff" *breaks reality*

[@DustinFerriss]

What if the diagram at 39:32 was circular, things go into the black hole from our universe and can get spit out into the parallel, and things from the parallel universe goes into the white hole and spit out into our universe but we are all going forward in the universe we happen to be in and can't see whats being sent out from the white holes behind us, so the parallel universes white hole would be what our universes black hole, and the parallel universes black hole is our white hole, idk how the math would work, that just something my brain thought of

[@HappyCat3096]

Just found your channel a couple of days ago and have watched so much of it. It helps that I've seen a lot of the original videos already. I've always found nuclear energy and nuclear weapons fascinating, at least from a distance.

[@dennisestenson7820]

10:44, he's still using forward in time as the up direction. What you're describing, while true, is different.

[@Electramasco]

I agree with the idea of teaching math concepts with diagrams. I'm a huge proponent of teaching math using software like something like Vpython. You learn the concepts, learn to build it, and can visualise the concept.

[@ahettinger525]

The perfectly spherical cow is mathematically correct...

[@nmc400]

From the diagram , it seems time mathematically cant seem to go backwards in time because it requires the ability to send information beyond the speed of light. Or bend space backwards and have your lightcone point backwards.

[@Avatar1881-u7z]

I find space both endlessly fascinating and terrifying at the same time, I don't ever wanna go there.

[@andrewgrow5711]

47:10 that's the premise for an awesome movie they can't communicate back to us BUT suppose all of our dishes, JWST or whatever detects a massive FRB physicists conclude it may have been a collapsing tiny primordial black hole, a white hole and shortly after we are visited by a woman in an unfamiliar ship she claims she's a lone expedition to pilot into a gigantic kerr black hole and through the singularity ring and expelled into our universe (ignoring the fact that the antiverse would annihilate anyone xD) she helps us with technology we haven't thought of and this leads to our own expedition, sending someone to some huge quiet black hole to do the same for another universe

[@Bliss467]

One of my favorite videos of yours. I love seeing nerds nerd out over stuff.

[@Killer_Kovacs]

35:56 this is just the map of a sphere, theres no reason to think the parallel is not the same universe.

[@Pablo360able]

The feud between Chandrasekhar and Eddington is really fascinating and got nasty at a couple points, I recommend looking into it if you're unaware.

[@kevintan5497]

interestingly there is a theory that instead of a single singularity point there is a ring inside black holes since like the earth black holes arent perfect spheres and are slightly elongated on their equators

[@krisztiankoblos1948]

46:00 antiverse is like the numbers what in our univers works well like e^2/hc = 7,27...... or the gravitational constant is different.

[@monkerud2108]

thats just how it is without a physical model where there is a mechanism underneath that can be explored and tested by other means.

[@monkerud2108]

if you really get into the weeds on the whole particles vs waves issue, what we really have are designs of detectors, and the only detectors we know about only ever pick up chunks, beyond that we are really only working with a machine for calculating stuff, there is no solid notion of what a traveling photon is, we have a wavefunction description that results in a probability map over observables, and to some degree we have interaction in between observables that we model in a certain way, which can be represented as the sum of a series of diagrams that are really just equations over some variable raised to some integer power, which is just a series approximation to some answer, so we really have no good clue about whether it even makes sense to say light travels as photons, or whether photons are just figments of our imagination resulting from light only being detectable in discreet chunks, like a floor made out of plates that have only two stable configurations where if you bend one it will stick to the other shape but walking lightly on them they will bounce back to a shape that is not tracking the history of who stepped where. if the only physical structures that exist to absorb or emit light do so by transitioning between stable or quasi stable states, whether there is emission in other ways, or smooth wavelike phenomena of energy traveling in the vacuum or not, we could never detect them directly, it would have to be giving us the result that we see chunks whether there are particles or not.

[@TheGhostGuitars]

15:28 Ringularity! LOL, that's a LOVELY way to describe that! I'm gonna credit that to ye (assuming nobody else proves an earlier use of that term)!

[@DrDeuteron]

Bro: it’s been around for as long as I can remember.

[@TheGhostGuitars]

@DrDeuteron The concept of the ring singularity, perhaps. The *_word_* "Ringularity" OTOH is news to me and I've been staying up to date on publications on the subject for decades. (Since the 90s.)

[@itsmenotjames]

schwarzschild means black sign, or black shield.

[@Yotanido]

"Schwarzschild" could be translated as "black sign", yes. Though you would normally go for "schwarzes Schild" instead, rather than turning that into a single noun. However, "Schild" also means shield. I suspect that is the actual origin of the name. When I heard it, I didn't even consider that it could mean sign until you pointed it out - I immediately thought of it as shield.

[@radnelac]

Wright brothers first flight was 1903. The Montgolfier brothers did it in a balloon in 1783. at least 500 feet and about 5½ miles.

[@charlesmayberry2825]

The vision thing you mentioned, you'd need Stereoscopic 3D vision, which would mean seeing an approximation of 4D, where we only have stereoscopic 2D vision that is pieced together to create an approximation of 3D

[@n1ColaX]

VR

[@DrDeuteron]

How many 👁️ do need for hypersteroscopic vision?

[@Minegame158]

correct me if I'm wrong. if you go to the Antiverse and go into the Antiblack hole can you go back? if gravity is flipped the black hole becomes the white hole and the white hole becomes the black hole and one thing. if the anti-verse has the opposite time you just go back and forth into the black hole and so on and so forth so you can't go into the anti verse

[@knutholt3486]

But do you really use general relativity to calculate the dynamics in a reactor core? I would have guessed special relativity, and possibly some approximate quantum mechanics would be enough.

[@hareecionelson5875]

I'm currently reading that book at 36:20 'Blackholes, the key to understanding the universe' by Prof Brian Cox and Prof Jeff Forshaw

[@georgeide2337]

Ring singularity or ringularity is what we think happens in black holes that rotate fast. Loved that pun😂

[@klayrozan9039]

I wonder what happens when electrons do eventually touch just from the force. (Like forcing 2 weak magnets to touch but obv much stronger lol) Is that what creates blackholes? When there is enough mass to make electrons or whatever particles to touch

[@DavidEckard]

That is not an artist rendition of a black hole. That is a computer simulation.

[@Magic_yolo]

Imagine getting real wormholes before gta VI

[@Amir-nl4vy]

54:42 lord kelvin didn't need to wait 10 years to be proven wrong birds existed for a while back then

[@MrTommispilot]

The diagram reinforces my belief that the Big-Bang - as Neil Turok postulates - is a mirror. As a result, time would only run backwards from ours perspective in the parallel universe. From the perspective of the parallel universe, the white hole would be a black one and time would pass like in our universe. (By the way, the antimatter-puzzle would be solved)

[@deathwave9286]

so does that mean the singularity is absolute zero, aka when time stops, atoms and electrons stop moving. this can only occur at absolute zero. As far as I'm aware.

[@richardandrews573]

36:20 And your trajectory into/out of black hole/white hole determines your entrance location and universe you exist in?

[@AthiktosOfficial]

Wait, this just occurred to me. I have been looking into this subject for a while. Wouldn't the fact that a Black hole has mass that changes shape with rotation imply that a wormhole can't actually occur?

[@IroAppe]

The singularity and traveling beyond are obviously far-fetched based on the simplistic picture of an eternal and static black hole. But everything else - the ergosphere, the different layers, and the ringularity - are just the way it is. I am surprised that most talks are about non-spinning black holes, because that's ACTUALLY the unrealistic case. Every black hole has to be spinning, and so we very probably don't have these static black holes with a single horizon, but spinning black holes that have 3 different zones, and one ringularity in the center. The result is still the same. You can't return, but this ergosphere that you can escape again, proposes an interesting concept for future energy production. The nuclear facility of the future - a black hole reactor so to say. Inside the ergosphere, you can expell some mass from the ship or probe or whatever. Due to the physical properties, you can exit the black hole again, but you will gain a huge boost in speed from that - more than the expelling of the mass would do in its own. That additional momentum comes from the angular momentum of the black hole. You steal some momentum from the black hole, and you gain that on your journey. So by flying close to the outer horizon, but inside the ergosphere, and expelling mass, you can use black holes to speed up quickly and travel at a high speed. That is a very real property of spinning black holes. You could also think of ways to gain energy from that. "Kurzgesagt - in a nutshell" made a video about it called the "Black Hole Bomb".

[@giin97]

A few weeks ago a professor at MIT (I think?) published a paper on how a black hole with the mass of an asteroid could be captured or created by an advanced alien race for a power generation satellite. Calculated it would consume about 2.5 pounds of mass per second and result in more harvestable power than we currently use globally. Included what to look for to see if we can find one. 2 weeks later other scientists published a paper that black holes of that mass pass through our solar system on average once per decade, and began designing an experiment to detect and prove it. Put the ideas together, and in some future decade there's the possibility that we might have an opportunity to capture a black hole and make a black hole power plant of our own, without ever having to leave the system. Probably a very slim possibility, but just it being non-zero is intriguing.

[@DarenMiller-qj7bu]

Could it be possible that the "big bang" was, or is, a white hole?

[@BigWhoopZH]

You're not the first to ask that question. Dr. Becky made a video on that.

[@John-ir2zf]

A bit more "in depth" discussion would be to look in to the "big rip" scenario. When you look at the overall characteristics of a "big rip" endstate, you see that quarks are being pulled apart at the speed of light, and when doing so, the gluon energy will spawn a new quark of each that is pulled apart. Now, compare that to the characteristics of the "big bang" in which, all of space is expanding FTL and there was innumerable quark generation happening. I didn't major in cosmological physics, but when two events share such glaring similarities, it's worth looking in to, and very few have. Issac Arthur has touched on the topic a bit since I brought the idea up several years ago to him, but he, like myself, lacks the mathematics to dive deeply in to it.

[@gabusdeux]

i always thought of the similarities between what is conceived as the reality of the big bang, meaning all of everything in one infinitely small space before exploding outwards to be remarkably similar to a black hole, only the opposite. the singularity of a black hole is everything it has ever eaten compressed into an infinitely small space. so, what if, at the end of the universe when all the black holes have eaten each other, the singularity is functionally one in the same as the big bang? Additionally, a different theory i have, with all the time warping that black holes cause due to the relativity of time, couldn't a black hole actually be LEADING to the beginning of time? if its infinitely compressed and infinite gravity then due the nature of time you could travel back in time through a black hole, the only issue being dying in the process. so what if the universe is one gigantic paradox where it makes itself forever ad infinitem? since all matter will be absorbed by black holes at the end of time, and shoved right back to the beginning of time? maybe thats how it all appeared at once as nothing more than a cosmic soup of quarks and shit, since black holes rip molecules into their base parts? food for thought

[@kylewellman402]

I had a thought kind of similar to this. Which i havent found it yet but I'm sure im not the first to think this, but i believe the entirety of the universe is shaped like a toroid (donut). The "north" pole is where we are going, and the "south" pole is where we started. The big bang is not one event, but constant. Dark matter would be equivalent force to what we would view as magnetic field / flux. It doesnt interact with itself yet is a driving force. I think that us only seeing black holes is just because are still in the lower half of our travel around the field heading back to the north pole "core". Once we cross over or get close to the half way point we would start seeing white holes as black holes are essentially wormholes leading to the upper half. The gravity was so intense in a black hole it created a tunnel to the upper half where its a white hole spitting out all the matter that entired the black hole.

[@kylewellman402]

@tripplefives1402 i suppose thats just as likely lol do we see any galaxies as blue shifted? If we only see red shifted galaxies then id say thats just as probable of a solution. Any galaxies in front of us would fall faster, any behind us slower, either way always getting further away and looking more red.

[@monkerud2108]

which is always the case right, if you have a model, the details that are real predictions are only ever the observables, there are no other solid predictions, every other theory with whatever metaphysical basis or ontological picture, with the same or roughly the same predictions for observables are always equally good in terms of determining which reflects nature better, only criteria like occams razor, how simple it is, or how practical it is to use, or how much it appeals to flawed human intellects really decides between theories with the same observable predictions. to decide which theory is better one must expand upon mechanisms that give rise to new opportunities for observable predictions ultimately and that game goes on, there is never a concrete logical reason to accept the ontology cooked up to correlate with a prediction schema for observables unless you tie the knot at infinity, that is, you make a scheme where every detail is explained by a mechanism that can in principle be tested to be different from any other description, and to do that, there must be an infinite regress of mechanism and associated explaination, that is, why something happens, answer being, because this mechanism, this real pattern makes it emerge in this way, and so on, and the details of that first ontos must also be explained in a similar way, in principle only such a theory could be exactly correct about nature and at the same time be verifiable in principle, and such a theory would never be verifiable in practice because nobody can do infinite experiments, all in all its the same as some ontology that just is, that just moves in a certain pattern that can have a finite simple mathematical representation, the whole pattern of the infinite regress is just such a pattern, the difference is the in principle status of every mechanism having an explaination, and not just being there a priori. some people think an infinite regress doesnt work, but that is just silly, it is the same situation as an infinite stack of books, such a thing is easily imaginable, you just have to stop looking for the bottom book.

[@cillianennis9921]

1 problem with the theory of Relativity & special relativity is it fails at the quantom level & 2 is that it disagrees with the standard model of particle physics. So we definitely are still close to a major breakthrough in quantom fields & gravity but just are yet to find the right stuff to make it clear to us.

[@RobertCraft-re5sf]

Also I'm pretty sure this is only a supermassive black hole. Stellar mass black holes would rip the stuff apart before falling in.

[@DrDeuteron]

Yup. Tide goes as 1/M^4. One solar mass is like being in a 1 million RPM flat spin; ouch. So, 100 ☀️ is 0.01 RPM….no problem there. Supermassive and you can get in there.

[@GeorgeDCowley]

1:35 Would it be compressed?

[@kylewellman402]

I've always wondered if speed was the answer to survive falling into a black hole. You get spaghettified because your lower body is being pulled faster than the top, but if you matched the "terminal velocity" of that gravitational pull before you entered, then your ship / body wouldn't be accelerated at a different rate and be pulled apart. Which I've been learned it's impossible for mass to travel at 100% the speed of light (if that's actually true) but if we could go 99.99999% that speed, i feel we could reach a point where the added pull wouldn't be too much and cause us to be pulled apart, just accelerate us that little bit more in one piece

[@robertmartinu8803]

No need for such efforts - just use a bigger black hole. The change in space time curvature, and thus tidal forces, will be more gentle and you could glide calmly through the event horizon. At least if you survive the from your perspective blue shifted radiation.

[@kylewellman402]

@@robertmartinu8803 that was another thought, as massive as black holes are, would it really even spaghettify us? I mean, you drop an ant on earth, and it doesnt hit terminal velocity the same as we do and splat on the ground. It kinda just glides down. Maybe that's more to do with air resistance given its tiny mass. However, still relative to the black hole, we would be teeny tiny. Although i believe the gravitational pull would be too strong to escape at a certain threshold, i wonder if our size relative to the BH would lessen the impact of the gravity trying to rip us apart.

[@robertmartinu8803]

@@kylewellman402 It's basically a matter of the ration of the distances between the center and your head vs center to your toes. If the ratio is 1:1 (an infinity black hole) everything of you feels the same gravity and accelerates at the same rate thus you feel nothing. For the supermassive black holes in the centers of galaxies that works out to be survivable. But a stellar mass black hole has its event horizon sitting much closer and you get a ratio different from 1. Your lower parts experience more gravity then the upper ones, because the latter ones are still further away - until the difference in acceleration causes forces that exeeds your tensile strength. Similar idea to the Roche limit, just more extreme.

[@kylewellman402]

@@robertmartinu8803 so our size relative to the size of the black hole does make a difference. We should be able to approach and enter a super massive without fear of getting pulled apart, but the little fellas the size of earth with a few solar masses are the ones that will rip our molecules apart lol

[@Sugar3Glider]

5:30 Casting shade on the Surveyors Dx

[@vsiegel]

The "schild" in Schwarzschild could mean sign, but also shield.

[@mattilindstrom]

Photons are (imagine scare quotes around the preceding word) neither waves, nor particles. Fermions are far from simple when QM and special relativity are taken into account. Bosons like the photon just bend my mind. And this is just with special relativity, with general relativity there are sort of good speculative theories of what might happen to light-like signals* near the event horizon. *Or very near that speed farther out. There isn't even an agreement how Hawking radiation is produced. The common popular explanation isn't any good. My favorite is Unruh radiation, but I may be lucky to get a solid explanation in my lifetime.

[@roguelegend4945]

loop when you go far enough into infinity it returns back to the starting point if you could live that far in time...

[@rogerbeckner6419]

There was a science fiction story with that premise, can't remember the name now. Possibly "Tau Zero" by Poul Anderson?

[@nickbowd]

We just need to meet the aliens then they can help us understand the science we don’t understand yet.

[@MrHeroicDemon]

The map of infinite universes could simply be too large for us to gather knowledge to calculate outside our observable universe as well. And maybe the signs of whiteholes are just the big bang making two more, then two more, in excess, exponentially growing, maybe even repeating most aspects with slight variations per dual branch created. If any variations, then that'd mean the field/plain we are on could be curved as well. Showing that time/space/light is impossible to cross, but nature says it should in some way. Maybe all at once for a new universe? Like a balloon or Bubble popping into a wider area. (more dense in smaller area, but overall more area covered if you include the gas or water in the balloon popping into differen't pieces and spreading gas/liquids everywhere. Entropy ect.)

[@baldeagle6531]

Though, interstellar has practically no flaws in terms of physics. The only few were made because of the intiative of Cristopher Nolan, to make the movie more entertaining. The movie has the book "directors edition of interstellar", written by Kip Thorne with all formulas and explanations, you can take a look in your free time.

[@roguelegend4945]

notice the shade color in each square, it fools the eye vision when 2 squares are needed to fill what one squared field at first sight of the video,,, it keeps fooling the eye vision..

[@someshwartripathi8446]

Timestamp?

[@JM-ym8mm]

Possibly a silly question here but wouldn't a sun be considered a "white hole" by the definition you give at 3:30? or is the repulsion gravity based as opposed to fusion?

[@oriongabriel6966]

If anyone is more knowledgable about it, please correct me if I am wrong, but: Wouldn't white holes just be like perfect camouflagers? Since they never let anything enter, they would then bend light away from them and create weird distortions in spacetime, like how black holes are detected by their effect on other objects in space. But even more so because they wouldn't even be black, so *MAYBE* if you looked at one you would even be able to see yourself if the light coming from you even got pushed back towards yourself (HEAVY speculation without any basis for that though). By that definition though, they could definitely be white as well as the light coming from all directions would be bent towards an observer, and all colours would then be seen as white. But then they could also just be some sort of star colour like some type of whitish orange/red colour. If they do exist, maybe thats why we can't find them, they just look like a star. Chances of them existing are next to 0 since they require some WEIRD physics only applicable in theory, but perhaps. Given infinite time, infinite possibilies happen an infinite number of times, so who knows. Maybe they existed extremely early in the universe. Or they do exist outside of the observable universe, the observable universe compared to the estimated size of the universe is like a light bulb inside of pluto after all. Sorry for the yapping, I love this stuff lol. But like I said, if anyone who knows more about it please correct me because I am fascinated by this.

[@psymar]

So there's one thing in the known universe which perfectly matches the description of a white hole. A location in spacetime we can never reach, and which nothing has ever reached, but which everything came from. We call it The Big Bang

[@oriongabriel6966]

@@psymar Truuuueeee. never thought of that damn.

[@vecinu3675]

I might have missed it but why can't the coordonate system be connected at 36:21. Why did they propose the idea of another universe instead of simply just the same one? So that our universe is connected to the singularity both left and right

[@evans.mp3645]

The one problem ive always had with reverse equations related to the event horizon is being stuck. If the event horizon of a black hole is the point of no return (the point at which the speed of light isnt enough to escape the singularity) then the evnt horizon of a white hole is the point at which light speed can no longer penatrate the repelling force of gravity. Which means theoretically once you get to the event horizon of a white whole at the speed of light, you cannot cross and become stuck. Which is very weird to think about.

[@wololo10]

A live chat together with the reaction would be really cool

[@keith_5584]

2:31 Would you change the outcome by measuring it at this point?

[@ayoCC]

The white hole seems to not really be mostly go into our world, the mass coming from a white hole seems mostly only go inside the black hole, and if something were to actually make it into our world, it would have to move at the speed of light in the infinite past. Anything not moving at the speed of light within the white hole will with most likeliness just end up in the black hole.

[@gavinjenkins899]

They go ENTIRELY into the world. The whole top line only borders normal universes in the diagram, so you have to spend some time in a normal universe after being in a white hole before you can go back into a black hole again. Even at the bridge, it's a single point, no actual photon or anything can fit through it, like they said earlier, before the bridge pinches off.

[@marc-andreservant201]

Measuring the circumference of the Earth doesn't require a ruler, just an astrolabe to measure the angle of the Sun at its zenith from two locations, allowing you to calculate the latitude difference between point A and point B. Then you hammer a post at both point A and point B and measure the angle of the post's shadow at the zenith at both point A and point B. This gives you an arc of a circle. Assuming the latitude difference between point A and point B was calculated accurately, you just do some trigonometry to figure out the radius of the sphere you're on, and therefore its circumference.

[@Shadare]

The thumbnail looks like Einstein is playing with his saliva.

[@HrLBolle]

14:23 Insert Styropyro throwing an apple inscribed with the equation out of the window

[@Jaszi007]

So basically a never ending line of universes where it switches back and forth between a universe with white holes that “runout” of stuff to spit out, eventually black holes become a thing, suck up everything in the universe, and while the black wholes are sucking up everything in this universe the white holes in the new universe start spitting out stuff and so on and so on.

[@davidkaye8712]

I love infinity in equations and its counter part The Human Factor in business spreadsheets and equations. its why things never make sense on paper, so it is just ignored :) When an academic or scientist says something is not possible, you know that person is driven by their own ego and arrogance, because nothing is impossible.

[@mattsains]

Have you considered making non-reaction videos, I think I would enjoy long form videos just of your own topics and not just comments on other videos

[@trickvro]

I agree! The reaction videos are interesting, but I'd enjoy seeing original content from him too.

[@seraphina985]

You would absolutely survive entering the swartzchild radius of sagittarius A* in a single person craft at least probably your lack of supplies might get you first. You are still 12,000,000 km away at that point and the tidal forces across the entirety of a 2 metre body would be like 1.3 mN. The smallest joints of your fingers individually support more tension than that to cancel the 9.81 mN per gram force pulling your fingertips down to the ground if you simply stand still on the surface of Earth. The tensile limits of even the small joints are far than would be spread across the entire body combined here. Granted not only the joints would be experiencing it but they are the weakest points against tensile stresses like this. The initial injuries expected from venturing close to a smaller one medically would be dislocation of limbs particularly the long limbs of the legs and arms where the gradient across them would be concentrated on the tendons that handle tensile stress applied along the limb and transfer that force to the rest of the skeletal support.

[@seraphina985]

In theory it should be survivable based on current known physics buy everything becomes entirely theoretical at that point we have no evidence whatsoever that our theories remain valid under these conditions so good luck to anyone trying it I'll not be volunteering ngl.

[@seraphina985]

Wouldn't the opposite effect happen at the horizon of the white hole everything coming out actually being blue shifted towards infinity. As you get closer to leaving the white hole horizon do the gamma rays hitting you from behind get blue shifted to infinitely high energies. In theory surely the math predicts that too, reality may be different but this doesn’t sound great to volunteer trying either lol. Granted the probability if any of them actually being absorbed by your body would probably also tend towards zero but I would not like to see what photons with unlimited energy do I suspect nothing great biologically happens.

[@OldDogLearnNewTricks]

I think it's pretty crazy that we can articulate and communicate our mathematical theories. However, I wonder when we will move past reality being perception based.

[@kylewhite2985]

Hey you might want to react to this guy who bought some nuclear testing equipment and made a synthesizer, the channel name is FLESH SIMULATOR he is a musician, its his last video, pretty dope. Ill try to post the link bellow.

[@psymar]

As I understand them, parallel universes aren't parallel in the sense of parallel vs perpendicular but rather in the sense of parallel vs. serial: they are universes operating "in parallel" with our own, rather than before or after it

[@emark8928]

I love this diagram and the thought of parallel universes. Unfortunately, afai can understand, if the singularity is a ring, there's no space 'inside' it to go through. Just like if the singularity was a point, you couldn't go around it. I imagine if you're not spaghettified before you get to the ringularity, you would be ringified.

[@Rusty-METAL-J]

Damn Ty, that image and your comment could be a marriage proposal. 4 real 4 real. "Ringularity." It's a new word, too.

[@GummieI]

For the inabilty of information sharing through the whole rotating blackhole whitehole shenanigans, the most likely way we would get to confirm it would be someone coming into our universe from another one down (on that model). Ofc the issue there would then if we believed them, or would take them for a mad man's ramblings :D. Though if that happened, it would only be fair we ourselves sent someone "upwards" so the people living further up also get the chance to get the same knowledge.